WEBVTT

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Ngomhla ka-1 Februwari 2023, uMthetho Wezidingo Zendawo Yamandla
Omoya waqala ukusebenza eRiphabhulikhi Yezwe YaseJalimane.

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Ngalesi simiso somthetho, uhulumeni kazwelonke uphoqa izifundazwe
ukuba zibeke iphesenti elithile lendaweni yazo yomhlaba ukuze

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kusetshenziswe amandla omoya ngaphambi kokuphela konyaka ka-2032.

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Kwamadolobha-mbuso aseBerlin, eHamburg
naseBremen, isilinganiso singu-0.5% wendawo.

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Kwamanye amazwe, phakathi kuka-1.8% no-2.2%.

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E-Bavaria kuphela, lokho kungaba cishe
amakhilomitha-skwele angu-1,270 wamaturbine omoya.

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indawo engesigamu ngobukhulu beSaarland.

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Ukuze kufezeke lo mgomo, uHulumeni Kazwelonke washintsha
uMthetho Kazwelonke Wokulondolozwa Kwemvelo ukuze manje

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izindawo zokulondolozwa komhlaba zikwazi ukusetshenziswa.

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Amandla omoya ngumthombo wamandla cishe ongasoze waphela,
amandla awo okwamanje asetshenziswa kuphela ngengxenye.

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Lena indlela abaxhasi bokuguqulwa
kwamandla abahlala bekuchaza ngayo.

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Impela, inhloso futhi ukulwa nenkinga ekhulunywa ngayo
kakhulu yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ngoba lobu

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buchwepheshe ngeke bukhiqize noma yiziphi izikhukhula ze-CO2.

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Njengoba kuvame ukwenzeka, kuphela umphumela wokugcina
okucatshangelwa noma okwethulwa ngendlela

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ekhangayo ezinkundleni zezindaba, kodwa hhayi
ukuthi kudingeka kuchithwe malini ukuze kufezeke.

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Lokhu kuthinta kakhulu lezi zindawo ezilandelayo.

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1. Umthelela kwemvelo

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Igama elithi inqubomgomo yemvelo lasungulwa cishe
ngo-1970 futhi libhekisela kuyo yonke imizamo yezombusazwe

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yokulondoloza izisekelo zemvelo zokuphila komuntu nemvelo.

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Kuthiwa amathurbayini omoya nawo ayakhiwa ukuze avikele imvelo.

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Kodwa ngabe ngempela ziyibusiso emvelweni?

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1a) Ukususwa kwehlathi

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Esikhathini esidlule, izitha ezinkulu zehlathi
kwakuyisomiso, izivunguvungu namagundane omhlanga.

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Kodwa manje amathurbayini omoya kumele afakwe kulesi sibalo.

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Isibonelo, ehlathini laseReinhardswald eHesse, amahektha
angu-29 ehlathi anezihlahla ezineminyaka engu-195

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zingasuswa ukuze kufakwe izinjini zomoya eziyi-18 ezihleliwe.

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Emva kwalokho, ihlathi alisakwazi ukusetshenziswa
njengehlathi, kodwa manje lisetshenziswa

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njengesikhungo somkhakha wezimboni esinezixhumanisi zezihlahla.

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Izindlela ezinkulu ezisikwe
ehlathini zidalela imiphetho eminingi.

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Izihlahla ezikhula ezindaweni ezinjalo zingafa ngoba
zivame ukuchayeka kakhulu emoyeni nasomile,

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okubangela ukuthi lezi zindawo ezivulekile zisabalale kakhulu.

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Nakuba ezinye izingxenye zalendawo zizotshalwa kabusha izihlahla
ngemva kokwakhiwa kwamathurubhayini omoya,

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kuzothatha iminyaka eminingi ukuthi imvelo ibuyisele
phansi kwehlathi elinempilo elicebile ngehumusi.

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1 b) Ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza

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Ukuze kwakhiwe i-turbine yomoya, akugcini ngokuthi kudingeka
isigxobo ne-rotor kuphela, kodwa futhi kudingeka inethiwekhi

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yomgwaqo ethuthukile ukuze kuthuthwe izingxenye zayo.

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Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke isakhiwo sihlala simi
ngokuqinile, sidinga futhi isisekelo esiqinile.

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Singabona ukuthi yini edingekayo kulokhu
kuphrojekthi ye-Altdorfer Wald Wind Farm.

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Amaturbine omoya angamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalolunye
anobude obungu-285 amamitha azokwakhiwa lapha.

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Lezi zakhiwo ziphakeme ngaphezu kwezikhathi
ezinhlanu kunentaba yesonto ejwayelekile.

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Lokhu kudinga isisekelo esilingana namamitha-kubhu angu-1,500.

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Esimweni sehlathi lase-Altdorf, kuzodingeka imitha eziyizigidi
ezingama-58,500 zekhonkrithi kumashubhu omoya angama-39.

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Ukuze kulethwe le simende, izixube
zesimende ezihambayo ezinamandla angu-7.5

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amamitha-skwele kumele zenze uhambo olungama-15 600.

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Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuzodingeka izihambo ezingaphezu
kuka-45 000 ngamaloli egravel ukuze kuthuthwe igravel

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yokwandisa ingxenye yomgwaqo engamakhilomitha angu-27.

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1c) Izinguquko ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni

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Izinkulungwane zamabhabhathane nezinyoni ziwela
zibe izisulu zamathurubhayini omoya minyaka yonke.

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Ngokwezibikezelo, kunezimpukane zasebusuku
ezingaphezu kuka-200 000 ngonyaka eJalimane kuphela,

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yingakho ezinye izinhlobo zazo sezisongelwa ukushabalala.

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Ingozi yezilwane ayikho kuphela
ekutheni zindizele emaphaphandabeni e-rotor.

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Ukwehla kwengcindezi ngemuva kwamabhulethi erotha kubangela
ukuthi amaphaphu nezitho zangaphakathi zezilwane ziphuke.

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Ecwaningweni elenziwe ngo-2017, iSikhungo Sezindiza Nezokuvikelwa
Kwezulu saseJalimane sasebenzisa izibalo zemodeli

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ukunquma ukuthi cishe izimbungu eziyizigidigidi
eziyi-1,200 ziyafa ngenxa yamawindi amandla omoya minyaka yonke.

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Lokho cishe kungabiyonga abangu-3 billion ngosuku.

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Izinsalela zezinambuzane ezindizayo kumabhulethi e-rotor
nazo zenza ukwehla okukhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kweturbine.

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Lokhu akuyona ingozi kuphela kubuningi
bezilwane, kodwa futhi nasemvelweni wendawo.

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Ezinye izindawo, izihlahla zisikwa ezindaweni ezithambekile,
okwandisa ingozi yokuguguleka komhlabathi nokuwela komhlabathi.

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1 d) Izindawo ezingcolile

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Amaturbine omoya okwamanje
aklanyelwe impilo yesevisi yeminyaka engu-20.

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Ngemva kwalokho, kuzodingeka ukuthi lonke
uhlelo luhlukaniswe lube izingxenye bese lulahliwe.

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Nokho, kuyathandabuzeka kakhulu ukuthi izisekelo
zekhonkrithi ngempela zizodilizwa kuzo zonke izimo.

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Ngenxa yobuthi nezinto ezixubekile ezikuwo,
akukho mqondo wokuvuselela izimpiko,

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yingakho le mfucuza enezinkinga kumele ilahlwe.

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Amabhulethi erotha kuphela akhiqiza amathoni angu-20 000
wemfucumfucu minyaka yonke. Futhi le ndlela iyaqhubeka ikhula.

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Ukuphetha kwesikhashana

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Iqembu Eliluhlaza lasungulwa ngaphambilini ukuvikela imvelo.

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Okwamanje, nokho,
sebeseyifinyelele lapho babhubhisa khona imvelo.

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Nakuba amaphrojekthi okwakha emisiwe ngenxa yokuba khona
kwebhithi, umthetho wokulondolozwa kwemvelo wahlelwa kabusha

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ukuze uvumele amathurbine omoya, okusho ukuthi
izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni, njengezinkweli,

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azisabhekwa njengezisengozini ngenxa yamandla omoya.

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Ngokombono wezomthetho owenziwe yi-Nature
Conservation Union (NABU), lokhu kwephule ngisho

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nomthetho we-EU osebenzayo wokuvikelwa kwezinhlobo.

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Ngaphezu kwalokho, lobu buchwepheshe abusebenzisi kahle
izinsiza uma bwakhelwe isikhathi esifushane kuphela bese

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bushiya izinto okusazomele kucaciswe indlela yokuzilahla.

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Izinjongo zezimfundiso manje zinikezwa
ukunakwa okwengeziwe kunokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

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2. Izinguquko zezulu

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EJalimane kuphela njengamanje
inama-turbine omoya angu-32 000 asebenza.

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Lokhu kuholele ekwehleni okungu-13%
kwesilinganiso sokushesha komoya eminyakeni engu-20

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edlule, njengoba kunqunywe yiNyuvesi yase-Osnabrück.

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Lokhu ngeke kube ngaphandle kwemiphumela.

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2a) Ukujikeleza komoya okushintshiwe

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I-United States ikhiqiza amandla omoya
aphindwe kabili nohhafu kunalawo aseJalimane.

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Lezi zinyathelo ezinzima zinganciphisa kakhulu ukuhamba
komoya kusuka e-ekhweyitha kuya eNyakatho Pole, okuholela

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ekwehleni komgudu womoya osheshayo ezindaweni eziseningizimu.

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Lokhu kungaholela ekunciphiseni kwamalayeya omoya ngaphezulu
kwePole LaseNyakatho, okuholela

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ekunciphiseni kokubuyisela ukukhanya futhi ngaleyo
ndlela kuthuthukise ukufudumala kulesi sifunda.

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2b) Ukoma komhlabathi

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Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamathurbine omoya
nezingqimba zomoya bunethonya elinamandla ekugelezeni

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kokushisa nokufuma phakathi kobuso bomhlaba nomkhathi.

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Ukugeleza komoya kuyancipha phambi
kwamathurbine omoya futhi kugijima ngemuva kwawo.

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Ezweni lonke leziza zomoya ezinkulu, umswakama uyasuswa emoyeni,
ikakhulukazi ehlobo, futhi umhlaba uyashiswa ngaphezu kwalokho.

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Ucwaningo lwakamuva oluvela eChina lubonisa imiphumela emibi
kakhulu izikhungo zamandla omoya ezinayo ezindaweni ezizungezile.

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Ucwaningo luhlolisise umthelela wefamu
yomoya yaseShayina emngceleni neMongolia.

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Kutholakale ukuthi umswakama
womhlabathi wehlisiwe ngo-4.1% ngonyaka.

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Izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi azikakayiqondwa
ngokuphelele, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuthi izikhungo zamandla omoya

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empeleni zibangela ukoma komhlabathi lapho zakhiwe khona.

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Esimweni esibi kakhulu, kungaholela emilipheni nasekugugulweni
komhlabathi, okungasabalala nasemaphethelweni abanzi.

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Ukuphetha kwesikhashana

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Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla omoya kuyakhuthazwa ukuze
kuphikwe ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okuthiwa kubangelwa yi-CO2.

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Ukomisa komhlabathi ikakhulukazi kuboniswa
kithi ngendlela emangalisayo nangemifanekiso

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yeziphetho njengomphumela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu.

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Nokho, izifundo zakamuva zikhombisa ukuthi
amathurbine omoya ikakhulukazi angaholela emomisweni.

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3. Ukulimala empilweni

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Amaturbine omoya angabangela izinhlobo ezahlukene
zezinkinga zempilo, ezifana nobunzima bokugxila,

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ukukhathazeka, izinhlungu zekhanda kanye nezinkinga zokulala.

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Izingozi zivela kakhulu kusondlo esingaphansi
komkhawulo wokuzwa kanye nemithunzi ekhastwayo.

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Nokho, iqhwa nalo libeka ingozi ebusika.

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3a) Ikhasi

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Ezimo zezulu ezingezinhle, kungase
kwakheke iqhwa emaphaphini erositha.

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Khona-ke kuneengozi ngisho zokufa.

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Amabhulade e-rotor angadubula izingcezu zeqhwa ibanga elide.

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3b) Umsindo ongaphansi komkhawulo wokuzwa

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I-infrasound umsindo onamazinga wokuphindaphinda angaphansi
komkhawulo wokuzwa komuntu, okungukuthi angaphansi kuka-16 hertz.

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Abanye abantu abahlala eduze kwamathurbine
omoya babika izimpawu ezifana nokukhathala,

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ukudangala noma ngisho nesifo sokugula olwandle.

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Udokotela wokuhlinza inhliziyo uChristian Friedrich Fahl
ucwaninge ngokwesayensi lesi simo njengomholi weqembu

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lomsebenzi we-infrasound eSibhedlela SeYunivesithi saseMainz.

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Ngokusho kwakhe, lokhu kwenzeka lapho ibhulethi
lerotha lidlula emastini, licindezela umoya

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futhi lidala izimpulusi ezimfishane neziphakeme.

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Umsindo ongaphansi komkhawulo wokuzwa
uphinde wande ngokushesha emvelweni omkhulu.

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Kubonwa njengomsindo, kodwa akushaywa ngokuphindaphindiwe.

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Imizwa esheshayo eyenzeka lapha ingazwakala ngokomzimba.

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Kuyafana nesivakashi esimile phambi
kwesikhulumi sebhasi ekhonsathini lomculo werock

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futhi esikwazi ukuzwa umsindo ngokomzimba.

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Nokho, amaphulusi akhiqizwa iturbine yomoya anamandla kakhulu.

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3c) Umthunzi owawa phansi

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Lapho ilanga likhanya, ukusebenza kwamathurbine omoya kudala
umthunzi ohambayo, okungadala futhi ukungakhululeki

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okukhulu kulabo abathintekayo, njengokungakwazi ukugxila,
ukukhathazeka, izinhlungu zekhanda kanye nezinkinga zokulala.

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Umthunzi owenziwa i-rotor awumnandi kubantu abaningi, ngoba
ubangela ukuguquguquka kwesikhathi nesikhathi ekukhanyeni.

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NgokweQembu Lokusebenza LikaHulumeni Kazwelonke Nezifundazwe
Lokulawula Ukukhishwa Kwezinto Ezingcolisayo, lapho kuvunywa

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amaturbine omoya, kumele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isikhathi
esingaba khona ngokomqondo sokufihla indlu asidlule amahora

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angama-30 ngonyaka wokhalenda noma imizuzu engama-30 ngosuku.

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Lapho kudingeka, ubuchwepheshe bokushintsha kumele busetshenziswe
ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isikhathi sangempela sokubeka

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umthunzi sinqunyelwe emahoreni ayisishiyagalombili
ngonyaka wekhalenda nasemizuzwini engama-30 ngosuku.

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Uma indlu ibhekene nemithunzi ekhiqizwa amathurubhayini omoya
amaningi, amanani asebenza kuwo wonke amathurubhayini ndawonye.

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Ukuphetha kwesikhashana

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Kubantu bomphakathi ojwayelekile, umgomo
wokuthi umngcolisi uyakhokha uhlale usebenza.

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Ingabe lokhu akufanele futhi
kusebenze kubasebenzi bemishini yomoya?

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Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uma le ndawo ingqalasizinda ifakazelwa
ukuthi ibangela izinkinga zempilo emphakathini,

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kuzodingeka ivinjwe, kungakhathalekile ukuthi inani
elibekiwe lamahora lokuchayeka selifinyelelwe noma cha.

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Lokhu kuvusa umbuzo wokuthi kungani
lezi zitshalo zamukelwe ekuqaleni.

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4. Ukuguqulwa kwamandla sekungasabizi

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4a) Ukusebenza kwangempela kwamathurbine omoya

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Abasebenza eziteshini zomoya bavikela amazinga
okusetshenziswa kweziteshi zabo zomoya njengemfihlo kahulumeni.

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Iphephandaba i-Neue Zürcher Zeitung lihlolisise ama-turbine
omoya angu-18 000 eJalimane – ngemiphumela ekhathazayo.

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Cishe ikota yezitshalo ezihlolwe azizange
zifinyelele ngisho nezinga lokusebenza elingu-20%.

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Kuphela amaphesenti angu-15 ezitshalweni anezinga
lokusetshenziswa elilinganisiwe elingaphezu kuka-30%.

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Cishe zonke zalezi zitholakala eduze kolwandle.

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4b) Abathengi bakhokhela ukulahleka

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Ekupheleni kukaJanuwari 2024, abasebenzi abane benethiwekhi kagesi
banikeze ibhili lokuthi amandla omoya nelanga asibiza malini.

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Ukwandiswa kwezitshalo zamandla omoya namandla elanga kusho
ukuthi ngezikhathi zomoya onamandla noma ukukhanya kwelanga

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okunamandla, kukhiqizwa ugesi omningi kunalowo odingekayo.

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Amanani kagesi emakethe yokushintshisana awehla aye cishe
ku-zero noma ngisho angene ezingeni elingaphansi kwe-zero,

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okusho ukuthi kumele kukhokhwe imali eyengeziwe ukuze kuthenge.

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Noma kunjalo, abasebenza ngama-turbine omoya bathola intela
yokufaka ugesi eqinisekisiwe engu-7.35 pence ngekilowathi-yure.

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Abasebenza ezitshalweni zelanga ngisho bakhokha
amapensi ayi-11 kuya kwayi-13 ngekilowathi yehora.

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Ngokwanda, ngisho noma ukukhiqizwa kukagesi womoya
kudlula okudingekayo, ama-turbine kumele avinjwe ukuze

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kugwenywe ukungena kukagesi omningi kakhulu ohlelweni.

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Kodwa ngisho noma isitshalo simi, imali
iyaqhubeka nokugeleza sengathi abasebenzi bakhiqize ugesi.

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Lokhu kubize abathengi cishe izigidigidi eziyisodwa zama-euro
ngo-2022, ngaphandle kokuthola lutho ngokushintshaniswa.

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4c) Izindleko zokwandisa igridi

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Iningi lamafamu omoya lisendaweni
esenyakatho yeJalimane ngenxa yezimo zomoya.

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Nokho, ukuze ugesi ulethwe ezindaweni zezimboni eBavaria
naseBaden-Württemberg, inethiwekhi kagesi nayo kumele yandiswe.

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Ukwandiswa okudingekayo kwemigqa kagesi kagesi eliphezulu
kulindeleke ukuthi kubize ama-euro ayizigidigidi ezingama-300

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ngo-2045, kanti ama-euro ayizigidigidi
ezingama-150 angeziwe adingeka ezinethwekeni

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zokusabalalisa emadolobhaneni nasemadolobheni.

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Ukuze kukhuthazwe ukwandiswa kwezifama zomoya esifundeni sasezansi
lapho umoya ubuthakathaka, uMthetho we-EEG ka-2023 uhlinzeka

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ngesilinganiso sokulungisa esingu-50% kuya ku-60% kulesi sifunda.

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Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuzonikezwa ezinye izibonelelo zamandla omoya
ngoba amathurbayini omoya awakwazi ukusebenza ngokwezomnotho

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eNingizimu yeJalimane ngezibonelelo ezikhona manje.

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Ukuphetha kwesikhashana

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Amapulazi omoya awasebenzi kahle
endaweni yebhizinisi efana neJalimane.

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Ngaphandle kosizo lukahulumeni oluvela kwezombusazwe ezisekelwe
emigomeni ethile, cishe akekho umtshali-zimali ozotshala

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imali kule teknoloji, ngoba lezi zitshalo ngeke zikwazi
ukuncintisana emakethe ngaphansi kwezimo zokuncintisana.

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Lezi zimo zenza ugesi okhiqizwayo
ube sengabizi kakhulu kubathengi.

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Abantu ngabanye bazolahlekelwa izinga labo lokuphila
kanti amabhizinisi azoya ngokwengeziwe kwamanye amazwe.

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UMphathiswa Wezomnotho uRobert Habeck wayezothi:
"EJalimane, imboni ayiphukile, iyeka nje ukukhiqiza."

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Ukuphetha

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Amandla omoya ahlala ethulwa kithi njengohlobo
lwamandla olungcolisi imvelo futhi olungcolisi isimo sezulu.

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Nokho, njengoba sibona, akukho kwalawa okubili okuyiqiniso.

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Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuwumthombo ongavumelekile wokukhiqiza
amandla futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, kubiza kakhulu kubathengi.

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Kodwa kungani kusekuqhutshelwa
phambili, futhi ubani onentshisekelo kuyo?

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Impendulo engavumeka kulo mbuzo ingaba kanje.

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"Awusoze waba nento kodwa uzoba jabulile" isisho esithathwe
kuvidiyo ka-2016 ye-World Economic Forum (WEF) esifingqa

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indatshana yomeluleki wezepolitiki waseDenmark, u-Ida Auken.

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Ida Auken uyilungu lohlelo
lwabaphathi abasha bomhlaba lonke lwe-WEF.

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Lokho bekungaba okuhle kakhulu ku-WEF nalabo abasemuva kwayo.

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Konke umuntu akudingayo kuthathwa njengesevisi.

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Ngakolunye uhlangothi, le nkonzo ingaba
ibhizinisi elihle, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, wonke

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umuntu uzoba yizakhamuzi ezibonakala ngokuphelele.

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Ukuze lokhu kufezeke, izakhiwo ezikhona emnothweni
nasempilweni yomphakathi kumele ziqedwe kuqala, futhi

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kudingeka uhlelo lokwenza lokhu ngaphandle kokumelana kwabantu.

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Kungenzeka ukuthi zonke izimpahla zingabiza kakhulu, ngakho-ke
abantu ngeke bakwazi ukukhokhela izindleko zabo zokuphila

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futhi kuzodingeka basebenzise yonke imali abayigcinile.

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Izindleko zamandla zifakwa entengo yezimpahla
eziningi ngoba ziyadingeka ekukhiqizeni lezo zimpahla.

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Intengo kagesi ngaleyo ndlela ingaba ithuluzi
elingasetshenziswa ukunyusa intengo yezimpahla.

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Izitshalo zamandla enuzi zivaliwe, futhi ngenxa yezijeziso
ezibhekiswe eRussia, asisatholi igesi yemvelo eshibhile.

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Ngakho-ke, izinketho ezishibhile
kakhulu zokukhiqiza ugesi sezanyamalale.

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Noma kukhona ugesi omningi otholakala ngamandla omoya futhi
intengo emakethe kagesi isondela kuye ku-zero, noma umoya awanele

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futhi ugesi kumele uthengwe kwamanye amazwe ngentengo ephezulu.

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Lokhu kukhuphula intengo kagesi ngaleyo
ndlela intengo yezimpahla ezikhiqizwayo.

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Esikhathini eside, izinkampani ngeke
zikwazi ukusinda esimweni esinjalo.

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Bayeka ukukhiqiza ngokuphelele noma bathuthele kwenye indawo.

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Okusele yisizwe esinezinga eliphezulu
lokungasebenzi, esingasakwazi ukuhlangabezana

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nezidingo zalo ngenxa yezindleko zamandla eziphezulu.

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I-WEF nabaxhasi bayo babezobe sebephumelele umgomo wabo.

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Umbuso wabantu abasesandleni sabaphathi
abaphezulu futhi ozithoba ngokuzithandela.