1
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2
00:00:00,280 --> 00:00:06,285
Littafan makaranta suna gaya mana yadda aka fara shawo kan
cutar ƙurajen fuska, sannan aka bi da sauran cututtuka ɗaya

3
00:00:06,285 --> 00:00:10,020
bayan ɗaya, godiya ga alluran rigakafi masu aminci da tasiri.

4
00:00:10,020 --> 00:00:12,600
Amma shin wannan gaskiya ne?

5
00:00:12,600 --> 00:00:19,580
An nazarci wannan tambayar ne ta bakin malamin jami'a Dr
Gerd Reuther, masanin radiology kuma masanin tarihin likitanci.

6
00:00:19,580 --> 00:00:25,841
An dade ana sanin Dr Reuther saboda suka ga maganin da kamfanonin
kera magunguna suka mamaye, kuma ya bayyana hakan

7
00:00:25,841 --> 00:00:31,770
a cikin shahararren littafinsa na Spiegel mai
suna "Der betrogene Patient" (The Deceived Patient).

8
00:00:31,770 --> 00:00:38,113
A cikin laccarsa, Dr Gerd Reuter ya yi amfani da misalin
rigakafin ƙurajen ƙanana da majiyoyin tarihin likitanci don nuna

9
00:00:38,113 --> 00:00:42,440
illolin da tilastawar rigakafin ƙurajen ƙanana ya yi wa al'umma.

10
00:00:42,440 --> 00:00:51,560
A cewar Dr. Reuther, ƙurajen ƙauye cuta ce marar haɗari,
amma yin rigakafin ƙurajen ƙauye ya jawo mutuwar dubban mutane.

11
00:00:51,560 --> 00:00:55,920
Da allurar rigakafi ta zo, kamar yadda
za a ce, sai cutar ƙurajen fata ta mutu.

12
00:00:55,920 --> 00:01:03,403
A cewar Dr Reuther, tarihin allurar rigakafi na shekaru
300 za a iya daidaita shi da laifi guda ɗaya kan lafiya.

13
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Ji da kanka abin da Dr. Reuter ke faɗa game
da rigakafi, musamman rigakafin ƙurajen ƙauye.

14
00:01:09,820 --> 00:01:16,342
An gabatar da wannan laccar a matsayin wani ɓangare na taron
bita na MWGFD kan taken "Amincewa da allurai, shawarwarin

15
00:01:16,342 --> 00:01:22,624
yin allurai, tilastawa yin allurai – shin bayanan sun wadatar?"

16
00:01:22,624 --> 00:01:28,082
Dr Ronald Weikl: Don Allah ku ji daɗi. Ku zo tare da ni yanzu don
abin da tabbas zai kasance gabatarwa mai matuƙar

17
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nishaɗi daga abokin aikinmu mai daraja, Dr Gerd Reuther,
mai taken 'Alluran rigakafi – labari ne na nasara?'

18
00:01:33,300 --> 00:01:39,983
Dr Gerd Reuther: Eh, ƙaunataccen
René, na gode ƙwarai, ƙaunatattun baƙi.

19
00:01:39,983 --> 00:01:48,576
Alluran rigakafin Covid-19, waɗanda ba alluran rigakafi ba
ne, ba su ne laifin lafiya na farko a fannin likitanci ba.

20
00:01:48,576 --> 00:01:55,508
A gaskiya, tarihin shekaru 300 na rigakafi babban
laifi ne a fannin lafiya, amma saboda ƙarancin lokaci

21
00:01:55,508 --> 00:01:59,949
zan yi magana ne kawai game da rigakafi guda ɗaya.

22
00:01:59,949 --> 00:02:05,283
Sai dai wannan shi ne shekaru 200 na
tarihin rigakafi, domin shekaru 200 na farko an

23
00:02:05,283 --> 00:02:08,723
keɓe su ne kawai ga rigakafin ƙurajen ƙurji.

24
00:02:08,723 --> 00:02:15,116
Kuma an gudanar da wannan shirin rigakafin ƙurajen ƙurba
daidai ta yadda ake gudanar da shirin Covid-19 na yanzu.

25
00:02:15,116 --> 00:02:24,300
Ya shafi tilastawa, ya shafi hukunci, ya shafi
babban adadin kudi, a wasu lokuta ma fiye da na yau.

26
00:02:24,300 --> 00:02:30,380
Kuma ya shafi yin wani abu da ba shi da wata hujja.

27
00:02:30,380 --> 00:02:33,463
Kuma an ɓoye lahani.

28
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Wasu na iya cewa, shin auna-auna da
Covid za a iya kwatanta su da gaske?

29
00:02:37,984 --> 00:02:39,400
Kwona, mura ce kawai.

30
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Amma ƙurajen ƙurba cuta ce mai matuƙar ban tsoro.

31
00:02:42,956 --> 00:02:48,370
Na kawo muku wannan hoto guda ɗaya, wanda za ku gani sau da yawa.

32
00:02:48,370 --> 00:02:54,410
Abin ban sha'awa, koyaushe kana ganin hotuna iri ɗaya
na ƙurajen ƙanƙara a intanet da a cikin littattafai.

33
00:02:54,410 --> 00:02:59,226
Ba a samu marasa lafiya da cutar ƙurajen fuska
da yawa a zamanin daukar hoto da fim ba, har

34
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za a iya ci gaba da kawo sababbin marasa lafiya.

35
00:03:01,820 --> 00:03:09,494
Amma tun a ƙarni na 19, wani mai zanen barkwanci ya
yi jarumtar nuna cewa ƙurjiya ba cuta ce mai

36
00:03:09,494 --> 00:03:14,076
matuƙar tsanani ba, kuma ba lallai ta fi Covid muni ba.

37
00:03:14,076 --> 00:03:15,876
Sai dai kawai suna da muni.

38
00:03:15,876 --> 00:03:24,465
Don haka ya ɗauki 'yancin nan a matsayin wata dabarar
talla, a ce, ga kwararrun likitoci da ke hawa saniya

39
00:03:24,465 --> 00:03:28,760
da doki a nan, kuma a matsayin ƙarfafawa, a ce, zuwa

40
00:03:28,760 --> 00:03:35,820
Alluran rigakafi suna ɗauke da ƙurjin
ƙanƙara, an yi hakan ne don firgita mutane.

41
00:03:35,820 --> 00:03:38,776
Kuma za ka iya ganin abin da yara ke yi a gefen dama.

42
00:03:38,776 --> 00:03:40,400
Yaran suna gudu.

43
00:03:40,400 --> 00:03:47,696
Amma kuna buƙatar irin wannan tsoro, kamar gawarwakin
da za su kwance a kowane kusurwar titi saboda Covid.

44
00:03:47,696 --> 00:03:52,816
Don haka suka nuna wannan matashiyar mace mai tabo a nan.

45
00:03:52,816 --> 00:03:57,103
Kuma tsoro koyaushe ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na kasuwanci.

46
00:03:57,103 --> 00:04:01,170
Amma hakan ma bai yi daidai ba ga cutar ƙurajen fata.

47
00:04:01,170 --> 00:04:07,380
Me ya sa? An san cutar ƙurajen fuska tana wanzuwa
na aƙalla shekaru ɗari, watakila na dubban shekaru.

48
00:04:07,380 --> 00:04:15,070
Sun kuma kasance a Yamma, amma a matsayin rashin lafiya
na yara mara illa wanda ba a taba tattaunawa a kai ba.

49
00:04:15,070 --> 00:04:18,203
Kuma a nan na kawo wasu kididdiga daga Ingila.

50
00:04:18,203 --> 00:04:22,496
Kuma kamar yadda kuke gani, yana
farawa ne da misalin karfe 16:30.

51
00:04:22,496 --> 00:04:29,150
Wannan ita ce karon farko da aka rubuta labarin wani
babba da ake tsammanin ya taba kamuwa da ƙurajen bera.

52
00:04:29,150 --> 00:04:36,076
Har zuwa lokacin, abubuwan mamaki ne kawai da ake
tambaya ko wani babba ya taba kamuwa da ƙurajen ƙurya.

53
00:04:36,076 --> 00:04:41,176
Wannan ya fara ne kawai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 17.

54
00:04:41,176 --> 00:04:49,576
Kuma sama da komai, bala'in ƙurajen ƙurba ya faru a
ƙarni na 18, a lokacin da rigakafi ya riga ya wanzu.

55
00:04:49,576 --> 00:04:53,589
Domin kafin hakan, idan ka sake dubawa,
adadin mutanen da suka mutu daga ƙurajen ƙurya

56
00:04:53,589 --> 00:04:55,823
a Landan a kowace shekara bai kai ɗari ba.

57
00:04:55,823 --> 00:04:59,650
Da yawa sun rayu cikin yanayin zamantakewa mai matuƙar talauci.

58
00:04:59,650 --> 00:05:06,100
Ba a sami dubban dubban mutane da suka mutu
sakamakon ƙurajen ƙurƙura ba sai ƙarni na 18.

59
00:05:06,100 --> 00:05:08,230
Kuma mu yi tunani kawai game da Covid.

60
00:05:08,230 --> 00:05:15,430
Mutane ba su mutu a shekarar 2020
ba, sai bayan an fara yin rigakafi.

61
00:05:15,430 --> 00:05:18,430
Kuma a nan, watakila, akwai alamar farko.

62
00:05:18,430 --> 00:05:22,520
Shin wannan na iya kasancewa da
alaƙa da wasu ci gaban zamantakewa?

63
00:05:22,520 --> 00:05:28,904
Eh, cutar ƙurajen fuska ta zama masifa ga
Turai ne kawai lokacin da aka samu rinjaye ga

64
00:05:28,904 --> 00:05:34,336
Adawar Gyara-Addini bayan Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin.

65
00:05:34,336 --> 00:05:39,529
Yawancin littattafai har yanzu suna cewa, kuma ana maimaita
rubuta hakan da kulawa, cewa yin rigakafi da

66
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sanjaran majina daga marasa lafiya masu cutar
ƙurajen fata tsohuwar al'adar maganin gargajiya ce.

67
00:05:44,563 --> 00:05:52,250
Sinawa, Indiyawa da 'Yan Afirka sun riga sun yi haka,
shi ya sa yin rigakafi shine abu mafi dabi'a a duniya.

68
00:05:52,250 --> 00:05:55,563
Idan ka duba gaskiya, hakan ba gaskiya bane kwata-kwata.

69
00:05:55,563 --> 00:06:04,383
Babu takardu kafin shekara ta 1700 da ke nuna
cewa wani ya taba yanka pus cikin wani mutum.

70
00:06:04,383 --> 00:06:12,500
An fara rubuta rigakafi kusan shekara ta 1700 ta hannun
masu hasashen makoma biyu 'yan Girka a Konstantinople.

71
00:06:12,500 --> 00:06:16,900
Ba da jimawa ba, annobar ƙurajen fuska ma ta barke a can.

72
00:06:16,900 --> 00:06:21,980
Kuma a shekarar 1713 ne aka samu rahoto na farko daga
wani likitan Giriɓi kan irin waɗannan alluran rigakafi.

73
00:06:21,980 --> 00:06:26,080
Amma ba wata tsohuwar al'adar maganin gargajiya ba.

74
00:06:26,080 --> 00:06:34,932
Kuma labarin tsofaffin mata game da tarihin ƙurajen ƙurji
ne cewa wannan mata, Lady Wortley Montagu, ita ce babbar

75
00:06:34,932 --> 00:06:39,880
mai gabatar da allurar rigakafin ƙurajen ƙurji mai amfani.

76
00:06:39,880 --> 00:06:44,567
Ta ga wannan a Konstantinopla, sannan daga
shekarar 1721 ta gaba ta yi aiki a matsayin mai

77
00:06:44,567 --> 00:06:47,276
fafutukar allurar rigakafi a Turai ta Yamma.

78
00:06:47,276 --> 00:06:50,730
Kuma galibi yana yaduwa ne a tsakanin masu matsayi na sama.

79
00:06:50,730 --> 00:06:56,930
Amma ko a wancan lokacin, mutane masu lafiya
sun mutu sakamakon waɗannan alluran rigakafi.

80
00:06:56,930 --> 00:07:00,530
Kuma musamman a manyan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa.

81
00:07:00,530 --> 00:07:07,116
Ko ma tsakanin masu goyon bayan rigakafi, ana
amincewa da cewa ƙimar mutuwa ta kai aƙalla kashi 2%.

82
00:07:07,116 --> 00:07:09,952
Babu wanda ya san ainihin yadda ya kai tsayi.

83
00:07:09,952 --> 00:07:17,300
Amma a zahiri za ka iya cire Mrs Wortley Montagu
daga cikin labarin, domin ba ta taka rawa sosai ba.

84
00:07:17,300 --> 00:07:22,689
Shekaru goma bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai
fafutukar allurar rigakafi, ba a yi wa

85
00:07:22,689 --> 00:07:26,696
mutane fiye da 1,000 allurar rigakafi a Ingila ba.

86
00:07:26,696 --> 00:07:32,900
Abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne wani Abbe Conti,
game da shi ba a koyi komai sosai a tarihin ba.

87
00:07:32,900 --> 00:07:38,303
Wani Jesuit wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin
ƙarfafa yin waɗannan alluran rigakafi.

88
00:07:38,303 --> 00:07:44,630
Kuma dalilin da ya sa alluran rigakafi suka samu karfi
duk da haka shi ne saboda an shiga da kudi mai yawa.

89
00:07:44,630 --> 00:07:46,180
Ga misali.

90
00:07:46,180 --> 00:07:55,063
An kira wani likitan Ingila zuwa ga Tsarina Catherine Babba
ta Rasha domin ya yi mata rigakafi da 'ya'yanta rigakafi.

91
00:07:55,063 --> 00:08:01,687
Kuma don wannan aikin, wanda ya ɗauki, mu ce,
mintuna biyar, ya karɓi biyan fam 10,000. A

92
00:08:01,687 --> 00:08:05,510
kuɗin yau, hakan kusan euro miliyan ɗaya ne.

93
00:08:05,510 --> 00:08:10,323
Fansho na tsawon rai na fam 500 a
kowace shekara da kuma lakabin baron.

94
00:08:10,323 --> 00:08:14,863
Shi da zuriyarsa sun sami isasshen abin rayuwa har abada.

95
00:08:14,863 --> 00:08:20,863
A yau, akwai Porsche na rigakafi kaɗan a cikin gareji.

96
00:08:20,863 --> 00:08:27,920
A shekarar 1721, waɗannan ba a san su ba
hanyoyin allurar ƙurar ƙurajen fuska ta hanyar

97
00:08:27,920 --> 00:08:29,676
An jefa shi cikin tafki.

98
00:08:29,676 --> 00:08:35,250
Ana zargin an kawo cutar ƙurajen
ƙurba zuwa Amurka ta jirgin ruwa.

99
00:08:35,250 --> 00:08:42,320
Sannan wani malami da wani likita suka nace cewa yana
da muhimmanci a kare jama'a ta hanyar alluran rigakafi.

100
00:08:42,320 --> 00:08:48,330
Kuma wannan kimantawa, wadda suka gudanar a wancan lokacin,
ana kuma ɗaukar ta a matsayin ƙididdigar lafiya ta farko.

101
00:08:48,330 --> 00:08:55,424
Adadin mutuwa na cutar ƙurajen ƙauye zai
ragu daga kashi 15% zuwa kashi 2.5%. Nasara ce.

102
00:08:55,424 --> 00:09:01,592
Sai dai abin da mutane ba sa la'akari da shi shi ne
cewa wannan ba cikakken bincike ba ne da Mista

103
00:09:01,592 --> 00:09:05,363
Cotton Mather, mai tsananin akidar Puritan, ya gudanar.

104
00:09:05,363 --> 00:09:09,960
Ba a iya kwatanta ƙungiyoyin
kwata-kwata. Babu rarrabawa ta bazuwar.

105
00:09:09,960 --> 00:09:15,760
Waɗanda aka yi wa rigakafi da waɗanda ba a yi wa
rigakafi ba a bayyane sun kasance ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sosai.

106
00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:22,668
Kuma nasarar ma tabbas ta takaita ce saboda Mista Cotton Mather
ya yi ɓoye a gidansa na tsawon kwanaki 14 a

107
00:09:22,668 --> 00:09:29,663
lokacin wannan kamfen na rigakafi, domin matarsa ta ji
tsoron in ba haka ba za a kashe shi a gaban jama'a.

108
00:09:29,663 --> 00:09:34,776
Don haka tabbas dole ne an samu munanan lamuran lafiya da mutuwa.

109
00:09:34,776 --> 00:09:40,080
Mr Cotton Mather ma ya gudanar da
shari'o'in mayu a can, a gefe guda.

110
00:09:40,080 --> 00:09:44,880
Eh. Kuma a Turai ma ba alamar nasara take ba.

111
00:09:44,880 --> 00:09:50,476
Idan ka duba anan, waɗannan su ne ƙididdiga daga Copenhagen
da ke nuna yawan mutuwar cutar ƙurajen fata a kowace shekara.

112
00:09:50,476 --> 00:09:57,216
Kuma a nan ne aka nuna inda aka buɗe
asibitin allurar rigakafi sannan aka rufe shi sake.

113
00:09:57,216 --> 00:10:01,543
Ba za ka ga komai a cikin ƙididdiga
da zai nuna cewa wani abu ya canza ba.

114
00:10:01,543 --> 00:10:03,416
Ga nasara kenan.

115
00:10:03,416 --> 00:10:10,316
Kuma idan ba ka shiga Copenhagen da sauran
wurare ba, watakila hakan bai faru a Boston ma ba.

116
00:10:10,316 --> 00:10:17,473
Kuma abin da ba a ambata shi a cikin yawancin littattafan tarihin
likitanci ba shi ne cewa a shekarar 1729, shekaru takwas

117
00:10:17,473 --> 00:10:24,596
bayan Lady Wadley Montagu ta tallata dukkan wannan ra'ayi,
Majalisar Dokokin Birtaniya ta riga ta haramta yin rigakafi.

118
00:10:24,596 --> 00:10:30,860
Kuma ba a sake aiwatar da su ba sai bayan shekarar 1743.

119
00:10:30,860 --> 00:10:39,210
Kuma likitan kashin kansa na Maria Theresa a Vienna ya
yi magana mai hikima a wancan lokacin cewa sarakuna da

120
00:10:39,210 --> 00:10:44,256
masu arziki galibi suna mutuwa sakamakon ƙurajen ƙurya.

121
00:10:44,256 --> 00:10:48,600
Gundumar da ba a yi mata magani ba
tana rayuwa ba tare da magani ba.

122
00:10:48,600 --> 00:10:53,220
Wannan kuma yana nuna cewa cutar
ƙurjiya ba ta kasance cuta mai tsanani ba.

123
00:10:53,220 --> 00:11:00,956
Shi ne kawai ta hanyar wannan allurar kariya da
cutar ƙurajen fuska ta zama cuta mai tsanani.

124
00:11:00,956 --> 00:11:02,763
Kuma hakan ya shafi tarihi.

125
00:11:02,763 --> 00:11:06,590
Ba ƙurajen ƙanana ba, amma vaccinia.

126
00:11:06,590 --> 00:11:09,556
A nan zan nuna muku mutuwa biyu masu fitowa.

127
00:11:09,556 --> 00:11:14,997
A hagu, Louis XV; a dama, ƙarshe na Wittelsbach na Bavaria.

128
00:11:14,997 --> 00:11:22,836
An katse layinsa sakamakon abin da ake zargin
mutuwarsa daga cizon ƙuraje, Maximilian III Joseph.

129
00:11:22,836 --> 00:11:31,263
Ana cewa dukkansu sun mutu sakamakon ƙurajen ƙurba,
ɗaya yana da shekaru 64, ɗayan kuma yana da shekaru 50.

130
00:11:31,263 --> 00:11:36,210
Kuma abin da su duka biyun suka yi iri ɗaya
shi ne cewa su shugabanni ne da ake ƙauna sosai.

131
00:11:36,210 --> 00:11:39,899
Mutane sun yi wadata a ƙarƙashin mulkinsu.

132
00:11:39,899 --> 00:11:46,820
Mun san da tabbaci cewa Louis XV ba zai iya kamuwa da
ƙurajen ƙurji a shekara ta 64 ba, domin ya riga ya kamu da shi

133
00:11:46,820 --> 00:11:51,103
tun yana yaro, kuma ƙurajen ƙurji na ba da kariya har abada.

134
00:11:51,103 --> 00:11:57,322
Louis XV ya kalle kansa yana da shekaru 64 ya
ce, da ban san cewa na taba kamuwa da ƙurajen

135
00:11:57,322 --> 00:12:01,976
fata a yarintata ba, da zan ce ina da ƙurajen fata.

136
00:12:01,976 --> 00:12:06,356
Ba ya tsira. Tabbas allurar rigakafin ƙurajen ƙurba ce.

137
00:12:06,356 --> 00:12:14,860
Ana zargin Max III Joseph da umartar mutanensa su yi
rigakafi, amma shi kullum yana ƙin yin hakan da kansa.

138
00:12:14,860 --> 00:12:22,020
Ana iya shakkar cewa zai yiwu a mutu da ƙurajen
ƙurba a shekara ta 50 idan lafiya cikakke take.

139
00:12:22,020 --> 00:12:24,030
Kuma akwai wasu da yawa.

140
00:12:24,030 --> 00:12:29,200
Masarautu biyu na Habsburg a Vienna ma
sun mutu sakamakon ƙurajen ƙururuwa.

141
00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:33,523
Kuma akwai wasu abubuwa da ya
kamata su sa mu dakata mu yi tunani.

142
00:12:33,523 --> 00:12:40,103
Mazajen sarauta da suka mutu mutane ne da
suka more matakin rayuwa mai matuƙar girma.

143
00:12:40,103 --> 00:12:45,303
Amma ƙurajen ƙurba a zahiri cuta ce ta unguwannin matalauta.

144
00:12:45,303 --> 00:12:47,036
Ta yaya hakan zai yiwu?

145
00:12:47,036 --> 00:12:51,069
Kuma koyaushe cuta ce ta yarinta.

146
00:12:51,069 --> 00:12:58,476
Me ya sa mutane manya za su iya kamuwa da
ƙurajen ƙurya duk da suna cikin cikakken lafiya?

147
00:12:58,476 --> 00:13:02,363
Kusan babu wani likita da ya taɓa ganin
ƙurajen ƙanƙara a manya a wancan lokacin.

148
00:13:02,363 --> 00:13:09,176
Kuma mafi muhimmanci, kowa ya san
cewa ƙurajen ƙurba suna yaduwa ƙwarai.

149
00:13:09,176 --> 00:13:14,344
Amma a wurin da sarakuna da sauran manyan
mutane suka mutu, ba a sake samun wani lamari na

150
00:13:14,344 --> 00:13:17,643
rashin lafiya ko wani mutuwar ƙurajen fuska ba.

151
00:13:17,643 --> 00:13:23,096
Ba su da cuta mai yaduwa kuma a fili ba su kamu da wasu mutane.

152
00:13:23,096 --> 00:13:26,050
Amma akwai wani abu daban da suke da shi gama gari.

153
00:13:26,050 --> 00:13:31,070
Duk masu mulki sun ɗauki Cocin a matsayin makiyansu.

154
00:13:31,070 --> 00:13:35,923
Sun so su cire Cocin daga matsayin da ba a biya haraji ba.

155
00:13:35,923 --> 00:13:41,890
Wanda bai faru ba bayan mutuwarta.

156
00:13:41,890 --> 00:13:45,449
Kuma ina da wani shaida na waɗannan abubuwan.

157
00:13:45,449 --> 00:13:50,950
Wannan wata malamin monka ne, Abraham A.
Santa Clara, wanda ya rayu a wancan lokacin.

158
00:13:50,950 --> 00:13:53,816
Sunansa na gaskiya shi ne Johann Ulrich Megerle.

159
00:13:53,816 --> 00:14:02,316
Kuma tun a wancan lokacin, ya ce cewa fifiko na masu mulkin Medi
Corum shi ne hakkin kashe mutum ba tare da fuskantar hukunci ba.

160
00:14:02,316 --> 00:14:10,605
Don haka James Bond ba shine mutum na farko a tarihin bil'adama
da aka ba lasisin kashe mutum ba; a gaskiya, kamar

161
00:14:10,605 --> 00:14:20,603
yadda Mista Megerle ya ce, an fara wannan dabi'a ne
a ƙarni na 13 lokacin da aka kafa sana'ar likitanci.

162
00:14:20,603 --> 00:14:27,116
Ga waɗanda ke ganin an yi wa wannan magana ƙara fiye da kima,
saboda ba zai yiwu a yi allurar rigakafi ta

163
00:14:27,116 --> 00:14:32,960
zama mai muni haka ba, na kawo wani ambato
daga littafin Hervé Bovin kan tarihin rigakafi.

164
00:14:32,960 --> 00:14:38,176
Shi farfesa ne mai ritaya a Leuven.

165
00:14:38,176 --> 00:14:40,876
Kuma shi mai fafutukar allurar rigakafi ne.

166
00:14:40,876 --> 00:14:43,640
Hakanan ana danganta shi da Cibiyar Pasteur.

167
00:14:43,640 --> 00:14:50,840
Kuma a cikin littafinsa na 2011 ya rubuta cewa allurar rigakafi,
kamar yadda ake yi a Turai tsakanin 1721 da

168
00:14:50,840 --> 00:14:57,583
gabatar da hanyar Sutton, wadda za mu tattauna nan
ba da jimawa ba, ta kasance mai matukar haɗari.

169
00:14:57,583 --> 00:15:03,890
Ba shakka, ya kasance a iyakar abin da za a iya jurewa.

170
00:15:03,890 --> 00:15:14,450
Don haka, a kaikaice yake bayyana a fili cewa
waɗannan alluran rigakafi ma na iya zama makamin kisan kai.

171
00:15:14,450 --> 00:15:18,943
Kuma babu ɗayansu da zai zama dole
idan mutane sun saurari wannan mutumin.

172
00:15:18,943 --> 00:15:26,383
Daniel Sutton ba likita na ilimi ba ne, amma ƙwararren
likita ne na tiyata. Ya fito ne daga dangin likitocin tiyata.

173
00:15:26,383 --> 00:15:33,960
Ya yi allurar rigakafi tun daga shekarar
1750, amma yana amfani da sabon dabara.

174
00:15:33,960 --> 00:15:36,943
Kuma, a gefe guda, ya samu kuɗi mai yawa a cikin wannan tsari.

175
00:15:36,943 --> 00:15:43,736
Allurar rigakafi tana kashe fam 10
ga talakawa da fam 25 ga masu arziki.

176
00:15:43,736 --> 00:15:47,570
Ya yi kusan 500 zuwa 1000 a rana.

177
00:15:47,570 --> 00:15:57,936
A wancan lokacin, gidan zaman kansa ya kai fam 500. Wannan
yana nufin cewa ta haka ya samu gidaje da dama a rana guda.

178
00:15:57,936 --> 00:16:08,810
Duk da haka, ya sami girmamawa saboda a ƙarshen rayuwarsa
ya ce, "Ban rasa ko ɗaya daga cikin marasa lafiya na ba."

179
00:16:08,810 --> 00:16:14,846
Da farko, ya guji ɗaukar ƙarin matakan guba. Wannan sau
da yawa ana mantawa da shi a tarihin rigakafi, kamar

180
00:16:14,846 --> 00:16:18,430
yadda ake watsi da masu tallafawa a cikin alluran rigakafi.

181
00:16:18,430 --> 00:16:25,577
Domin a wancan lokacin, idan ka yi rigakafi,
likitancin hukuma yana kuma ba ka adalas,

182
00:16:25,577 --> 00:16:29,950
antimoni, merkuri da sauran gubobi masu daɗi.

183
00:16:29,950 --> 00:16:31,843
Ba ya yin duk wannan.

184
00:16:31,843 --> 00:16:38,963
Ya yi masa allurar rigakafi kawai, ya
ce babu wani abu sai iska mai kyau.

185
00:16:38,963 --> 00:16:47,523
Amma ya aikata abu guda fiye da komai. Kuma da mutane sun saurari
Mista Sutton, masifar allurar rigakafin Covid ba za ta faru ba.

186
00:16:47,523 --> 00:16:50,476
Ya gudanar da wani gwaji na asali.

187
00:16:50,476 --> 00:16:56,716
Wata rana ya yanke pus ɗin a cikin
fata ba tare da zubar da jini ba.

188
00:16:56,716 --> 00:17:03,622
Wata rana ya yanke fatar jiki, ya allura wannan pus
ɗin cikin kitse na ƙarƙashin fata, sannan ya

189
00:17:03,622 --> 00:17:07,843
allura pus ɗin cikin tsokoki don ganin abin da zai faru.

190
00:17:07,843 --> 00:17:15,213
Kuma ya gano cewa abin da ake nufi shi ne ƙurajen
allurar rigakafi a fata, wato wata irin ƙurajen

191
00:17:15,213 --> 00:17:19,696
ƙurba mara haɗari da ke bayyana bayan wannan allurar.

192
00:17:19,696 --> 00:17:31,436
Wannan ya faru ne kawai lokacin da ya yi allurar rigakafi
a fata, ba a kitse mai a ƙarƙashin fata ko a tsokoki ba.

193
00:17:31,436 --> 00:17:32,230
Me ya sa?

194
00:17:32,230 --> 00:17:33,900
A gaskiya dai yana da matuƙar bayyane.

195
00:17:33,900 --> 00:17:37,896
Saboda tsarin garkuwar jiki namu yana aiki a cikin fata.

196
00:17:37,896 --> 00:17:41,130
Komai da muka saka cikin zurfi bala'i ne.

197
00:17:41,130 --> 00:17:47,910
Abin takaici, likitanci bai gane wannan ba
tun zamanin Mista Sutton, tsawon shekaru 250.

198
00:17:47,910 --> 00:17:54,219
Abin takaici, aikin sa mai suna "The
Inoculator" bai buga ba sai shekarar 1796, a lokacin

199
00:17:54,219 --> 00:17:58,356
da rigakafin Jenner ya riga ya shirya farawa.

200
00:17:58,356 --> 00:18:06,667
Amma abin da Sutton ya koya mana shi ne cewa tsarin garkuwar
jiki namu, idan kana son koya masa wani abu ta hanyar alluran

201
00:18:06,667 --> 00:18:11,650
rigakafi, yana aiki ne kawai ta fatar jiki da membrane na majina.

202
00:18:11,650 --> 00:18:19,516
Wannan wata dabara ce ta ci gaban halitta. Duk da haka, ba
haka lamarin yake ba idan an allura wani abu cikin zurfin nama.

203
00:18:19,516 --> 00:18:29,210
Fatar jiki, hanci, makogwaro, huhu da hanjin
ciye-ciye ne kawai za su iya shafar ƙwaƙwalwar garkuwar jiki.

204
00:18:29,210 --> 00:18:34,656
Komai sauran abu ana ɗauka a
matsayin cutar jiki mai yiwuwar jawo rauni.

205
00:18:34,656 --> 00:18:37,820
Wannan zai kasance babban ci gaban Sutton.

206
00:18:37,820 --> 00:18:39,823
Amma Mista Jenner ya iso.

207
00:18:39,823 --> 00:18:48,161
Kuma Mista Jenner ya yi ra'ayi, ba shi ne na farko ba, amma
tare da sauran likitoci kafin shi, cewa cutar cowpox mai lafiya,

208
00:18:48,161 --> 00:18:52,263
wadda ta sa matan kiwon shanu ba su da tabon ƙurajen ƙurba,

209
00:18:52,263 --> 00:18:57,386
amma sun ci gaba da riƙe kyawawan fatar fari, za su
iya zama ingantaccen madadin sanjaran ƙurajen ƙanƙara

210
00:18:57,386 --> 00:19:01,510
na ɗan adam idan an yi amfani da su wajen rigakafi.

211
00:19:01,510 --> 00:19:08,352
Amma matan kiwon shanu sun kasance cikin koshin lafiya kuma suna
da fata mai kyau ne kawai saboda suna shan madarar saniya sabuwa,

212
00:19:08,352 --> 00:19:11,813
ba a pasteurisa ta ba. Ba shi da alaƙa da cutar ƙurajen saniya.

213
00:19:11,813 --> 00:19:14,980
Me ya sa? Saboda sun kasance matuƙar ƙalilan.

214
00:19:14,980 --> 00:19:23,590
Jenner kansa bai taɓa gabatar da hujjar tasirin
rigakafinsa ba, kuma ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje marasa ɗabi'a.

215
00:19:23,590 --> 00:19:29,585
Misali, ya yi wa ɗan mai lambunsa rigakafin cowpox
da wannan allurar rigakafi, sannan ya fallasa yaron

216
00:19:29,585 --> 00:19:34,263
ga ƙurajen ƙanƙara domin ganin ko wani abu zai faru.

217
00:19:34,263 --> 00:19:41,620
Kuma bai yi wata-wata wajen yi wa dansa
rigakafi ba. Ba kasafai kake karanta hakan ba ma.

218
00:19:41,620 --> 00:19:46,490
Dansa ya sami nakasar hankali bayan wannan
rigakafi kuma ya mutu yana da shekaru 21.

219
00:19:46,490 --> 00:19:49,583
Wannan shi ne Jenner, jarumin rigakafi.

220
00:19:49,583 --> 00:19:58,323
Kuma shekaru kaɗan da suka wuce, an kuma duba
tsofaffin bututu da Mista Jenner ya aiko a wancan lokacin.

221
00:19:58,323 --> 00:20:01,163
Babu cutar ƙurajen saniya a cikinsa kwata-kwata.

222
00:20:01,163 --> 00:20:08,522
A ciki akwai cutar kurajen doki, ko watakila wani
abu ne da ya bushe, wani abu da aka tura shi a ko'ina

223
00:20:08,522 --> 00:20:13,576
cikin duniya, wani abu da tabbas ba zai yi amfani ba.

224
00:20:13,576 --> 00:20:20,623
Kuma ƙananan ƙididdiga da ake da su a Ingila
bayan gabatarwar Jenner sun nuna a nan a gefen hagu,

225
00:20:20,623 --> 00:20:24,416
waɗannan su ne mutuwar ƙurajen ƙanana a Ingila.

226
00:20:24,416 --> 00:20:28,216
Mun riga mun yi allurar rigakafi ta tilas tun daga shekarar 1853.

227
00:20:28,216 --> 00:20:36,130
14,000, 20,000 sannan annoba da
mutuwar mutane 44,000 saboda ƙurajen ƙurba.

228
00:20:36,130 --> 00:20:44,010
Mutane sun fara fahimtar a hankali cewa allurar rigakafi
a zahiri tana haifar da mutuwa daga cutar ƙurajen fata.

229
00:20:44,010 --> 00:20:50,836
Sannan akwai wani birni da ya gudanar da gwajin, a ce.
Za ka iya ganinsa a nan. Wannan shi ne birnin Leicester.

230
00:20:50,836 --> 00:20:52,036
Zan koma kuma.

231
00:20:52,036 --> 00:21:02,600
Birnin Leicester, wanda ta bakin majalisar birni ya ce ba za a
sake tilasta yin allurar rigakafi a cikin iyakokin birnin ba.

232
00:21:07,630 --> 00:21:10,930
Ba a aiwatar da tilastawar allurar rigakafi ba.

233
00:21:10,930 --> 00:21:18,757
Kuma birnin Leicester a lokacin ya samu mafi ƙarancin yawan cutar
ƙurajen fuska da mafi ƙarancin yawan mutuwar ƙurajen fuska idan

234
00:21:18,757 --> 00:21:23,070
aka kwatanta da sauran biranen da aka tilasta allurar rigakafi.

235
00:21:23,070 --> 00:21:27,883
Wannan ma ya bayyana a cikin ci gaban abubuwan da
suka faru a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20.

236
00:21:27,883 --> 00:21:37,270
A nan za ku ga adadin mutuwar cutar ƙurajen ƙai da
mutuwar da allurar rigakafin ƙurajen ƙai ta jawo.

237
00:21:37,270 --> 00:21:41,296
Karkace-karkacen a zahiri suna
nuna ƙimomi masu daidaitaccen tsayi.

238
00:21:41,296 --> 00:21:50,256
Wannan yana nufin cewa ko masassan masu goyon bayan
rigakafi ba za su iya ikirarin cewa yana rage mutuwar mutane ba.

239
00:21:50,256 --> 00:21:54,510
Amma ba mutuwar kawai ba ne; akwai kuma nakasa mai tsanani.

240
00:21:54,510 --> 00:21:58,256
An samu tarin ƙwayar jijiyoyin kwakwalwa bayan an yi
wasu gyare-gyare a allurar rigakafin ƙurajen ƙurƙura.

241
00:21:58,256 --> 00:22:06,410
Kuma a shekarar 1924, wani likitan nazarin cuta a Prague ya gano
wannan alaƙa a fili a karon farko yayin binciken gawar mutum.

242
00:22:06,410 --> 00:22:13,122
Za ka iya ganin tsawon lokacin da yake ɗauka. Don
haka, shekaru 125. Shekaru 25 bayan gabatar da rigakafi.

243
00:22:13,122 --> 00:22:17,676
A karon farko, an gano cewa duk abin yana haifar da meningitis.

244
00:22:17,676 --> 00:22:19,810
Ko da yake, tabbas, wannan ya taɓa faruwa a baya.

245
00:22:19,810 --> 00:22:27,397
Kuma ya ɗauki wani rayuwar ɗan adam, wato
ƙarni ɗaya, shekaru talatin, kafin a gane lahani na

246
00:22:27,397 --> 00:22:31,236
allurar rigakafi a Karlsruhe a shekarar 1953.

247
00:22:31,236 --> 00:22:35,872
Har zuwa lokacin, ba a sami rahoto na hukuma
game da lahani da alluran rigakafi ke yi ba,

248
00:22:35,872 --> 00:22:38,895
duk da cewa an yi rigakafi tsawon shekaru 250.

249
00:22:38,895 --> 00:22:46,145
Kuma a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Jamus, duk da cewa ba a sake samun
sabbin cututtukan ƙurajen ƙuraje ba, an tabbatar da cututtuka 7

250
00:22:46,145 --> 00:22:52,120
na ƙurajen ƙuraje tsakanin 1949 da 1979, an amince da mutuwar
mutane 360 masu alaƙa da allurar rigakafi

251
00:22:52,120 --> 00:22:57,520
daga RKI da Cibiyar Paul Ehrlich, sannan
aƙalla mutane 984 sun sami lahani na dindindin.

252
00:22:57,520 --> 00:23:03,600
Kuma shi ya sa dole ne a ayyana an kawar da cutar
ƙurajen ƙurba a shekarar 1979, domin a lokacin ne kawai za

253
00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:07,503
a iya soke allurar rigakafin ƙurajen ƙurba a hankali.

254
00:23:07,503 --> 00:23:10,300
In ba haka ba, dole ne a ci gaba da yin rigakafin ƙurajen ƙauye.

255
00:23:10,300 --> 00:23:12,560
Amma hakan ba zai yiwu ba.

256
00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:20,743
Kuma ina so in kammala da maganar wani likita ɗan
Amurka, mai fafutukar allurar rigakafi wanda ya kasance

257
00:23:20,743 --> 00:23:25,116
daraktan kiwon lafiya na rigakafi a Sojojin Amurka.

258
00:23:25,116 --> 00:23:34,921
A shekarar 1940, bayan kusan shekaru 250 na
tarihin rigakafi, ya ce duk batun rigakafi, na aiki da

259
00:23:34,921 --> 00:23:41,063
na rashin aiki, har yanzu yana cikin matakin gwaji.

260
00:23:41,063 --> 00:23:46,190
Kuma mun sake ganin yadda duk wannan yake a matakin gwaji.

261
00:23:46,190 --> 00:23:56,288
Kuma idan haka ne bayan wannan lokaci, to mutum zai iya
tambaya kawai me yasa rigakafi har yanzu yake zama matsala.