I te 1 o Huitanguru 2023, i whai mana ai te Ture mō ngā Herenga ā-Rohe mō te Pūngao o te
Aua i roto i te Repupurika Tūmatanui o Tiamana.
Mā tēnei ture, e whakahau ana te kāwanatanga ā-motu i ngā kāwanatanga ā-rohe kia tohua he ōrau motuhake o ā rātou
whenua mō te pūngao hau i mua i te mutunga o te tau 2032.
Mō ngā tāone-motu o Berlin, Hamburg me Bremen, ko te ōrau he 0.5 ōrau o te rohe.
Mō ērā atu whenua, kei waenga i te 1.8 ōrau me te 2.2 ōrau.
I Bavaria anake, e tata ana ki te 1,270 kiromita tapawha mō ngā pū hiko hau.
he rohe he haurua te rahi o Saarland.
Hei whakatutuki i tēnei whāinga, i whakarerekē te Kāwanatanga ā-Motu i te Ture ā-Motu mō te Tiaki Taiao, kia
taea ināianei te whakamahi i ngā rohe tiaki āhua whenua.
Ko te pūngao hau he puna pūngao tata kore pau, ā, ināianei e whakamahia ana anake ētahi wāhanga iti o tōna āheinga.
Koinei tonu te āhua e whakamāramahia ana e ngā kaitautoko o te panonitanga pūngao.
Āe mārika, ko te whāinga anō hoki kia whawhai ki te take o te panonitanga āhuarangi kua tino kōrerohia, nā te
mea kāore tēnei hangarau e whakaputa i ngā tukunga CO2.
Hei te nuinga o te wā, ko te hua whakamutunga anake ka whakaarohia, ka whakaaturia rānei i runga i
te whaihua mō ngā pāpāho, engari kāore e whakaarohia ngā pūtea me whakapau kia tutuki ai.
Ka pā nuitia tēnei ki ngā wāhi e whai ake nei.
1. Paanga ki te taiao
I hangaia te kupu 'kaupapa here taiao' i te tau 1970 pea, ā, e tohu ana ki ngā mahi tōrangapū katoa hei
tiaki i ngā tūāpapa taiao o te oranga tangata me te taiao.
E ai ki ngā kōrero, kei te whakatū hoki i ngā turīni hau hei tiaki i te taiao.
Engari, he tino painga rānei ēnei mō te taiao?
1a) Te whakakore ngahere
I ngā rā o mua, ko te maroke, ko ngā āwhā, me ngā pepeke kiri rākau ngā hoariri nui rawa atu o te ngahere.
Engari ināianei me whakauru hoki ngā pūhiko hau ki roto i tēnei tatauranga.
Hei tauira, i te ngahere o Reinhardswald i Hesse, ka taea te whakakore i te 29 heketea o te ngahere me ngā rākau tae noa ki
te 195 tau te pakeke, mō ngā turini hau e 18 kua whakamaheretia.
I muri iho, kāore e taea anō te whakamahi i te ngahere hei ngahere, engari hei whare ahumahi me ngā hononga rākau.
Ko ngā ara whānui kua tapahia ki roto i te ngahere e waihanga ana i ngā pito anō.
Ka mate ngā rākau e tipu ana i ēnei wāhi, nā te mea he tino tuwhera rātou ki te hau me te maroke, ā,
nā konei ka whānui ake ēnei wāhi whakakore rākau.
Ahakoa ka whakahōputuhia anō ētahi wāhanga o te rohe i muri i te hanga o ngā pūhiko hau, ka roa ngā tekau tau kia
whakahokia e te taiao he papa ngahere hauora, kī ana i te humus.
1 b) Te whakamahinga rauemi
Hei hanga i tētahi turini hau, ehara i te mea ko te pou me te rotor anake e hiahiatia ana, engari me tētahi whatunga huarahi
kua tino whakawhanakehia hei kawe i ngā wāhanga o te turini hau.
Hei whakarite kia mau tonu te hanganga katoa, me whai hoki he turanga pakari.
Ka kitea e mātou ngā mea e hiahiatia ana mō tēnei i te kaupapa pāmu hau o Altdorfer Wald.
Ka whakatūria ki konei e iwa tekau mā toru ngā pūhiko hau, ā, he 285 mita te teitei o ia pūhiko.
He neke atu i te rima ngā wā teitei ake ēnei hanganga i te pourewa whare karakia toharite.
E hiahiatia ana he turanga e 1,500 mita pūrua te rahi.
I te take o te Ngahere o Altdorf, ka hiahiatia te 58,500 mita pūrua o te konikōti mō ngā turini hau e 39.
Hei tuku i tēnei konukī, me mahi e ngā miihini konukī pūkoro e whai āheinga ana ki te 7.5
mita pūrua te tapeke o ngā haerenga e 15,600.
Hei tāpiri, ka hiahiatia kia neke atu i te 45,000 ngā haerenga a ngā taraka kirikiri hei tuku i te
kirikiri mō te toronga o te wāhanga huarahi 27-kilomita.
1c) Ngā panonitanga o te tipu me te kararehe
Ngā mano ngeru-pō me ngā manu ka mate i ngā pūhiko hau ia tau.
E ai ki ngā matapae, neke atu i te 200,000 ngā pōrehe ia tau i Tiamana anake, ā, koia nei te
take kua raru kē ētahi momo pōrehe kia ngaro.
Ehara i te mea anake ko te rere ki roto i ngā rau hurihuri e mōrearea ana mō ngā kararehe.
Ka pakaru ngā pūkahukahu me ngā pūtau ā-roto o ngā kararehe i te hekenga o te pēhanga i muri i ngā rau hurihuri o te rōtā.
I roto i tētahi rangahau i mahia i te tau 2017, i whakamahia e Te Pokapū Rererangi o Tiamana ngā tātaitanga
tauira hei whakatau, e tata ana ki te 1,200 piriona ngā pepeke ka mate i ngā pūreretā hau ia tau.
He tata ki te toru piriona ngā pepeke ia rā.
Ko ngā toenga o ngā pepeke rere i runga i ngā rau hurihuri o te turini e whakapiki ana i ngā ngaronga o te whaihua o te turini.
Ehara tēnei i te tūraru anake mō ngā taupori kararehe, engari mō te āhua whenua hoki.
I ētahi wāhi, kei te tapahia ngā rākau i runga i ngā puke, ā, nā konei ka piki ake te
tūraru o te ngaronga oneone me ngā ruwhenua.
1 d) Ngā pae poke
Kei te hoahoatia ināianei ngā turīni hau kia 20 tau te roa o tō rātou ratonga.
Whai muri i tērā, me wetewete katoa te pūnaha, ā, me whakakore.
Heoi, he tino ruarua mēnā ka tangohia tūturu ngā tūāpapa konukī i ia take.
Nā ngā pūtau me ngā rauemi whakahiato kei roto i a rātou, kāore anō he ariā mō te hangarua i ngā
parirau, nō reira me whakakore tēnei para morearea.
Ko ngā rau porotēra anake e whakaputa ana i te 20,000 tana o te para ia tau. Ā, kei te piki tonu te taumata.
Whakatau waenga
I whakatūria te Pāti Kākāriki i tētahi wā kia tiakina te taiao.
I tēnei wā, ahakoa tērā, kua tae rātou ki te taumata o te whakangaro i te taiao.
I a te whakamutu i ngā kaupapa hanga whare nā te noho o tētahi pī, i whakarerekēhia anō te ture tiaki taiao mō ngā
pūhiko hau, kia kore ai e whakaarohia he mōrearea ngā momo manu maha, pērā i ngā storks, e pā ana ki te hiko hau.
E ai ki tētahi whakaaro ture i tonoa e te Kotahitanga mō te Tiaki Taiao me te Kanorautanga (NABU), kua
takahia hoki tēnei i ngā ture EU e pā ana ki te tiaki momo.
Hei tāpiri, kāore tēnei hangarau e whai hua ana ki ngā rauemi mēnā he mea hoahoa mō tētahi wā poto noa iho, ā, ka waiho i muri
ngā rauemi kāore anō kia whakamāramahia te huarahi hei whakakore.
Kei te whiwhi ināianei ngā whāinga ā-mātāpono i te aro nui ake i te tiaki taiao.
2. Ngā panonitanga āhuarangi
Ko Tiamana anake e whakahaere ana i ngā turini hau e 32,000 i tēnei wā.
Nā tēnei i puta ai he hekenga 13% o te tere hau toharite i roto i ngā rua tekau tau kua
pahure, i tautuhia e Te Whare Wānanga o Osnabrück.
Ehara tēnei i te mea kāore he pānga.
2a) I whakarerekē i te rerenga hau
Ka whakaputa te United States i te 2.5 ngā wā o te pūngao hau i a Tiamana.
Ka taea e ēnei mahi whakatūpato nui te whakaiti nui i ngā rerenga hau e rere ana mai i te pae taurite ki te Pōro Raki, ā, ka hua ake
te hekenga o te rerenga hau tere i ngā rohe whānui o te tonga.
Ka āhei tēnei ki te whaiti i ngā paparanga hau e takoto ana i runga ake i te Pōro Raki, ā, ka
iti ake te whakaata, nō reira ka wera ake te rohe.
2b) Te maroke o te oneone
He tino pānga ngā whakawhitinga i waenga i ngā turini hau me ngā paparanga hau ki ngā rerenga wera me te
makuku i waenga i te mata o te whenua me te āhuarangi.
Ka whakaroa te rere o te hau i mua i ngā turini hau, ā, ka hurihuri i muri i a rātou.
I ia pāmu hau nui, ka tangohia te makuku i te āhuarangi, otirā i te raumati, ā, ka whakamahana anō te whenua.
He rangahau hou nō Haina e whakaatu ana i ngā pānga whakangaromanga o ngā pāmu hau ki tō rātou taiao.
I tirotirohia e te rangahau te pānga o tētahi pāmu hau Haina kei te rohe ā-pito ki Mongolia.
I kitea i heke te makuku o te oneone e 4.1% ia tau.
Kāore anō kia tino mārama ki ngā pūnaha matatini, engari he mārama tonu ka maroke te oneone i runga i ngā pāmu hau.
I te kino rawa, ka puta he maroke me te ngaronga o te oneone, ā, ka taea hoki te horapa ki ngā rohe huri noa.
Whakatau waenga
Kei te whakatairangahia te whakamahinga o te pūngao hau hei whakautu ki te
panonitanga āhuarangi e ai ki te kī nā te CO2 i hua.
Ko te maroke o te oneone, otirā, e whakaaturia ana ki a tātou i runga i tētahi āhua whakamīharo, ā, me ngā
whakaahua apokaliptika hei hua o te panonitanga āhuarangi.
Heoi, e whakaatu ana ngā rangahau hou ka ārahi ngā turīni hau ki te maroke.
3. Ngā kino ki te hauora
Ka taea e ngā turīni hau te whakaputa i ngā momo raruraru hauora, pērā i te uaua ki te aro, te
manukanuka, ngā mamae upoko me ngā raruraru moe.
Nō te oro raro me ngā atarangi tuku iho ngā tino mōrearea.
Heoi, he mōrearea hoki te hukapapa i te takurua.
3a) Huka
I ngā āhuarangi kino, ka hanga te hukapapa ki runga i ngā rau hurihuri.
Ka puta anō he tūraru mō te ora.
Ka taea e ngā rau o te rotor te whiua i ngā poraka hukapapa ki tawhiti roa.
3b) Oro raro
Ko te oro raro iho i te pae whakarongo a te tangata, arā, i raro iho i te 16 hertz.
E ripoata ana ētahi tāngata e noho tata ana ki ngā pū hiko hau i ngā tohu pērā i te ngenge,
te pōuritanga, tae noa atu ki te mate moana.
Kua rangahaua e te tākuta pokanga manawa, a Christian Friedrich Fahl, tēnei āhuatanga i runga i te pūtaiao, hei upoko o
te rōpū mahi oro raro i te Hōhipera Whare Wānanga o Mainz.
E ai ki a ia, ka puta tēnei ina e rere ana te rau o te rotor i runga i te pou, e pēhi ana i te
hau, ā, ka waihanga i ngā pikinga poto, tūwāhi.
Ka tere hoki te oro raro i te ātea whānui.
Ka kitea he haruru, engari kāore e pākū ana.
Ka taea hoki te rongo ā-tinana i ngā hihiri e puta ana i konei.
He rite tēnei ki tētahi manuhiri e tū ana i mua i ngā kaikorero pākēhi i tētahi konohete
rōki, ā, ka taea e ia te rongo ā-tinana i te oro.
Heoi, he kaha ake ngā ngaru hiko e whakaputaina ana e te pūhiko hau.
3c) Atarangi taka
Ina kanapa te rā, ka puta he atarangi neke i te mahi o ngā pūhiko hau, ā, ka taea hoki e tēnei te whakaputa i te tino
āwangawanga ki te hunga e pāngia ana, pērā i ngā raruraru arotahi, te manukanuka, ngā mamae upoko me ngā raruraru moe.
He āhua pouri te atarangi e hangaia ana e te rotor, ā, he kino ki te tokomaha, nā te mea ka puta he rereketanga auau i te kanapa.
E ai ki te Rōpū Mahi ā-Motu me ā-Rohe mō te Whakahaere Putanga, i te whakaaetanga o ngā pūhiko hau, me whakarite kia kaua te
roa o te atarangi e taea ā-ariā mō tētahi whare e neke ake i te 30 haora i ia tau maramataka, i te 30 meneti rānei i ia rā.
Ki te mea e hiahiatia ana, me whakamahi te hangarau whakawhiti kia whakarite kia kaua te roa tūturu o te
whakatā i te atarangi e neke ake i te waru haora ia tau maramataka, me te toru tekau meneti ia rā.
Mēnā ka pā tētahi whare ki ngā atarangi i hangaia e ētahi maha o ngā pūhiko hau, ka pā ngā uara ki ngā pūhiko katoa ngātahi.
Whakatau waenga
Mō ngā tāngata noa, ka hāngai tonu te mātāpono kia utua e te kaiwhakapōrearea.
Ehara rānei tēnei i te mea e tika ana kia pā hoki ki ngā kaiwhakahaere miihini hau?
Nō te mea, mēnā ka whakaaturia he take hauora i waenga i te taupori nā tētahi whare pēnei, me kati taua whare, ahakoa kua eke
rānei, kāore rānei i eke te tokomaha haora whakapā kua tautuhia.
Ka ara ake te pātai he aha i whakaaetia ai ēnei otaota i te tuatahi.
4. Kei te piki haere te utu o te whakawhitinga pūngao
4a) Te mahi tūturu o ngā pūhiko hau
Ka tiakina e ngā kaiwhakahaere ngā reiti whakamahinga o ā rātou pāmu hau pēnei i tētahi muna ā-motu.
I arotake e te niupepa Neue Zürcher Zeitung ngā turini hau e 18,000 i Tiamana – me ngā hua whakamāharahara.
Tata ki te hauwha o ngā tipu i tirotirohia kāore i eke ki te āhuatanga kaha o te 20%.
He 15% noa iho o ngā tipu i whai reiti whakamahinga i whakapaetia he nui ake i te 30%.
Kei te taha o te takutai tata katoa o ēnei.
4b) Ka utua e ngā kaihoko te ngaronga
I te mutunga o Hānuere 2024, i whakaatu ngā kaiwhakahaere whatunga hiko e whā i te pire mō ngā utu o te hiko hau me te hiko rā.
Ko te whakawhānuitanga o ngā tipu hiko hau me ngā tipu hiko rā e tohu ana, i ngā wā e kaha ana te hau, e kaha rānei te rā,
ka whakaputahia he nui ake te hiko i te mea e hiahiatia ana.
Ka heke ngā utu hiko i te mākete whakawhiti ki te kore, ā, ka taka rānei ki raro iho i te
kore, arā, me utu atu he moni anō mō te hoko.
Heoi anō, ka whiwhi ngā kaiwhakahaere turīni hau i tētahi utu whakaurunga kua whakaritea, arā, 7.35 pene mō ia kilowāti-haora.
Ka utua e ngā kaiwhakahaere o ngā tipu hiko rā te 11 ki te 13 pene mō ia kilowata-haora.
E piki haere ana, ahakoa ka nui rawa te whakaputa hiko hau, me whakaweto ngā turīni kia
kore ai e nui rawa te hiko e tomo ki te pūnaha.
Engari ahakoa e tū ana te tipu, kei te rere tonu te moni, pēnei i te mea kua whakaputa hiko e ngā kaiwhakahaere.
I utu e ngā kaihoko tata ki te kotahi piriona euro i te tau 2022, kāore rātou i whiwhi he mea hei utu.
4c) Ngā utu whakawhānui whatunga
Ko te nuinga o ngā pāmu hau e tū ana i te raki o Tiamana nā ngā āhuatanga hau.
Heoi, kia taea ai te kawe hiko ki ngā pae ahumahi o Bavaria me Baden-Württemberg, me whakawhānui hoki te whatunga hiko.
E ai ki ngā matapae, ka utu te whakawhānuitanga e hiahiatia ana o ngā rārangi hiko teitei ki te €300 piriona ā te
tau 2045, ā, me €150 piriona anō hei whakarato whatunga tohatoha hiko ki ngā tāone me ngā tāone nui.
Hei whakatairanga i te whakawhānuitanga o ngā pāmu hau i te rohe tonga hau-iti, ka whakarato te Ture EEG 2023 i tētahi
tauākī whakatikatika mai i te 50% ki te 60% mō tēnei rohe.
Ko te tikanga ka tukuna atu he tahua āwhina anō mō te hiko hau, nā te mea kāore e taea te whakahaere ōhanga i ngā pūhiko hau i
te tonga o Tiamana me ngā tahua āwhina kua oti kē te whakarite.
Whakatau waenga
Ehara i te mea whai hua ngā pāmu hau mō tētahi wāhi pakihi pērā i Tiamana.
Mēnā kāore ngā tāpiritanga pūtea e puta ana i ngā kaupapa tōrangapū ā-whakaaro, kāore e nui ngā kaipupuri moni e
haumi ki tēnei hangarau, nā te mea kāore ēnei tipu e āhei ki te whakataetae i te mākete i raro i ngā tikanga whakataetae.
Kei te piki haere te utu o te hiko e whakaputaina ana, ā, kāore e taea e ngā kaihoko te utu.
Ka ngaro i ngā tāngata takitahi tō rātou taumata oranga, ā, ka nui haere ngā pakihi e neke ana ki tāwāhi.
Ka mea te Minita Ōhanga, a Robert Habeck: "I Tiamana, ehara i te mea kua pakaru te umanga, engari ka mutu noa iho te whakaputa."
Whakakapi
Ka whakaaturia tonu te pūngao hau ki a mātou hei momo pūngao e tino hoa-taiao ana, e tino tautoko ana i te āhuarangi.
Heoi, pērā i tā tātou e kite nei, kāore ēnei e rua e tika ana.
Heoi anō, he momo whakaputa pūngao kāore e taea te whakawhirinaki, ā, he tino utu nui hoki ki ngā kaiwhakamahi.
Engari he aha i whai tonu ai, ā, ko wai kei te whai pānga ki a ia?
Ko te whakautu whai tikanga ki tēnei pātai ka pērā pea.
"Kāore koe e whai mea, ā, ka hari koe" he rerenga kōrero i tangohia mai i tētahi ataata a te World Economic
Forum (WEF) i te tau 2016, e whakarāpopoto ana i tētahi tuhinga a Ida Auken, he kaipōti nō Denmark.
He mema a Ida Auken o te hōtaka Rangatira ā-Ao Rangatahi a te WEF.
Ka tino pai tērā mō te WEF me te hunga kei muri i a ia.
Ka whiwhi te tangata i ngā mea katoa e hiahiatia ana hei ratonga.
I tētahi taha, he pakihi pai tēnei ratonga, engari i tētahi atu taha, ka noho mārama katoa ngā tāngata katoa hei tāngata whenua.
Hei whakatutuki i tēnei, me wetewete tuatahi ngā hanganga o te ōhanga me te hapori e tū nei, ā, me whai
mahere kia tutuki ai tēnei me te kore whakahē a te iwi.
Ka taea te whakaaro ka piki ake ngā utu o ngā taonga katoa, kia kore ai e taea e te taupori te utu i ā rātou whakapaunga
noho, ā, me whakamahi rātou i ā rātou penapena katoa.
Ka whakaurua ngā utu pūngao ki te utu o te nuinga o ngā taonga, nā te mea he mea tika kia whakaputa i aua taonga.
Nā reira, ko te utu hiko he pūmanawa ka taea te whakamahi hei whakapiki i te utu o ngā taonga.
Kua katia ngā tipu hiko nukleara, ā, nā ngā here ki Rūsia, kāore mātou e whiwhi ana i te hau māori utu iti.
Nā reira, kua ngaro ngā kōwhiringa utu iti rawa mō te whakaputa hiko.
Rānei he nui rawa te hiko e wātea ana i te pūngao hau, ā, e tata ana te utu i te mākete hiko ki te kore, rānei kāore he
hau e ranea ana, ā, me hoko hiko mai i tāwāhi i ngā utu teitei.
Ka piki ake te utu o te hiko, ā, nā reira ka piki hoki te utu o ngā taonga i whakaputaina.
I te wā roa, kāore ngā kamupene e ora i roto i tērā taiao.
Ka mutu rānei rātou i te whakaputa katoa, ka whakawhiti rānei ki tētahi atu whenua.
Ko te mea e toe ana he taupori e tino teitei ana ngā reiti kore mahi, ā, kāore e taea e rātou te
whakatutuki i ā rātou hiahia nā te tiketike o ngā utu pūngao.
Ka tutuki i te WEF me ōna kaitautoko tā rātou whāinga.
He taupori e noho ana i raro i te mana o ngā rangatira, ā, e tuku ana i a rātou anō.