WEBVTT 00:00.280 --> 00:06.285 Littafan makaranta suna gaya mana yadda aka fara shawo kan cutar ƙurajen fuska, sannan aka bi da sauran cututtuka ɗaya 00:06.285 --> 00:10.020 bayan ɗaya, godiya ga alluran rigakafi masu aminci da tasiri. 00:10.020 --> 00:12.600 Amma shin wannan gaskiya ne? 00:12.600 --> 00:19.580 An nazarci wannan tambayar ne ta bakin malamin jami'a Dr Gerd Reuther, masanin radiology kuma masanin tarihin likitanci. 00:19.580 --> 00:25.841 An dade ana sanin Dr Reuther saboda suka ga maganin da kamfanonin kera magunguna suka mamaye, kuma ya bayyana hakan 00:25.841 --> 00:31.770 a cikin shahararren littafinsa na Spiegel mai suna "Der betrogene Patient" (The Deceived Patient). 00:31.770 --> 00:38.113 A cikin laccarsa, Dr Gerd Reuter ya yi amfani da misalin rigakafin ƙurajen ƙanana da majiyoyin tarihin likitanci don nuna 00:38.113 --> 00:42.440 illolin da tilastawar rigakafin ƙurajen ƙanana ya yi wa al'umma. 00:42.440 --> 00:51.560 A cewar Dr. Reuther, ƙurajen ƙauye cuta ce marar haɗari, amma yin rigakafin ƙurajen ƙauye ya jawo mutuwar dubban mutane. 00:51.560 --> 00:55.920 Da allurar rigakafi ta zo, kamar yadda za a ce, sai cutar ƙurajen fata ta mutu. 00:55.920 --> 01:03.403 A cewar Dr Reuther, tarihin allurar rigakafi na shekaru 300 za a iya daidaita shi da laifi guda ɗaya kan lafiya. 01:03.403 --> 01:09.820 Ji da kanka abin da Dr. Reuter ke faɗa game da rigakafi, musamman rigakafin ƙurajen ƙauye. 01:09.820 --> 01:16.342 An gabatar da wannan laccar a matsayin wani ɓangare na taron bita na MWGFD kan taken "Amincewa da allurai, shawarwarin 01:16.342 --> 01:22.624 yin allurai, tilastawa yin allurai – shin bayanan sun wadatar?" 01:22.624 --> 01:28.082 Dr Ronald Weikl: Don Allah ku ji daɗi. Ku zo tare da ni yanzu don abin da tabbas zai kasance gabatarwa mai matuƙar 01:28.082 --> 01:33.300 nishaɗi daga abokin aikinmu mai daraja, Dr Gerd Reuther, mai taken 'Alluran rigakafi – labari ne na nasara?' 01:33.300 --> 01:39.983 Dr Gerd Reuther: Eh, ƙaunataccen René, na gode ƙwarai, ƙaunatattun baƙi. 01:39.983 --> 01:48.576 Alluran rigakafin Covid-19, waɗanda ba alluran rigakafi ba ne, ba su ne laifin lafiya na farko a fannin likitanci ba. 01:48.576 --> 01:55.508 A gaskiya, tarihin shekaru 300 na rigakafi babban laifi ne a fannin lafiya, amma saboda ƙarancin lokaci 01:55.508 --> 01:59.949 zan yi magana ne kawai game da rigakafi guda ɗaya. 01:59.949 --> 02:05.283 Sai dai wannan shi ne shekaru 200 na tarihin rigakafi, domin shekaru 200 na farko an 02:05.283 --> 02:08.723 keɓe su ne kawai ga rigakafin ƙurajen ƙurji. 02:08.723 --> 02:15.116 Kuma an gudanar da wannan shirin rigakafin ƙurajen ƙurba daidai ta yadda ake gudanar da shirin Covid-19 na yanzu. 02:15.116 --> 02:24.300 Ya shafi tilastawa, ya shafi hukunci, ya shafi babban adadin kudi, a wasu lokuta ma fiye da na yau. 02:24.300 --> 02:30.380 Kuma ya shafi yin wani abu da ba shi da wata hujja. 02:30.380 --> 02:33.463 Kuma an ɓoye lahani. 02:33.463 --> 02:37.984 Wasu na iya cewa, shin auna-auna da Covid za a iya kwatanta su da gaske? 02:37.984 --> 02:39.400 Kwona, mura ce kawai. 02:39.400 --> 02:42.956 Amma ƙurajen ƙurba cuta ce mai matuƙar ban tsoro. 02:42.956 --> 02:48.370 Na kawo muku wannan hoto guda ɗaya, wanda za ku gani sau da yawa. 02:48.370 --> 02:54.410 Abin ban sha'awa, koyaushe kana ganin hotuna iri ɗaya na ƙurajen ƙanƙara a intanet da a cikin littattafai. 02:54.410 --> 02:59.226 Ba a samu marasa lafiya da cutar ƙurajen fuska da yawa a zamanin daukar hoto da fim ba, har 02:59.226 --> 03:01.820 za a iya ci gaba da kawo sababbin marasa lafiya. 03:01.820 --> 03:09.494 Amma tun a ƙarni na 19, wani mai zanen barkwanci ya yi jarumtar nuna cewa ƙurjiya ba cuta ce mai 03:09.494 --> 03:14.076 matuƙar tsanani ba, kuma ba lallai ta fi Covid muni ba. 03:14.076 --> 03:15.876 Sai dai kawai suna da muni. 03:15.876 --> 03:24.465 Don haka ya ɗauki 'yancin nan a matsayin wata dabarar talla, a ce, ga kwararrun likitoci da ke hawa saniya 03:24.465 --> 03:28.760 da doki a nan, kuma a matsayin ƙarfafawa, a ce, zuwa 03:28.760 --> 03:35.820 Alluran rigakafi suna ɗauke da ƙurjin ƙanƙara, an yi hakan ne don firgita mutane. 03:35.820 --> 03:38.776 Kuma za ka iya ganin abin da yara ke yi a gefen dama. 03:38.776 --> 03:40.400 Yaran suna gudu. 03:40.400 --> 03:47.696 Amma kuna buƙatar irin wannan tsoro, kamar gawarwakin da za su kwance a kowane kusurwar titi saboda Covid. 03:47.696 --> 03:52.816 Don haka suka nuna wannan matashiyar mace mai tabo a nan. 03:52.816 --> 03:57.103 Kuma tsoro koyaushe ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na kasuwanci. 03:57.103 --> 04:01.170 Amma hakan ma bai yi daidai ba ga cutar ƙurajen fata. 04:01.170 --> 04:07.380 Me ya sa? An san cutar ƙurajen fuska tana wanzuwa na aƙalla shekaru ɗari, watakila na dubban shekaru. 04:07.380 --> 04:15.070 Sun kuma kasance a Yamma, amma a matsayin rashin lafiya na yara mara illa wanda ba a taba tattaunawa a kai ba. 04:15.070 --> 04:18.203 Kuma a nan na kawo wasu kididdiga daga Ingila. 04:18.203 --> 04:22.496 Kuma kamar yadda kuke gani, yana farawa ne da misalin karfe 16:30. 04:22.496 --> 04:29.150 Wannan ita ce karon farko da aka rubuta labarin wani babba da ake tsammanin ya taba kamuwa da ƙurajen bera. 04:29.150 --> 04:36.076 Har zuwa lokacin, abubuwan mamaki ne kawai da ake tambaya ko wani babba ya taba kamuwa da ƙurajen ƙurya. 04:36.076 --> 04:41.176 Wannan ya fara ne kawai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 17. 04:41.176 --> 04:49.576 Kuma sama da komai, bala'in ƙurajen ƙurba ya faru a ƙarni na 18, a lokacin da rigakafi ya riga ya wanzu. 04:49.576 --> 04:53.589 Domin kafin hakan, idan ka sake dubawa, adadin mutanen da suka mutu daga ƙurajen ƙurya 04:53.589 --> 04:55.823 a Landan a kowace shekara bai kai ɗari ba. 04:55.823 --> 04:59.650 Da yawa sun rayu cikin yanayin zamantakewa mai matuƙar talauci. 04:59.650 --> 05:06.100 Ba a sami dubban dubban mutane da suka mutu sakamakon ƙurajen ƙurƙura ba sai ƙarni na 18. 05:06.100 --> 05:08.230 Kuma mu yi tunani kawai game da Covid. 05:08.230 --> 05:15.430 Mutane ba su mutu a shekarar 2020 ba, sai bayan an fara yin rigakafi. 05:15.430 --> 05:18.430 Kuma a nan, watakila, akwai alamar farko. 05:18.430 --> 05:22.520 Shin wannan na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da wasu ci gaban zamantakewa? 05:22.520 --> 05:28.904 Eh, cutar ƙurajen fuska ta zama masifa ga Turai ne kawai lokacin da aka samu rinjaye ga 05:28.904 --> 05:34.336 Adawar Gyara-Addini bayan Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin. 05:34.336 --> 05:39.529 Yawancin littattafai har yanzu suna cewa, kuma ana maimaita rubuta hakan da kulawa, cewa yin rigakafi da 05:39.529 --> 05:44.563 sanjaran majina daga marasa lafiya masu cutar ƙurajen fata tsohuwar al'adar maganin gargajiya ce. 05:44.563 --> 05:52.250 Sinawa, Indiyawa da 'Yan Afirka sun riga sun yi haka, shi ya sa yin rigakafi shine abu mafi dabi'a a duniya. 05:52.250 --> 05:55.563 Idan ka duba gaskiya, hakan ba gaskiya bane kwata-kwata. 05:55.563 --> 06:04.383 Babu takardu kafin shekara ta 1700 da ke nuna cewa wani ya taba yanka pus cikin wani mutum. 06:04.383 --> 06:12.500 An fara rubuta rigakafi kusan shekara ta 1700 ta hannun masu hasashen makoma biyu 'yan Girka a Konstantinople. 06:12.500 --> 06:16.900 Ba da jimawa ba, annobar ƙurajen fuska ma ta barke a can. 06:16.900 --> 06:21.980 Kuma a shekarar 1713 ne aka samu rahoto na farko daga wani likitan Giriɓi kan irin waɗannan alluran rigakafi. 06:21.980 --> 06:26.080 Amma ba wata tsohuwar al'adar maganin gargajiya ba. 06:26.080 --> 06:34.932 Kuma labarin tsofaffin mata game da tarihin ƙurajen ƙurji ne cewa wannan mata, Lady Wortley Montagu, ita ce babbar 06:34.932 --> 06:39.880 mai gabatar da allurar rigakafin ƙurajen ƙurji mai amfani. 06:39.880 --> 06:44.567 Ta ga wannan a Konstantinopla, sannan daga shekarar 1721 ta gaba ta yi aiki a matsayin mai 06:44.567 --> 06:47.276 fafutukar allurar rigakafi a Turai ta Yamma. 06:47.276 --> 06:50.730 Kuma galibi yana yaduwa ne a tsakanin masu matsayi na sama. 06:50.730 --> 06:56.930 Amma ko a wancan lokacin, mutane masu lafiya sun mutu sakamakon waɗannan alluran rigakafi. 06:56.930 --> 07:00.530 Kuma musamman a manyan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. 07:00.530 --> 07:07.116 Ko ma tsakanin masu goyon bayan rigakafi, ana amincewa da cewa ƙimar mutuwa ta kai aƙalla kashi 2%. 07:07.116 --> 07:09.952 Babu wanda ya san ainihin yadda ya kai tsayi. 07:09.952 --> 07:17.300 Amma a zahiri za ka iya cire Mrs Wortley Montagu daga cikin labarin, domin ba ta taka rawa sosai ba. 07:17.300 --> 07:22.689 Shekaru goma bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fafutukar allurar rigakafi, ba a yi wa 07:22.689 --> 07:26.696 mutane fiye da 1,000 allurar rigakafi a Ingila ba. 07:26.696 --> 07:32.900 Abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne wani Abbe Conti, game da shi ba a koyi komai sosai a tarihin ba. 07:32.900 --> 07:38.303 Wani Jesuit wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa yin waɗannan alluran rigakafi. 07:38.303 --> 07:44.630 Kuma dalilin da ya sa alluran rigakafi suka samu karfi duk da haka shi ne saboda an shiga da kudi mai yawa. 07:44.630 --> 07:46.180 Ga misali. 07:46.180 --> 07:55.063 An kira wani likitan Ingila zuwa ga Tsarina Catherine Babba ta Rasha domin ya yi mata rigakafi da 'ya'yanta rigakafi. 07:55.063 --> 08:01.687 Kuma don wannan aikin, wanda ya ɗauki, mu ce, mintuna biyar, ya karɓi biyan fam 10,000. A 08:01.687 --> 08:05.510 kuɗin yau, hakan kusan euro miliyan ɗaya ne. 08:05.510 --> 08:10.323 Fansho na tsawon rai na fam 500 a kowace shekara da kuma lakabin baron. 08:10.323 --> 08:14.863 Shi da zuriyarsa sun sami isasshen abin rayuwa har abada. 08:14.863 --> 08:20.863 A yau, akwai Porsche na rigakafi kaɗan a cikin gareji. 08:20.863 --> 08:27.920 A shekarar 1721, waɗannan ba a san su ba hanyoyin allurar ƙurar ƙurajen fuska ta hanyar 08:27.920 --> 08:29.676 An jefa shi cikin tafki. 08:29.676 --> 08:35.250 Ana zargin an kawo cutar ƙurajen ƙurba zuwa Amurka ta jirgin ruwa. 08:35.250 --> 08:42.320 Sannan wani malami da wani likita suka nace cewa yana da muhimmanci a kare jama'a ta hanyar alluran rigakafi. 08:42.320 --> 08:48.330 Kuma wannan kimantawa, wadda suka gudanar a wancan lokacin, ana kuma ɗaukar ta a matsayin ƙididdigar lafiya ta farko. 08:48.330 --> 08:55.424 Adadin mutuwa na cutar ƙurajen ƙauye zai ragu daga kashi 15% zuwa kashi 2.5%. Nasara ce. 08:55.424 --> 09:01.592 Sai dai abin da mutane ba sa la'akari da shi shi ne cewa wannan ba cikakken bincike ba ne da Mista 09:01.592 --> 09:05.363 Cotton Mather, mai tsananin akidar Puritan, ya gudanar. 09:05.363 --> 09:09.960 Ba a iya kwatanta ƙungiyoyin kwata-kwata. Babu rarrabawa ta bazuwar. 09:09.960 --> 09:15.760 Waɗanda aka yi wa rigakafi da waɗanda ba a yi wa rigakafi ba a bayyane sun kasance ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sosai. 09:15.760 --> 09:22.668 Kuma nasarar ma tabbas ta takaita ce saboda Mista Cotton Mather ya yi ɓoye a gidansa na tsawon kwanaki 14 a 09:22.668 --> 09:29.663 lokacin wannan kamfen na rigakafi, domin matarsa ta ji tsoron in ba haka ba za a kashe shi a gaban jama'a. 09:29.663 --> 09:34.776 Don haka tabbas dole ne an samu munanan lamuran lafiya da mutuwa. 09:34.776 --> 09:40.080 Mr Cotton Mather ma ya gudanar da shari'o'in mayu a can, a gefe guda. 09:40.080 --> 09:44.880 Eh. Kuma a Turai ma ba alamar nasara take ba. 09:44.880 --> 09:50.476 Idan ka duba anan, waɗannan su ne ƙididdiga daga Copenhagen da ke nuna yawan mutuwar cutar ƙurajen fata a kowace shekara. 09:50.476 --> 09:57.216 Kuma a nan ne aka nuna inda aka buɗe asibitin allurar rigakafi sannan aka rufe shi sake. 09:57.216 --> 10:01.543 Ba za ka ga komai a cikin ƙididdiga da zai nuna cewa wani abu ya canza ba. 10:01.543 --> 10:03.416 Ga nasara kenan. 10:03.416 --> 10:10.316 Kuma idan ba ka shiga Copenhagen da sauran wurare ba, watakila hakan bai faru a Boston ma ba. 10:10.316 --> 10:17.473 Kuma abin da ba a ambata shi a cikin yawancin littattafan tarihin likitanci ba shi ne cewa a shekarar 1729, shekaru takwas 10:17.473 --> 10:24.596 bayan Lady Wadley Montagu ta tallata dukkan wannan ra'ayi, Majalisar Dokokin Birtaniya ta riga ta haramta yin rigakafi. 10:24.596 --> 10:30.860 Kuma ba a sake aiwatar da su ba sai bayan shekarar 1743. 10:30.860 --> 10:39.210 Kuma likitan kashin kansa na Maria Theresa a Vienna ya yi magana mai hikima a wancan lokacin cewa sarakuna da 10:39.210 --> 10:44.256 masu arziki galibi suna mutuwa sakamakon ƙurajen ƙurya. 10:44.256 --> 10:48.600 Gundumar da ba a yi mata magani ba tana rayuwa ba tare da magani ba. 10:48.600 --> 10:53.220 Wannan kuma yana nuna cewa cutar ƙurjiya ba ta kasance cuta mai tsanani ba. 10:53.220 --> 11:00.956 Shi ne kawai ta hanyar wannan allurar kariya da cutar ƙurajen fuska ta zama cuta mai tsanani. 11:00.956 --> 11:02.763 Kuma hakan ya shafi tarihi. 11:02.763 --> 11:06.590 Ba ƙurajen ƙanana ba, amma vaccinia. 11:06.590 --> 11:09.556 A nan zan nuna muku mutuwa biyu masu fitowa. 11:09.556 --> 11:14.997 A hagu, Louis XV; a dama, ƙarshe na Wittelsbach na Bavaria. 11:14.997 --> 11:22.836 An katse layinsa sakamakon abin da ake zargin mutuwarsa daga cizon ƙuraje, Maximilian III Joseph. 11:22.836 --> 11:31.263 Ana cewa dukkansu sun mutu sakamakon ƙurajen ƙurba, ɗaya yana da shekaru 64, ɗayan kuma yana da shekaru 50. 11:31.263 --> 11:36.210 Kuma abin da su duka biyun suka yi iri ɗaya shi ne cewa su shugabanni ne da ake ƙauna sosai. 11:36.210 --> 11:39.899 Mutane sun yi wadata a ƙarƙashin mulkinsu. 11:39.899 --> 11:46.820 Mun san da tabbaci cewa Louis XV ba zai iya kamuwa da ƙurajen ƙurji a shekara ta 64 ba, domin ya riga ya kamu da shi 11:46.820 --> 11:51.103 tun yana yaro, kuma ƙurajen ƙurji na ba da kariya har abada. 11:51.103 --> 11:57.322 Louis XV ya kalle kansa yana da shekaru 64 ya ce, da ban san cewa na taba kamuwa da ƙurajen 11:57.322 --> 12:01.976 fata a yarintata ba, da zan ce ina da ƙurajen fata. 12:01.976 --> 12:06.356 Ba ya tsira. Tabbas allurar rigakafin ƙurajen ƙurba ce. 12:06.356 --> 12:14.860 Ana zargin Max III Joseph da umartar mutanensa su yi rigakafi, amma shi kullum yana ƙin yin hakan da kansa. 12:14.860 --> 12:22.020 Ana iya shakkar cewa zai yiwu a mutu da ƙurajen ƙurba a shekara ta 50 idan lafiya cikakke take. 12:22.020 --> 12:24.030 Kuma akwai wasu da yawa. 12:24.030 --> 12:29.200 Masarautu biyu na Habsburg a Vienna ma sun mutu sakamakon ƙurajen ƙururuwa. 12:29.200 --> 12:33.523 Kuma akwai wasu abubuwa da ya kamata su sa mu dakata mu yi tunani. 12:33.523 --> 12:40.103 Mazajen sarauta da suka mutu mutane ne da suka more matakin rayuwa mai matuƙar girma. 12:40.103 --> 12:45.303 Amma ƙurajen ƙurba a zahiri cuta ce ta unguwannin matalauta. 12:45.303 --> 12:47.036 Ta yaya hakan zai yiwu? 12:47.036 --> 12:51.069 Kuma koyaushe cuta ce ta yarinta. 12:51.069 --> 12:58.476 Me ya sa mutane manya za su iya kamuwa da ƙurajen ƙurya duk da suna cikin cikakken lafiya? 12:58.476 --> 13:02.363 Kusan babu wani likita da ya taɓa ganin ƙurajen ƙanƙara a manya a wancan lokacin. 13:02.363 --> 13:09.176 Kuma mafi muhimmanci, kowa ya san cewa ƙurajen ƙurba suna yaduwa ƙwarai. 13:09.176 --> 13:14.344 Amma a wurin da sarakuna da sauran manyan mutane suka mutu, ba a sake samun wani lamari na 13:14.344 --> 13:17.643 rashin lafiya ko wani mutuwar ƙurajen fuska ba. 13:17.643 --> 13:23.096 Ba su da cuta mai yaduwa kuma a fili ba su kamu da wasu mutane. 13:23.096 --> 13:26.050 Amma akwai wani abu daban da suke da shi gama gari. 13:26.050 --> 13:31.070 Duk masu mulki sun ɗauki Cocin a matsayin makiyansu. 13:31.070 --> 13:35.923 Sun so su cire Cocin daga matsayin da ba a biya haraji ba. 13:35.923 --> 13:41.890 Wanda bai faru ba bayan mutuwarta. 13:41.890 --> 13:45.449 Kuma ina da wani shaida na waɗannan abubuwan. 13:45.449 --> 13:50.950 Wannan wata malamin monka ne, Abraham A. Santa Clara, wanda ya rayu a wancan lokacin. 13:50.950 --> 13:53.816 Sunansa na gaskiya shi ne Johann Ulrich Megerle. 13:53.816 --> 14:02.316 Kuma tun a wancan lokacin, ya ce cewa fifiko na masu mulkin Medi Corum shi ne hakkin kashe mutum ba tare da fuskantar hukunci ba. 14:02.316 --> 14:10.605 Don haka James Bond ba shine mutum na farko a tarihin bil'adama da aka ba lasisin kashe mutum ba; a gaskiya, kamar 14:10.605 --> 14:20.603 yadda Mista Megerle ya ce, an fara wannan dabi'a ne a ƙarni na 13 lokacin da aka kafa sana'ar likitanci. 14:20.603 --> 14:27.116 Ga waɗanda ke ganin an yi wa wannan magana ƙara fiye da kima, saboda ba zai yiwu a yi allurar rigakafi ta 14:27.116 --> 14:32.960 zama mai muni haka ba, na kawo wani ambato daga littafin Hervé Bovin kan tarihin rigakafi. 14:32.960 --> 14:38.176 Shi farfesa ne mai ritaya a Leuven. 14:38.176 --> 14:40.876 Kuma shi mai fafutukar allurar rigakafi ne. 14:40.876 --> 14:43.640 Hakanan ana danganta shi da Cibiyar Pasteur. 14:43.640 --> 14:50.840 Kuma a cikin littafinsa na 2011 ya rubuta cewa allurar rigakafi, kamar yadda ake yi a Turai tsakanin 1721 da 14:50.840 --> 14:57.583 gabatar da hanyar Sutton, wadda za mu tattauna nan ba da jimawa ba, ta kasance mai matukar haɗari. 14:57.583 --> 15:03.890 Ba shakka, ya kasance a iyakar abin da za a iya jurewa. 15:03.890 --> 15:14.450 Don haka, a kaikaice yake bayyana a fili cewa waɗannan alluran rigakafi ma na iya zama makamin kisan kai. 15:14.450 --> 15:18.943 Kuma babu ɗayansu da zai zama dole idan mutane sun saurari wannan mutumin. 15:18.943 --> 15:26.383 Daniel Sutton ba likita na ilimi ba ne, amma ƙwararren likita ne na tiyata. Ya fito ne daga dangin likitocin tiyata. 15:26.383 --> 15:33.960 Ya yi allurar rigakafi tun daga shekarar 1750, amma yana amfani da sabon dabara. 15:33.960 --> 15:36.943 Kuma, a gefe guda, ya samu kuɗi mai yawa a cikin wannan tsari. 15:36.943 --> 15:43.736 Allurar rigakafi tana kashe fam 10 ga talakawa da fam 25 ga masu arziki. 15:43.736 --> 15:47.570 Ya yi kusan 500 zuwa 1000 a rana. 15:47.570 --> 15:57.936 A wancan lokacin, gidan zaman kansa ya kai fam 500. Wannan yana nufin cewa ta haka ya samu gidaje da dama a rana guda. 15:57.936 --> 16:08.810 Duk da haka, ya sami girmamawa saboda a ƙarshen rayuwarsa ya ce, "Ban rasa ko ɗaya daga cikin marasa lafiya na ba." 16:08.810 --> 16:14.846 Da farko, ya guji ɗaukar ƙarin matakan guba. Wannan sau da yawa ana mantawa da shi a tarihin rigakafi, kamar 16:14.846 --> 16:18.430 yadda ake watsi da masu tallafawa a cikin alluran rigakafi. 16:18.430 --> 16:25.577 Domin a wancan lokacin, idan ka yi rigakafi, likitancin hukuma yana kuma ba ka adalas, 16:25.577 --> 16:29.950 antimoni, merkuri da sauran gubobi masu daɗi. 16:29.950 --> 16:31.843 Ba ya yin duk wannan. 16:31.843 --> 16:38.963 Ya yi masa allurar rigakafi kawai, ya ce babu wani abu sai iska mai kyau. 16:38.963 --> 16:47.523 Amma ya aikata abu guda fiye da komai. Kuma da mutane sun saurari Mista Sutton, masifar allurar rigakafin Covid ba za ta faru ba. 16:47.523 --> 16:50.476 Ya gudanar da wani gwaji na asali. 16:50.476 --> 16:56.716 Wata rana ya yanke pus ɗin a cikin fata ba tare da zubar da jini ba. 16:56.716 --> 17:03.622 Wata rana ya yanke fatar jiki, ya allura wannan pus ɗin cikin kitse na ƙarƙashin fata, sannan ya 17:03.622 --> 17:07.843 allura pus ɗin cikin tsokoki don ganin abin da zai faru. 17:07.843 --> 17:15.213 Kuma ya gano cewa abin da ake nufi shi ne ƙurajen allurar rigakafi a fata, wato wata irin ƙurajen 17:15.213 --> 17:19.696 ƙurba mara haɗari da ke bayyana bayan wannan allurar. 17:19.696 --> 17:31.436 Wannan ya faru ne kawai lokacin da ya yi allurar rigakafi a fata, ba a kitse mai a ƙarƙashin fata ko a tsokoki ba. 17:31.436 --> 17:32.230 Me ya sa? 17:32.230 --> 17:33.900 A gaskiya dai yana da matuƙar bayyane. 17:33.900 --> 17:37.896 Saboda tsarin garkuwar jiki namu yana aiki a cikin fata. 17:37.896 --> 17:41.130 Komai da muka saka cikin zurfi bala'i ne. 17:41.130 --> 17:47.910 Abin takaici, likitanci bai gane wannan ba tun zamanin Mista Sutton, tsawon shekaru 250. 17:47.910 --> 17:54.219 Abin takaici, aikin sa mai suna "The Inoculator" bai buga ba sai shekarar 1796, a lokacin 17:54.219 --> 17:58.356 da rigakafin Jenner ya riga ya shirya farawa. 17:58.356 --> 18:06.667 Amma abin da Sutton ya koya mana shi ne cewa tsarin garkuwar jiki namu, idan kana son koya masa wani abu ta hanyar alluran 18:06.667 --> 18:11.650 rigakafi, yana aiki ne kawai ta fatar jiki da membrane na majina. 18:11.650 --> 18:19.516 Wannan wata dabara ce ta ci gaban halitta. Duk da haka, ba haka lamarin yake ba idan an allura wani abu cikin zurfin nama. 18:19.516 --> 18:29.210 Fatar jiki, hanci, makogwaro, huhu da hanjin ciye-ciye ne kawai za su iya shafar ƙwaƙwalwar garkuwar jiki. 18:29.210 --> 18:34.656 Komai sauran abu ana ɗauka a matsayin cutar jiki mai yiwuwar jawo rauni. 18:34.656 --> 18:37.820 Wannan zai kasance babban ci gaban Sutton. 18:37.820 --> 18:39.823 Amma Mista Jenner ya iso. 18:39.823 --> 18:48.161 Kuma Mista Jenner ya yi ra'ayi, ba shi ne na farko ba, amma tare da sauran likitoci kafin shi, cewa cutar cowpox mai lafiya, 18:48.161 --> 18:52.263 wadda ta sa matan kiwon shanu ba su da tabon ƙurajen ƙurba, 18:52.263 --> 18:57.386 amma sun ci gaba da riƙe kyawawan fatar fari, za su iya zama ingantaccen madadin sanjaran ƙurajen ƙanƙara 18:57.386 --> 19:01.510 na ɗan adam idan an yi amfani da su wajen rigakafi. 19:01.510 --> 19:08.352 Amma matan kiwon shanu sun kasance cikin koshin lafiya kuma suna da fata mai kyau ne kawai saboda suna shan madarar saniya sabuwa, 19:08.352 --> 19:11.813 ba a pasteurisa ta ba. Ba shi da alaƙa da cutar ƙurajen saniya. 19:11.813 --> 19:14.980 Me ya sa? Saboda sun kasance matuƙar ƙalilan. 19:14.980 --> 19:23.590 Jenner kansa bai taɓa gabatar da hujjar tasirin rigakafinsa ba, kuma ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje marasa ɗabi'a. 19:23.590 --> 19:29.585 Misali, ya yi wa ɗan mai lambunsa rigakafin cowpox da wannan allurar rigakafi, sannan ya fallasa yaron 19:29.585 --> 19:34.263 ga ƙurajen ƙanƙara domin ganin ko wani abu zai faru. 19:34.263 --> 19:41.620 Kuma bai yi wata-wata wajen yi wa dansa rigakafi ba. Ba kasafai kake karanta hakan ba ma. 19:41.620 --> 19:46.490 Dansa ya sami nakasar hankali bayan wannan rigakafi kuma ya mutu yana da shekaru 21. 19:46.490 --> 19:49.583 Wannan shi ne Jenner, jarumin rigakafi. 19:49.583 --> 19:58.323 Kuma shekaru kaɗan da suka wuce, an kuma duba tsofaffin bututu da Mista Jenner ya aiko a wancan lokacin. 19:58.323 --> 20:01.163 Babu cutar ƙurajen saniya a cikinsa kwata-kwata. 20:01.163 --> 20:08.522 A ciki akwai cutar kurajen doki, ko watakila wani abu ne da ya bushe, wani abu da aka tura shi a ko'ina 20:08.522 --> 20:13.576 cikin duniya, wani abu da tabbas ba zai yi amfani ba. 20:13.576 --> 20:20.623 Kuma ƙananan ƙididdiga da ake da su a Ingila bayan gabatarwar Jenner sun nuna a nan a gefen hagu, 20:20.623 --> 20:24.416 waɗannan su ne mutuwar ƙurajen ƙanana a Ingila. 20:24.416 --> 20:28.216 Mun riga mun yi allurar rigakafi ta tilas tun daga shekarar 1853. 20:28.216 --> 20:36.130 14,000, 20,000 sannan annoba da mutuwar mutane 44,000 saboda ƙurajen ƙurba. 20:36.130 --> 20:44.010 Mutane sun fara fahimtar a hankali cewa allurar rigakafi a zahiri tana haifar da mutuwa daga cutar ƙurajen fata. 20:44.010 --> 20:50.836 Sannan akwai wani birni da ya gudanar da gwajin, a ce. Za ka iya ganinsa a nan. Wannan shi ne birnin Leicester. 20:50.836 --> 20:52.036 Zan koma kuma. 20:52.036 --> 21:02.600 Birnin Leicester, wanda ta bakin majalisar birni ya ce ba za a sake tilasta yin allurar rigakafi a cikin iyakokin birnin ba. 21:07.630 --> 21:10.930 Ba a aiwatar da tilastawar allurar rigakafi ba. 21:10.930 --> 21:18.757 Kuma birnin Leicester a lokacin ya samu mafi ƙarancin yawan cutar ƙurajen fuska da mafi ƙarancin yawan mutuwar ƙurajen fuska idan 21:18.757 --> 21:23.070 aka kwatanta da sauran biranen da aka tilasta allurar rigakafi. 21:23.070 --> 21:27.883 Wannan ma ya bayyana a cikin ci gaban abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. 21:27.883 --> 21:37.270 A nan za ku ga adadin mutuwar cutar ƙurajen ƙai da mutuwar da allurar rigakafin ƙurajen ƙai ta jawo. 21:37.270 --> 21:41.296 Karkace-karkacen a zahiri suna nuna ƙimomi masu daidaitaccen tsayi. 21:41.296 --> 21:50.256 Wannan yana nufin cewa ko masassan masu goyon bayan rigakafi ba za su iya ikirarin cewa yana rage mutuwar mutane ba. 21:50.256 --> 21:54.510 Amma ba mutuwar kawai ba ne; akwai kuma nakasa mai tsanani. 21:54.510 --> 21:58.256 An samu tarin ƙwayar jijiyoyin kwakwalwa bayan an yi wasu gyare-gyare a allurar rigakafin ƙurajen ƙurƙura. 21:58.256 --> 22:06.410 Kuma a shekarar 1924, wani likitan nazarin cuta a Prague ya gano wannan alaƙa a fili a karon farko yayin binciken gawar mutum. 22:06.410 --> 22:13.122 Za ka iya ganin tsawon lokacin da yake ɗauka. Don haka, shekaru 125. Shekaru 25 bayan gabatar da rigakafi. 22:13.122 --> 22:17.676 A karon farko, an gano cewa duk abin yana haifar da meningitis. 22:17.676 --> 22:19.810 Ko da yake, tabbas, wannan ya taɓa faruwa a baya. 22:19.810 --> 22:27.397 Kuma ya ɗauki wani rayuwar ɗan adam, wato ƙarni ɗaya, shekaru talatin, kafin a gane lahani na 22:27.397 --> 22:31.236 allurar rigakafi a Karlsruhe a shekarar 1953. 22:31.236 --> 22:35.872 Har zuwa lokacin, ba a sami rahoto na hukuma game da lahani da alluran rigakafi ke yi ba, 22:35.872 --> 22:38.895 duk da cewa an yi rigakafi tsawon shekaru 250. 22:38.895 --> 22:46.145 Kuma a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Jamus, duk da cewa ba a sake samun sabbin cututtukan ƙurajen ƙuraje ba, an tabbatar da cututtuka 7 22:46.145 --> 22:52.120 na ƙurajen ƙuraje tsakanin 1949 da 1979, an amince da mutuwar mutane 360 masu alaƙa da allurar rigakafi 22:52.120 --> 22:57.520 daga RKI da Cibiyar Paul Ehrlich, sannan aƙalla mutane 984 sun sami lahani na dindindin. 22:57.520 --> 23:03.600 Kuma shi ya sa dole ne a ayyana an kawar da cutar ƙurajen ƙurba a shekarar 1979, domin a lokacin ne kawai za 23:03.600 --> 23:07.503 a iya soke allurar rigakafin ƙurajen ƙurba a hankali. 23:07.503 --> 23:10.300 In ba haka ba, dole ne a ci gaba da yin rigakafin ƙurajen ƙauye. 23:10.300 --> 23:12.560 Amma hakan ba zai yiwu ba. 23:12.560 --> 23:20.743 Kuma ina so in kammala da maganar wani likita ɗan Amurka, mai fafutukar allurar rigakafi wanda ya kasance 23:20.743 --> 23:25.116 daraktan kiwon lafiya na rigakafi a Sojojin Amurka. 23:25.116 --> 23:34.921 A shekarar 1940, bayan kusan shekaru 250 na tarihin rigakafi, ya ce duk batun rigakafi, na aiki da 23:34.921 --> 23:41.063 na rashin aiki, har yanzu yana cikin matakin gwaji. 23:41.063 --> 23:46.190 Kuma mun sake ganin yadda duk wannan yake a matakin gwaji. 23:46.190 --> 23:56.288 Kuma idan haka ne bayan wannan lokaci, to mutum zai iya tambaya kawai me yasa rigakafi har yanzu yake zama matsala.