Panoni āhuarangi – ngā tāngata i waenga i te mōhiotanga me te whakapono
He māmā rānei te pānga ki te āhuarangi, pēnei i tā ngā kai-tōrangapū me ngā pāpāho e kī ana ki a tātou?
Ki te tokomaha o te tangata, he tino whai kiko ngā whakaaro kua whakaritea e ngā kaiwhakawhiti kōrero whai pānga,
ā, ki ētahi atu, he tino matatini rawa te kaupapa kia taea e rātou te arotake hohonu mā rātou anō.
Ko te kaituhi, a Porofesa Tākuta Werner Kirstein, he kairangahau āhuarangi me te kairangahau tinana whai wheako, kua
neke atu i te 40 tau e rangahau ana i ngā tukanga pūtaiao o ngā huringa āhuarangi ā-rohe, ā-ao hoki.
I tana pukapuka hou, "WHAKAHOU ĀHUARERE – Ko te Mea Tūturu, he Hē, he Kōrero Tekā rānei? Ngā Tāngata i waenga i te Mātauranga me
te Whakapono," ka whakamārama ia i ngā kōrero pono mō ngā kaupapa wera o te whakaara āhuarere
i runga i tētahi huarahi e mārama ai te katoa.
Ina koa, e whakaatu ana: He tūturu te panonitanga āhuarangi, he hē te panonitanga āhuarangi, ā, he teka te panonitanga āhuarangi.
Ahakoa ēnei taupatupatu e kitea ana, he tika ia o ngā kōrero e toru.
Me pēhea e taea ai tēnei? I roto i tana pukapuka māmā ki te pānui, e tata ana ki te rua rau ngā whārangi, ka whakautu
a Werner Kirstein ki ēnei pātai me ētahi atu pātai maha.
Ko ētahi o ēnei wāhi wera kua whakanikoniko i roto i tēnei tuhinga whakaata.
Hei whāinga mō tēnei, i tangohia ētahi wāhanga tika mai i te pukapuka a Werner Kirstein, ā, i whakahuatia anō
ētahi i roto i tētahi āhua whakarāpopoto i ā mātou ake kupu.
He mea tūturu te panonitanga āhuarangi
Kua huri tonu te āhuarangi o te Ao, nō reira he mea tūturu te panonitanga āhuarangi – arā, ko te panonitanga āhuarangi taiao!
Kua roa e rangahauhia ana e ngā kairangahau āhuarangi me ngā kairangahau whenua ngā tohu o te panonitanga āhuarangi me ngā
huringa āhuarangi, ā, kua tuhia ēnei, tae atu ki ētahi atu mea, mā te aromatawai i ngā porowhita rākau, ngā
tātaritanga otaota, me ngā panonitanga o te āhua whenua o te Ao.
I te hurihanga o ngā wā wera me ngā wā makariri, kua rerekē hoki te kōnui o te CO₂ i te āhuarangi, ahakoa he whakaroa te wā.
Tuatahi, i piki tonu te pāmahana, ā, i muri rawa ka piki te kōnui o te CO2. I tae ngā rerekētanga pāmahana ki te 10
°C. Hei tauira, he 10 tohu te iti ake o te pāmahana i ēnei rā i ngā wā wera o te hītori o te Ao!
He tino teitei ake ngā taumata CO2 i ngā wā maha i mua, ā, he nui ake i ēnei rā. Nā ngā take taiao tonu i puta ai ngā panonitanga
pāmahana, pērā i ngā mahi o te rā me ngā tawhā o te hurihanga o te Ao; kāore rawa te tangata i
kawenga mō te panonitanga āhuarangi i tētahi ara.
He teka te panonitanga āhuarangi
I te tau 1986, i tuku whakatūpato te Rōpū Tinana o Tiamana mō tētahi "mate āhuarangi ā-ao e tata mai ana", i
runga i ngā tatauranga hē, arā ko te rārangi Mauna Loa.
E whakaatu ana te āhua Mauna Loa i tētahi hononga e kitea ana i waenga i te pikinga o te pāmahana me te pikinga o te CO2.
I taua wā, i kīia ko te pāmahana o te Ao e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o ngā hau tohu, pērā i te CO₂, i roto i te hau.
Nā runga i tēnei hē mate, i matapae tonu ngā whakamātautau rorohiko me ngā tātaitanga tauira i te pikinga o te pāmahana.
Kāore hoki e taea te hopu tika i ngā whanaketanga āhuarangi o mua me ngā āhuatanga o te hanga kapua me ngā rerenga moana
i roto i ngā tauira. Nā konei i puta ai ngā matapae tino hē.
Ahakoa i whakaae te Poari ā-Kāwanatanga mō te Panonitanga Āhuarangi (IPCC) i te tau 2001: "I roto i ngā rangahau āhuarangi
me ngā tauira, me mōhio tātou he pūnaha honohono, kāore i te rārangi tika, ā, he pūnaha raruraru. Nō reira, kāore e
taea ngā matapae mō te wā roa mō te whanaketanga āhuarangi."
He teka te panonitanga āhuarangi
Nā tēnei i āhei ai te whakatumatuma tōrangapū o te 'wera ā-ao' kia piki ake hei taniwha tino nui o ngā teka, ā,
nā reira i whakapuaki ai te Pāremata o te Uniana o Europi i tētahi 'ohotata āhuarangi' i te tau 2019.
Heoi, kei te piki haere ngā kairangahau me ētahi kaiārahi tōrangapū e huri ana i ngā kōrero apokaliptika a te Poari
ā-Motu mō te Panonitanga Āhuarangi. Kua whakaaturia he teka, he whakapae hē hoki ētahi rangahau maha me ngā āhua pāmahana.
Hei tauira, i roto i te rārangi hōki-pātiti, i tauritea ngā huringa pāmahana tūturu mā te wā roa wera o te rautau tekau mā
rua, ā, nā reira i waihangatia te whakapae he āhua pumau te āhuarangi mō ngā tau e 800, kia taea ai te
tohu i te pikinga o te pāmahana mai i te tau 1900 ki muri mai ki ngā tukunga CO2 nā te ahumahi.
Ahakoa ēnei teka kua mōhiotia, kei te tukuna ngā pūtea a te kāwanatanga ki tēnei rangahau kua whakaritea hei mea matua i roto
i te tōrangapū. Kua riro te kīanga 'panonitanga āhuarangi nā te tangata' hei whakapono e ngana ana ki te
whakakore i te pono mā ngā huarahi katoa e hiahiatia ana.
Ehara te āhuarangi i te āhuarere
Neke atu i te kotahi rau tau ki muri, i whakaae ngā kairangahau āhuarangi ki te arotake i ngā raraunga o ngā āhuatanga
huarere me ngā tawhā i tuhia mō te iti rawa o te toru tekau tau, kia taea ai e rātou te tuku kōrero mō te āhuarangi.
Ko te āhuarangi he kohinga nui rawa o ngā raraunga huarere nō mua, nō reira kāore e taea te tiaki i te
āhuarangi. Ka taea anake te mātakitaki i te āhuarangi i roto i te wā roa me ngā rohe whānui.
Ka whakamāramahia e ngā mātanga āhuarangi e pūtea ana e te kāwanatanga i ngā pāpāho matua ngā rā wera, maroke
hoki, ahakoa he tokoiti, hei āhuarangi tino kino, hei taunakitanga hoki o tētahi aitua āhuarangi kua pā kē.
Heoi, he āhuarangi ā-rohe, ā-wā poto noa iho ēnei, ā, ka whakaaturia ki te iwi hei aitua āhuarangi.
Kei te whakarereketia ngā kupu 'hāwheā' me 'āhuarangi' e ngā tōrangapū me ngā pāpāho matua
kia whakararuraru, kia whakapohehe hoki i te iwi?
He taupori e mataku ana mō āpōpō, ka māmā ake te whakatenatena kia whakaae ki ngā whāinga āhuarangi, ā, kia
whakaritea mō ngā tāke āhuarangi me ētahi atu pikinga utu.
E pai ana hoki ki ngā kairangahau āhuarangi o te Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) te whakamahi i te
pōraruraru i waenga i te huarere me te āhuarangi hei whakaparararu i te iwi. Ko te whāinga matua o ēnei kairangahau
āhuarangi he whiwhi pūtea mō te whakaohooho āhuarangi?
Te tūranga o te Poari ā-Kāwanatanga mō te Panonitanga Āhuarangi (IPCC)
I whakatūria te Poari ā-Kāwanatanga mō te Panonitanga Āhuarangi (IPCC) i te tau 1988 e te Hōtaka Taiao a
Ngā Motu Kotahi (UNEP) me te Rōpū Huarere o te Ao (WMO).
I whakapuaki a Helmut Schmidt, te Kāwana-Tumu o mua o Tiamana, i tana kore whakawhirinaki ki te IPCC i roto i tana
whaikōrero mō te whakamahana ā-ao i Berlin i te tau 2011:
Kua riro ngā tuhinga i tukuna e te Poari ā-Motu mō te Panonitanga Āhuarangi (IPCC) tae noa mai ki tēnei wā i
raro i te āwangawanga, otirā, i te mea kua whakaaturia he tārua ngā kairangahau ētahi o rātou.
I roto i ngā tohunga tuatahi e 2,500 o te IPCC, e rima anake i toe e ū ana ki te ariā o te panonitanga āhuarangi nā te tangata.
Heoi anō, e whakawhirinaki pōrearea ana ngā kai-tōrangapū e rangatira ana i te IPCC ki ngā tauira ā-hinengaro
anake me ngā huarahi kua pāngia e ngā ariā tōrangapū.
Kāore i tae ki ngā tau tuatahi o te 1980 i whai wāhi ai ngā tohunga āhuarangi ki roto i te IPCC. Ko te pātai he aha i
tino kore-pūtaiao, ā, he tino whakatairanga hoki ngā mahi.
Kei te kitea haere ngā painga pūtea kei muri i te pakiwaitara mō te aitua āhuarangi i hangaia
e te tangata, e ai ki ngā tohunga o te rāngai.
I waenga i te hunga e whai painga ana i ngā moni whakamataku nei, ko ngā tāngata takitahi pērā i a Al Gore, te Tumu Whakarae Tuarua
o Amerika o mua, a Warren Buffet, a Elon Musk, i whiwhi ai i te 1.5 piriona tāra o Amerika i ngā moni tāke a te iwi, a Vinod
Khosla me James Cameron. Engari, ka whai painga hoki i tēnei pūrākau ngā rōpū rangahau me ngā whare wānanga e whiwhi ana i
ngā pūtea, me ētahi ahumahi me ngā pēke, pērā i te Pēke o te Ao.
Te whakaae a tētahi kaiwhakatumatuma
Ka whakaatu whakamīharo a James Lovelock me pēhea i pā ai ki tētahi kaiwhakapono āhuarangi tētahi wheako o Damaska, ā,
i huri ai ia i a Hōrea hei Pāora i te wā i whakamārama ai ia i roto i tētahi uiui kua hē āna matapae whakatūpato.
I whakaaro āta ake ia ki ngā tauira e whakamahia ana hei matapae i te aitua āhuarangi. E ai ki a
Lovelock, kāore ēnei tauira i whakapono anō ki a ia.
Ko te raru, kāore tonu mātou e mōhio ana ki te āhuarangi i te nui rawa. I te rua tekau tau ki muri, i
whakaaro mātou kua whakahaerehia e mātou ngā mea katoa.
Nā konei i puta ai he maha o ngā pukapuka whakamataku, tae atu ki taku ake, nā te mea i tino mārama. Engari kāore i puta.
Kei te whai tonu te āhuarangi i tōna tauira noa. Hei kī noa, kāore he mea rerekē i tupu.
I whakaarohia e mātou kua tae tātou ināianei ki te haurua o te huarere wera rawa o te ao. Heoi, kāore te
ao i tino wera ake mai i te tīmatanga o te mano tau.
Kua noho tata tonu te pāmahana, ahakoa me piki ake. I taua wā anō, kāore he ruarua kua piki tonu ngā taumata o te hau waikura.
Panonitanga āhuarangi: whakapono versus mōhiotanga
I roto i āna mahi, e whakaatu ana a Werner Kirstein i te āhua e mauherea ana te tangata i waenga i ngā kaha
e taupatupatu ana o te 'whakapono' me te 'mōhiotanga'. Anei ētahi tauira e toru noa iho:
1. Whakapono: E whakaatu ana ngā whakaahua tawhito i ngā hukapapa nui o ngā Maunga Alpa, ā, e whakaatu ana ngā
whakaahua hou kua heke iho ēnei hukapapa. He tohu whakatūpato tēnei mō tētahi aitua āhuarangi e tata mai ana?
Mōhiotanga: Kua whakaatu ngā toenga o ngā rākau me ngā otaota i kitea i ngā wāhi kāore ināianei he
hukapapa, kāore he hukapapa i konei i ngā wā o mua.
E tohu ana ēnei taunakitanga i te 65 ōrau o ngā tau 10,000 kua pahure, i iti ake ngā hukapapa o Alpine, ā, i
teitei ake ngā pāmahana – kāore he whakauru a te tangata!
2. Whakapono: Kei te tino mōrearea te taupori o ngā pōrewa hukapapa nā te whakamahana ā-ao i hangaia e te tangata.
Mea: I noho kē ngā pōrewa ā-pōkarekare i te Moana Arikiti i te 600,000 tau ki muri. Ko te tikanga, kua
ora rātou i ngā wā katoa i waenga i ngā ao hukapapa.
I te huarere wera, ka kai hoki rātou i ngā tarutaru, ngā rākau iti me ngā hua pīni, nō
reira ka whakaarohia rātou hei kaiwhai mātau.
Mai i te aukati a te kāwanatanga o Kanata i te hī, kua piki ake te maha o ngā kararehe mai i te 5,000 pea ki te 25,000.
3. Whakapono: Kei te rewa haere tonu te hukapapa i ngā pito o te ao.
Kua ngaro e toru hauwha o tōna nui hukapapa i te papa hukapapa rongonui o Larsen B. He take wā noa iho
kia kore rawa he hukapapa i te Arctic me te Antarctic.
Mātauranga: Nō ngā tekau tau maha, kua mōhiotia kua whakaatu ngā pāmahana o te Arctic
me te Antarctic i ngā huringa e huri kē ana.
Ko te tikanga, i a te pāmahana e heke ana i te Pōro Tonga, e piki ana i te Pōro Raki.
E mōhiotia ana hoki tēnei āhuatanga ko te 'pōrohanga bipolar' rānei ko te hononga Arctic–Antarctic.
Ka kitea, mā te tirohanga tata ake, ka puta he whakaahua rerekē o tētahi āhuatanga.
I roto i te wero āhuarangi o nāianei, ahakoa, e kitea ana he mea nui ake te whakatenatena mā ngā
kare ā-roto, ahakoa ka whakahē i ngā mōhiotanga pono.
He aha te ekō-nihilism?
E ai ki a Albert Camus, he kaituhi Wīwī, he tohunga whakaaro, ā, he toa o te Tohu Nobel mō te tuhinga, ehara
te nihilisimi i te whakapono ki te kore, engari ko te kore whakapono ki ngā mea e tū ana.
Ka whakapau kaha ngā kaiwhakahē i ngā mea katoa hei whakatutuki i tētahi mea e whakapono ana rātou he
pai, engari kāore rātou e whakaaro ki ngā hua ka puta.
Ka taea e ēnei te tino kino, ā, ka takahi katoa i ngā mātāpono o te whakaaro pūtaiao me te whakaaro arorau.
Ka whakaae te nihilisima ki ngā takahi i te mana tangata mō tētahi take e kīia ana he pai.
Ko te ekō-nihilism he ariā mō te oranga e aro nui ana ki tētahi whakatau kaha, kua whakawhānuihia rawa, kia tiakina te taiao.
He ariā tēnei e āhua tautuhia ana i ētahi wā e te tūrehu taiao tino mārō.
Edgar Gärtner, kaituhi o te pukapuka "Eco-Nihilism: A Critique of Political Ecology," ehara ia i te tangata kotahi e kite ana
ko te tiaki āhuarangi te momo nihilism tino mōrearea i ēnei rā.
Kaiwhakatipu otaota: "He aha te ekoniihilisimu?"
Te whakamomori ā-ōhanga i ngā wāhanga, nā te mea kei te whakawhirinaki katoa ki tētahi
kāri kotahi, kāore e whakaaro ana ki ngā utu.
Kāore i te whakaaroaro, e whakaae ana te "kaupapa here āhuarangi" ki te mate hiakai hei hua o te pikinga (i
whakaritea) o ngā utu o ngā puna pūngao me te kai, kia tiakina ai tētahi hanganga tatauranga.
"Te tiaki āhuarangi" – mā te whakaiti i ngā tukunga CO2 mā te āwhina a ngā pūngao
"whakahou" – he whakaaro pōrangi, kāore i oti te tunu.
Ehara i te mea kore utu te pūngao rā me te pūngao hau; he nui rawa ngā utu mō te
whakatinanatanga hangarau, ā, kāore rawa e taurite ki te waro.
Te whakaiti i te manapori mā te ohorere āhuarangi
I whakapuaki te EU i tētahi ohorere āhuarangi i tētahi wā ki muri, ā, kua mahia kē e ngā tāone
maha o Tiamana tēnei hikoinga kāore i te pōtitanga.
Ka whakamahia ngā mana ohotata hei whakakore i ngā hoa whakataetae tōrangapū. Ehara i ngā kōrero tino pai rawa atu e
rangatira ana ināianei, engari ko ngā whāinga ā-whakaaro.
Heoi, kei roto i ēnei tono tino nui he tūponotanga nui mō ngā pakanga ā-pāpori, ā-ōhanga rānei.
He tino tika ngā āwangawanga mō te kupu 'āhua ohotata', nā te mea ka whakatuwhera i ngā kuaha kia pātai ai mō te mana o te ture.
Te Tauākī āhuarangi
I whakaputaina e te Kotahitanga Uara o Bavaria tētahi mānifesto āhuarangi i te tīmatanga o te tau
2020. Anei he whakarāpopototanga o ngā kaupapa matua:
1. Ko te rā e whakahaere ana i tō tātou āhuarangi, ehara i te CO₂.
2. Ko ngā tikanga tiaki āhuarangi – pērā i te huringa pūngao kua rahua – he hē tōrangapū.
3. Me whai tūpato, me whai utu whaitake hoki te tohatoha pūngao o Tiamana.
Ka whakamāramahia ngā take nei i te taipitopito ake i roto i te Pukapuka Whakapuaki āhuarangi 2020. I waenga i ētahi atu mea, e
tino whakahē ana te WerteUnion i te "Green Deal" me te utu CO2, pēnei i whakamārama ai i roto
i te "Kete Āhuarangi a te Kāwanatanga ā-Motu".
E karanga ana te Tauākī āhuarangi kia mutu te pūrākau āhuarangi, me te whakahaere i tētahi kaupapa mātauranga
mō ngā kaupapa āhuarangi, ngā huringa rā, me te hauhā.
Ka kitea ētahi atu mōhiohio mō tēnei i roto i te Pukapuka Tauākī āhuarangi 2020 a te Bavarian Values Union.
Mā te mataku me te whakamataku anake ka taea e ngā kaitōrangapū te whakamanawa i te iwi kia whakarongo, kia ū hoki.
Ko te whakatumatuma mō tētahi aitua āhuarangi te taputapu e whakamahia ana ināianei hei whakatutuki i tēnei.
Heoi, ka tino mārama te hōanga hukapapa iti hou i roto i ngā tau e rua, e toru rānei e heke mai nei, ā, kotahi anake te whakautu
hei tuku ki ngā 'kaihōpara āhuarangi', ki ngā tōrangapū mō te whakamahana ā-ao, me ngā kaituhi pāpāho whakatairanga āhuarangi:
Mēnā ka karanga koe i roto i te ngahere, me whakarite hoki kia rongo koe i te tangi whakahoki, ahakoa
he tino rerekē tōna oro. Prof. Dr. Werner Kirstein