1
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2
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Akwụkwọ mmụta ụlọ akwụkwọ na-agwa anyị otú e si
merie ọrịa akpịrịkpa nke mbụ, soro otu ọrịa mgbe nke ọzọ

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00:00:06,348 --> 00:00:10,020
gasịrị, ekele maka mgbochi ọrịa dị nchebe ma dị irè.

4
00:00:10,020 --> 00:00:12,600
Ma nke a bụ eziokwu n'eziokwu?

5
00:00:12,600 --> 00:00:16,588
Ajụjụ a na-enyocha ya site n'aka onye nkuzi
mahadum, Dọkịta Gerd Reuther, onye na-ahụ maka

6
00:00:16,588 --> 00:00:19,580
redio na onye ọkà mmụta akụkọ ihe mere eme ọgwụ.

7
00:00:19,580 --> 00:00:26,085
Dr Reuther amarawo ogologo oge maka ikpesa ya banyere ọgwụgwọ nke
ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ na-achịkwa, nke o gosipụtakwara

8
00:00:26,085 --> 00:00:31,770
na akwụkwọ kacha ere ahịa ya na Spiegel,
"Der betrogene Patient" (Onye Ọrịa A Gbaghị).

9
00:00:31,770 --> 00:00:38,358
N'okwu nkuzi ya, Dọkịta Gerd Reuter ji ihe atụ nke ịgba mgbochi
ọrịa smallpox na isi mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme ọgwụ gosipụta

10
00:00:38,358 --> 00:00:42,440
mmetụta ịgba mgbochi ọrịa smallpox iwu kpatara n'ọha mmadụ.

11
00:00:42,440 --> 00:00:51,560
Dị ka Dr Reuther si kwuo, ọrịa smallpox bụ ọrịa na-adịghị
emerụ ahụ, ma ịgba mgbochi megide ya butere ọnwụ puku iri.

12
00:00:51,560 --> 00:00:55,920
Site na mgbochi ahụ, ka e si kwuo, ọnwụ ọrịa smallpox bịarutere.

13
00:00:55,920 --> 00:01:03,403
Dị ka Dr Reuther si kwuo, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịgba mgbochi
ọrịa n'afọ 300 nwere ike ịtụnyere ya na mpụ otu megide ahụike.

14
00:01:03,403 --> 00:01:09,820
Nụ onwe gị ihe Dọkịta Reuter kwuru gbasara
ịgba mgbochi, karịsịa mgbochi ọrịa smallpox.

15
00:01:09,820 --> 00:01:16,505
E nyere okwu nkuzi ahụ dịka akụkụ nke symposium
MWGFD gbasara isiokwu "Nkwenye ọgwụ mgbochi, aro ịgba

16
00:01:16,505 --> 00:01:22,624
mgbochi, ịgba mgbochi iwu – ọ̀ zuru oke data ahụ?"

17
00:01:22,624 --> 00:01:28,360
Dr Ronald Weikl: Biko nwee ọṅụ. Jikọọ m ugbu a maka ihe ngosi a
ga-atọ ụtọ nke ukwuu site n'aka onye ọrụ ibe

18
00:01:28,360 --> 00:01:33,300
anyị a na-asọpụrụ, Dr Gerd Reuther, nke akpọrọ
'Ịgba mgbochi ọrịa – akụkọ ihe ịga nke ọma?'.

19
00:01:33,300 --> 00:01:39,983
Dr Gerd Reuther: Ee, René nwanna m,
daalụ nke ukwuu, ndị ọbịa nwanna m.

20
00:01:39,983 --> 00:01:48,576
Ịgba mgbochi Covid-19, nke abụghị
mgbochi ọrịa, abụghị mpụ ahụike mbụ n'ọgwụ.

21
00:01:48,576 --> 00:01:55,438
N'eziokwu, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke afọ 300 nke
ịgba mgbochi ọrịa bụ nnukwu mpụ ahụike, mana n'ihi

22
00:01:55,438 --> 00:01:59,949
oke oge, aga m ekwu maka otu mgbochi ọrịa naanị.

23
00:01:59,949 --> 00:02:05,410
Otú ọ dị, nke ahụ bụ afọ 200 nke akụkọ ihe mere
eme gbasara ịgba mgbochi, n'ihi na afọ 200 mbụ

24
00:02:05,410 --> 00:02:08,723
e ji kpamkpam maka ịgba mgbochi ọrịa smallpox.

25
00:02:08,723 --> 00:02:15,116
Ma mmemme ịgba mgbochi ọrịa akpịrịkpọ a mere n'ụzọ
ziri ezi otu ahụ dịka mmemme Covid-19 nke ugbu a.

26
00:02:15,116 --> 00:02:24,300
Ọ bụ maka ime ka mmadụ mee ihe n'ike, maka ntaramahụhụ,
maka nnukwu ego, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ọbụna karịa ego dị taa.

27
00:02:24,300 --> 00:02:30,380
Ma ọ bụ maka ime ihe na-enweghị ihe àmà.

28
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A kpuchiela mmebi ahụ.

29
00:02:33,463 --> 00:02:37,984
Ụfọdụ nwere ike ịsị, ò nwere ike
ịtụnyere smallpox na Covid n'eziokwu?

30
00:02:37,984 --> 00:02:39,400
Covid, ọ bụ naanị oyi.

31
00:02:39,400 --> 00:02:42,956
Ma ọrịa ọnyá nta bụ ọrịa dị egwu n'eziokwu.

32
00:02:42,956 --> 00:02:48,370
Ewetara m otu foto a maka gị, nke ị ga-ahụ ugboro ugboro.

33
00:02:48,370 --> 00:02:54,410
Ọ na-atọ ụtọ na ị na-ahụ mgbe niile otu ihe
onyonyo nke ọrịa akpụkpọ nta n'ịntanetị na n'akwụkwọ.

34
00:02:54,410 --> 00:03:01,820
N'oge foto na fim, e nweghị ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa ọnya
ihu ka ị nwere ike na-eweta ndị ọhụrụ mgbe niile.

35
00:03:01,820 --> 00:03:09,674
Ma kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na iteghete, otu onye na-ese
katọn nwere obi ike igosi na ọrịa akpịrịkpọ anaghị abụ n'ezie

36
00:03:09,674 --> 00:03:14,076
ọrịa dị njọ otú ahụ, ma ọ bụghịkwa na ọ ga-adị njọ karịa Covid.

37
00:03:14,076 --> 00:03:15,876
Ọ bụ naanị na ha na-ele anya njọ.

38
00:03:15,876 --> 00:03:24,075
Ya mere, o jiri nnwere onwe ya mee ihe ebe a, dị ka
aghụghọ ahịa, ka a sị, maka ndị dọkịta na-anya ehi na

39
00:03:24,075 --> 00:03:28,760
ịnyịnya ínyịnya ebe a, na dị ka ihe na-akpali, ka a sị, iji

40
00:03:28,760 --> 00:03:35,820
Ịgba mgbochi na-eburu nymph kpuchiri ọrịa
akpụkpọ nta, nke e mere iji tụọ ndị mmadụ ụjọ.

41
00:03:35,820 --> 00:03:38,776
Ma ị nwere ike ịhụ ihe ụmụaka na-eme n'akụkụ aka nri.

42
00:03:38,776 --> 00:03:40,400
Ụmụaka na-agba ọsọ.

43
00:03:40,400 --> 00:03:47,696
Ma ịchọrọ ọnọdụ ụjọ a, dịka ozu ndị
ga-anọ n'akụkụ ụzọ ọ bụla n'ihi Covid.

44
00:03:47,696 --> 00:03:52,816
Ya mere, ha gosiri nwata nwanyị a jupụtara na akara ebe a.

45
00:03:52,816 --> 00:03:57,103
Ma ụjọ na-adị mgbe niile bụrụ akụkụ etiti nke azụmahịa.

46
00:03:57,103 --> 00:04:01,170
Ma nke ahụ adịghịkwa kwekọrọ maka ọrịa akpụkpọ nta.

47
00:04:01,170 --> 00:04:07,380
Gịnị kpatara ya? A maara na ọrịa smallpox dị kemgbe
opekata mpe puku afọ, o yikarịrị ka ọ dị kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ.

48
00:04:07,380 --> 00:04:15,070
Ha nọkwa n'ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, ma dị ka ọrịa nwata
na-adịghị emerụ ahụ nke a na-ekwughị okwu ọbụla.

49
00:04:15,070 --> 00:04:18,203
Ma ebe a, ewetara m ụfọdụ ọnụọgụgụ si England.

50
00:04:18,203 --> 00:04:22,496
Dị ka ị pụrụ ịhụ, ihe niile malitere ihe dị ka afọ 1630.

51
00:04:22,496 --> 00:04:29,150
Nke a bụ ikpe mbụ e dere akwụkwọ banyere onye
okenye nke o yikarịrị ka ọ nwere ọrịa akpụkpọ nta.

52
00:04:29,150 --> 00:04:36,076
Ruo mgbe ahụ, e nwere naanị ihe ịtụnanya a na-ajụ ajụjụ
gbasara na onye toro eto nwere ike inweta ọrịa akpụkpọ nta.

53
00:04:36,076 --> 00:04:41,176
Nke ahụ malitere naanị na ọkara
nke abụọ nke narị afọ iri na asaa.

54
00:04:41,176 --> 00:04:49,576
Ma karịsịa, ọdachi ọrịa akpụkpọ nwa mere na narị afọ
nke iri na asatọ, mgbe a nwere mgbochi ọrịa kemgbe.

55
00:04:49,576 --> 00:04:55,823
N'ihi na tupu nke ahụ, ọ bụrụ na ị leba anya ọzọ, ọnwụ site
na ọrịa akpụkpọ nta na London kwa afọ adịghị karịrị narị.

56
00:04:55,823 --> 00:04:59,650
Ọtụtụ ndị biri n'ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ dị oke njọ.

57
00:04:59,650 --> 00:05:06,100
Ma ọ bụghị ruo narị afọ nke iri na asatọ ka e
nwere ọtụtụ narị puku ọnwụ n'ihi ọrịa ọnyá.

58
00:05:06,100 --> 00:05:08,230
Ka anyị chee maka Covid.

59
00:05:08,230 --> 00:05:15,430
Ụmụ mmadụ anwụghị n'afọ 2020, ma ọ bụ
naanị mgbe a malitere ịgba mgbochi ọrịa.

60
00:05:15,430 --> 00:05:18,430
Ma lee, eleghị anya, nke a bụ ihe ngosi mbụ.

61
00:05:18,430 --> 00:05:22,520
Ò nwere ike ịbụ na nke a metụtara mmepe mmekọrịta ọha ndị ọzọ?

62
00:05:22,520 --> 00:05:34,336
Ee, ọrịa smallpox ghọrọ nnukwu ọdachi na Europe naanị mgbe
Counter-Reformation malitere ijide mgbe Agha Afọ Iri Atọ gachara.

63
00:05:34,336 --> 00:05:40,700
Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ka na-ekwu, a na-edekọ ya ugboro
ugboro n'ịrụsi ọrụ ike, na itinye ọbara ọjọọ si

64
00:05:40,700 --> 00:05:44,563
n'ahụ ndị ọrịa ọnya nta bụ omenala ọgwụ ọdịnala ochie.

65
00:05:44,563 --> 00:05:52,250
Ndị China, ndị India na ndị Afrịka emeela nke a,
ya mere ịgba mgbochi ọrịa bụ ihe kacha eke n'ụwa.

66
00:05:52,250 --> 00:05:55,563
Ọ bụrụ na ị leba anya na eziokwu,
nke ahụ abụghị eziokwu n'ụzọ ọ bụla.

67
00:05:55,563 --> 00:06:04,383
Enweghị akwụkwọ ọ bụla tupu afọ 1700 nke
na-egosi na e kụrụ pus n'akpụkpọ ahụ mmadụ ọzọ.

68
00:06:04,383 --> 00:06:12,500
E debere ndekọ mbụ banyere ịtinye nje ọrịa ihe dị ka afọ
1700 site n'aka ndị amụma Gris abụọ nọ na Constantinople.

69
00:06:12,500 --> 00:06:16,900
Ozugbo e mesịrị, ọrịa ọkụkọkụkọ malitere kwa n'ebe ahụ.

70
00:06:16,900 --> 00:06:21,980
Ma n'afọ 1713 ka dọkịta Gris kọrọ
akụkọ mbụ gbasara ịgba mgbochi dị otú ahụ.

71
00:06:21,980 --> 00:06:26,080
Ma ọ bụghị omenala ọgwụ ọdịnala ndị agadi.

72
00:06:26,080 --> 00:06:35,004
Ọ bụkwa akụkọ ụgha nke oge ochie gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme
nke ọrịa ntupu na-asị na nwanyị a, Lady Wortley Montagu, bụ

73
00:06:35,004 --> 00:06:39,880
onye kacha kpọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi bara uru megide ọrịa ntupu.

74
00:06:39,880 --> 00:06:47,276
O hụrụ nke a na Constantinople, wee bụrụ onye na-akwado ịgba
mgbochi ọrịa na Europe ọdịda anyanwụ site na 1721 ruo n'ihu.

75
00:06:47,276 --> 00:06:50,730
Ma ọ na-adịkarị n'etiti ndị nọ n'ọkwa elu.

76
00:06:50,730 --> 00:06:56,930
Ma ọbụna n'oge ahụ, ndị nwere ahụ
ike nwụrụ n'ihi mgbọ ọrịa ndị a.

77
00:06:56,930 --> 00:07:00,530
Karịsịa n'ime ìgwè ndị ama ama na-edu ndú.

78
00:07:00,530 --> 00:07:07,116
Ọ bụ ezie na ọbụna n'etiti ndị na-akwado ịgba
mgbochi, a na-ekweta na ọnụego ọnwụ dịkarịa ala pasent 2.

79
00:07:07,116 --> 00:07:09,952
Ọ dịghị onye maara etu o siri dị elu n'eziokwu.

80
00:07:09,952 --> 00:07:17,300
Ma ị nwere ike wepụ Mrs Wortley Montagu n'akụkọ
ahụ n'eziokwu, n'ihi na ọ nweghị ọrụ ọ bụla ọ rụrụ.

81
00:07:17,300 --> 00:07:26,696
Afọ iri gachara mgbe ọ malitere ịkwalite ịgba
mgbochi, e gbaala mgbochi naanị mmadụ puku otu na England.

82
00:07:26,696 --> 00:07:32,900
Ihe kacha mkpa bụ Abbe Conti ụfọdụ, gbasara
ya ị mụtara obere ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.

83
00:07:32,900 --> 00:07:38,303
Onye Jesuit nke kwadoro ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ndị a nke ukwuu.

84
00:07:38,303 --> 00:07:44,630
Ma ihe kpatara ka ịgba mgbochi ọrịa ji nwetaghachi ume
n'agbanyeghị bụ n'ihi na e nwere ọtụtụ ego metụtara ya.

85
00:07:44,630 --> 00:07:46,180
Lee ihe atụ.

86
00:07:46,180 --> 00:07:55,063
E kpọrọ dọkịta Bekee ka ọ bịa nye Tsarina
Catherine the Great nke Russia na ụmụ ya mgbochi ọrịa.

87
00:07:55,063 --> 00:08:05,510
Ma maka ọrụ a, nke were, ka anyị sị, nkeji ise, ọ natara
ụgwọ £10,000. N'ego taa, nke ahụ bụ ihe dị ka euro otu nde.

88
00:08:05,510 --> 00:08:10,323
Penshọn ndụ niile nke £500 kwa afọ na aha Baron.

89
00:08:10,323 --> 00:08:14,863
Ya na ụmụ ya nwetara nkwado maka ndụ ha niile.

90
00:08:14,863 --> 00:08:20,863
Taa, e nwere Porsche ndị e nyerela
mgbochi ole na ole n'ụlọ nkwakọba ụgbọala.

91
00:08:20,863 --> 00:08:27,920
N'afọ 1721, ntinye ọrịa a
na-amaghị ama nke ọbara ọrịa akpụkpọ n'ime

92
00:08:27,920 --> 00:08:29,676
Tụfuru n'ime ọdọ mmiri.

93
00:08:29,676 --> 00:08:35,250
A na-ekwu na e butere ikpe ọrịa smallpox
n'ime United States site n'ụgbọ mmiri.

94
00:08:35,250 --> 00:08:42,320
Onye ụkọchukwu na dọkịta wee kpọrọ nkụ na ọ dị
mkpa ichebe ndị bi na ya site n'ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi.

95
00:08:42,320 --> 00:08:48,330
Nnyocha a, nke ha mere n'oge ahụ, a
na-ewerekwa ya dị ka ọnụọgụgụ ahụike mbụ.

96
00:08:48,330 --> 00:08:55,424
Ọnụego ọnwụ nke ọrịa smallpox ga-ebelata site na
pasent 15 ruo pasent 2.5. Ọ bụ ihe ịga nke ọma.

97
00:08:55,424 --> 00:09:01,885
Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị mmadụ na-eleghara anya bụ na
nke a abụghị ọmụmụ ziri ezi e mere site n'aka Mr.

98
00:09:01,885 --> 00:09:05,363
Cotton Mather, onye Puritan jupụtara n'okwukwe.

99
00:09:05,363 --> 00:09:09,960
Ụmụ ìgwè ahụ adịghị atụnyere n'ụzọ ọ
bụla. Enweghị nkesa ahọpụtara n'ụzọ ọ bụla.

100
00:09:09,960 --> 00:09:15,760
Ndị e nyerela mgbochi na ndị enyebeghị
mgbochi doro anya na ha bụ ìgwè dị iche iche.

101
00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:22,801
Ma ihe ịga nke ọma ahụ ga-abụkwa nke oke, n'ihi na Mr Cotton
Mather ga-ezo n'ụlọ ya maka ụbọchị iri na anọ

102
00:09:22,801 --> 00:09:29,663
n'oge mgbasa ọgwụ mgbochi a, n'ihi na nwunye ya tụrụ
egwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ọha ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị.

103
00:09:29,663 --> 00:09:34,776
Ya mere, o doro anya na e nwere ihe
mberede ahụike dị oke njọ na ọnwụ.

104
00:09:34,776 --> 00:09:40,080
Mr. Cotton Mather mere ikpe anwansi n'ebe ahụ kwa, n'ụzọ.

105
00:09:40,080 --> 00:09:44,880
Ee. Ma ihe adịghịkwa mma na Europe n'ihe gbasara ihe ịga nke ọma.

106
00:09:44,880 --> 00:09:50,476
Ọ bụrụ na ị lelee ebe a, ndị a bụ ọnụọgụ sitere na
Copenhagen na-egosi ọnụego ọnwụ kwa afọ nke ọrịa smallpox.

107
00:09:50,476 --> 00:09:57,216
Nke a ka e depụtara ebe e meghere ụlọ
ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ma mechie ya ọzọ.

108
00:09:57,216 --> 00:10:01,543
Ị nweghị ike ịhụ ihe ọ bụla n'ime
ọnụọgụgụ ga-egosi na ihe ọ bụla agbanweela.

109
00:10:01,543 --> 00:10:03,416
Nke a bụ ihe niile gbasara ihe ịga nke ọma.

110
00:10:03,416 --> 00:10:10,316
Ma ọ bụrụ na ị banyeghị na Copenhagen na ebe
ndị ọzọ, o yikarịrị ka ọ naghị eme na Boston kwa.

111
00:10:10,316 --> 00:10:19,830
Ihe ọzọ a na-adịghị ekwu na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ọgwụ
bụ na n'afọ 1729, afọ asatọ ka Lady Wadley Montagu kwalitere

112
00:10:19,830 --> 00:10:24,596
usoro ahụ dum, Ụlọ omeiwu Britain ekwụsịrị ịgba mgbochi ọrịa.

113
00:10:24,596 --> 00:10:30,860
Ma ọ bụghị ruo mgbe gafere afọ 1743 ka e mere ha ọzọ.

114
00:10:30,860 --> 00:10:39,257
Ma dọkịta onwe Maria Theresa dị na Vienna kwuru
okwu amamihe n'oge ahụ na ndị aristọkrat na ndị

115
00:10:39,257 --> 00:10:44,256
bara ọgaranya na-anwụkarị n'ihi ọrịa akpịrịkpa.

116
00:10:44,256 --> 00:10:48,600
Koloni a na-adịghị agwọgwọ na-adị ndụ na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ.

117
00:10:48,600 --> 00:10:53,220
Nke a na-egosikwa na ọrịa akpụkpọ anụ adịghị njọ n'eziokwu.

118
00:10:53,220 --> 00:11:00,956
Ọ bụ naanị site n'ụdị ịgba mgbochi a ka
ọrịa akpụkpọ nta ghọrọ ọrịa dị ize ndụ.

119
00:11:00,956 --> 00:11:02,763
Ma nke ahụ emetụtala akụkọ ihe mere eme.

120
00:11:02,763 --> 00:11:06,590
Ọ bụghị ọrịa akpụkpọ nta, kama ọ bụ vaccinia.

121
00:11:06,590 --> 00:11:09,556
N'ebe a, aga m egosi gị ọnwụ abụọ pụtara ìhè.

122
00:11:09,556 --> 00:11:14,997
N'aka ekpe, Louis XV; n'aka nri, onye
ikpeazụ nke ezinụlọ Wittelsbach Bavaria.

123
00:11:14,997 --> 00:11:22,836
E mechiri ahịrị ya site n'ọnwụ a na-asị na ọ
nwụrụ site na ọrịa smallpox, Maximilian III Joseph.

124
00:11:22,836 --> 00:11:31,263
A na-ekwu na ha abụọ nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa akpụkpọ nta, otu n'ime ha
mgbe ọ dị afọ iri isii na anọ, nke ọzọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ise.

125
00:11:31,263 --> 00:11:36,210
Ihe ha abụọ nwere n'otu bụ na a hụrụ
ha n'anya nke ukwuu dịka ndị ọchịchị.

126
00:11:36,210 --> 00:11:39,899
Ndị mmadụ gara nke ọma n'okpuru ọchịchị ha.

127
00:11:39,899 --> 00:11:46,802
Anyị maara nke ọma na Louis XV enweghị ike ịnweta ọrịa
akpụkpọ n'afọ iri isii na anọ, n'ihi na ọ nwetara ya mgbe ọ ka

128
00:11:46,802 --> 00:11:51,103
bụ nwata, ma ọrịa akpụkpọ na-enye mgbochi ọrịa ruo ndụ niile.

129
00:11:51,103 --> 00:11:57,365
Louis XV lere onwe ya anya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri isii na anọ
wee sị, "Ọ bụrụ na amaghị m na m nwetara ọrịa akpụ

130
00:11:57,365 --> 00:12:01,976
akpụ mgbe m bụ nwata, aga m asị na m nwere ọrịa akpụ akpụ."

131
00:12:01,976 --> 00:12:06,356
Ọ nọghị ndụ. O ga-abụ na ọ bụ mgbochi ọrịa akpụkpọ nta.

132
00:12:06,356 --> 00:12:11,580
A na-eme Max III Joseph ebubo na ọ nyere
ndị ya iwu ka e tinye ha mgbochi ọrịa, ma ọ

133
00:12:11,580 --> 00:12:14,860
na-ajụ mgbe niile ka e tinye ya mgbochi ọrịa.

134
00:12:14,860 --> 00:12:22,020
Onye nwere ike ịtụ uche na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịnwụ n'ọrịa
smallpox mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ise ma nwee ahụike zuru oke.

135
00:12:22,020 --> 00:12:24,030
Ma e nwekwara ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.

136
00:12:24,030 --> 00:12:29,200
Emperọ Habsburg abụọ nọ na Vienna
nwụrụkwa n'ihi ọrịa akpụkpọ nta.

137
00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:33,523
E nwekwara ihe ole na ole ga-eme ka anyị
kwụsịtụrụ ntakịrị ka anyị chee echiche.

138
00:12:33,523 --> 00:12:40,103
Ndị eze nwụrụ bụ ndị nwere ndụ dị elu nke ukwuu.

139
00:12:40,103 --> 00:12:45,303
Ma n'eziokwu, ọrịa ọnyá bụ ọrịa nke ndị bi n'ógbè ogbenye.

140
00:12:45,303 --> 00:12:47,036
Kedu ka nke ahụ ga-esi mee?

141
00:12:47,036 --> 00:12:51,069
Ma ọ bụ mgbe niile ọrịa nwata.

142
00:12:51,069 --> 00:12:58,476
Gịnị mere ndị agadi ji nwee ike ịnweta ọrịa
akpụkpọ nta mgbe ahụ́ ha dị mma kpamkpam?

143
00:12:58,476 --> 00:13:02,363
Ọ dịghị ọtụtụ dọkịta ọzọ hụrụ ọrịa
akpụkpọ n'ime ndị okenye n'oge ahụ.

144
00:13:02,363 --> 00:13:09,176
Ma ihe kacha mkpa, onye ọ bụla maara
na ọrịa smallpox na-efe efe nke ukwuu.

145
00:13:09,176 --> 00:13:17,643
Ma ebe ndị ọchịchị na ndị eze ndị ọzọ nwụrụ, ọ
dịghịkwa ọrịa ọzọ ma ọ bụ ọnwụ ọzọ site na ọrịa akpụkpọ nta.

146
00:13:17,643 --> 00:13:23,096
Ha adịghị mgbasa ma o doro anya na
ha emeghị ka ndị ọzọ nweta ọrịa.

147
00:13:23,096 --> 00:13:26,050
Ma e nwere ihe ọzọ ha niile nwere.

148
00:13:26,050 --> 00:13:31,070
Ndị ọchịchị niile hụrụ Ụka dị ka onye iro ha.

149
00:13:31,070 --> 00:13:35,923
Ha chọrọ iwepụ Ụka n'ọnọdụ na-enweghị ịkwụ ụtụ isi.

150
00:13:35,923 --> 00:13:41,890
Nke ahụ emeghị mgbe ọ nwụsịrị.

151
00:13:41,890 --> 00:13:45,449
Ma enwerem otu onye àmà ọzọ maka ihe ndị a mere.

152
00:13:45,449 --> 00:13:50,950
Nke a bụ monk Abraham A. Santa Clara, onye biri n'oge ahụ.

153
00:13:50,950 --> 00:13:53,816
Aha ya n'eziokwu bụ Johann Ulrich Megerle.

154
00:13:53,816 --> 00:14:02,316
Ma ọbụna n'oge ahụ, ọ sịrị na ikike pụrụ iche nke ndị
ọchịchị Medi Corum bụ ikike igbu mmadụ n'enweghị ntaramahụhụ.

155
00:14:02,316 --> 00:14:10,590
Ya mere, James Bond abụghị onye mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme mmadụ
enyere ikike igbu mmadụ; n'eziokwu, dịka Mr

156
00:14:10,590 --> 00:14:20,603
Megerle si kwuo, ewebatara omume a n'eziokwu na
narị afọ nke iri na atọ mgbe e guzobere ọrụ ọgwụ.

157
00:14:20,603 --> 00:14:27,262
Maka ndị kwenyere na a na-eme ka nke a bụrụ ihe karịrị oke, n'ihi
na ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ apụghị ịdị njọ otú ahụ,

158
00:14:27,262 --> 00:14:32,960
ewerewo m okwu sitere na akwụkwọ Hervé Bovin
gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịgba mgbochi.

159
00:14:32,960 --> 00:14:38,176
Ọ bụ prọfesọ emeritus na Leuven.

160
00:14:38,176 --> 00:14:40,876
Ma ọ bụ onye na-akwado ịgba mgbochi ọrịa nke ukwuu.

161
00:14:40,876 --> 00:14:43,640
Jikọtara ya kwa na Ụlọ Ọrụ Pasteur.

162
00:14:43,640 --> 00:14:52,840
O dere na akwụkwọ ya nke 2011 na ịgba mgbochi ọrịa, dịka e
si eme ya na Europe n'etiti 1721 na mbido usoro Sutton, nke

163
00:14:52,840 --> 00:14:57,583
anyị ga-atụle n'oge na-adịghị anya, bụ ihe dị oke ize ndụ.

164
00:14:57,583 --> 00:15:03,890
Enweghị obi abụọ na ọ nọ n'ókè ihe a pụrụ ịnagide.

165
00:15:03,890 --> 00:15:14,450
Ya mere, ọ na-ekwukwa n'ụzọ zoro ezo nke ọma na ọgwụ
mgbochi ndị a nwekwara ike ịbụ ngwa agha igbu mmadụ.

166
00:15:14,450 --> 00:15:18,943
Ma ihe ndị a niile agaghị adị mkpa ma ọ
bụrụ na ndị mmadụ egeere nwoke a ntị.

167
00:15:18,943 --> 00:15:26,383
Daniel Sutton abụghị dọkịta mahadum, kama ọ bụ dọkịta ọkachamara
n'ọrụ ịkpụ ahụ. Ọ si n'ezinụlọ dọkịta ọkachamara n'ọrụ ịkpụ ahụ.

168
00:15:26,383 --> 00:15:33,960
Ọ mere ịtinye nje site na 1750 gaa n'ihu, ma jiri usoro ọhụrụ.

169
00:15:33,960 --> 00:15:36,943
Ma, n'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya, o nwetara ọtụtụ ego n'ime usoro ahụ.

170
00:15:36,943 --> 00:15:43,736
Ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi na-eri £10 maka ndị
obodo nkịtị na £25 maka ndị bara ọgaranya.

171
00:15:43,736 --> 00:15:47,570
Ọ na-eme ihe dị ka 500 ruo 1000 kwa ụbọchị.

172
00:15:47,570 --> 00:15:57,936
N'oge ahụ, ụlọ kwụsiri ike na-eri £500. Nke ahụ pụtara na
ọ nwetara ọtụtụ ụlọ kwụsiri ike n'otu ụbọchị n'ụzọ ahụ.

173
00:15:57,936 --> 00:16:08,810
Otú ọ dị, o nwetara nsọpụrụ n'ihi na ọ kwuru na
ngwụcha ndụ ya, "Anaghị m efu onye ọrịa ọbụla."

174
00:16:08,810 --> 00:16:15,103
Nke mbu, o kwụsịrị iji usoro ọgwụ ndị ọzọ nwere mmetụta ọjọọ. A
na-echefu nke a mgbe niile n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịgba mgbochi

175
00:16:15,103 --> 00:16:18,430
ọrịa, dịka a na-eleghara adjuvants dị n'ime mgbochi ọrịa anya.

176
00:16:18,430 --> 00:16:25,404
N'ihi na n'oge ahụ, mgbe ị nwetara mgbochi,
ọgwụ gọọmentị na-enyekwa gị adalas, antimony,

177
00:16:25,404 --> 00:16:29,950
mercury na ihe ndị ọzọ na-atọ ụtọ ma na-egbu egbu.

178
00:16:29,950 --> 00:16:31,843
Ọ nweghị ime ihe ọ bụla n'ime nke ahụ.

179
00:16:31,843 --> 00:16:38,963
Ọ nyere ya mgbochi ọrịa ma kwuo na ikuku ọhụrụ ka ọ dị mkpa.

180
00:16:38,963 --> 00:16:47,523
Ma o mere otu ihe karịrị ihe niile. Ma ọ bụrụ na ndị mmadụ egeela
ntị na Mr Sutton, ọdachi mgbọ mgbochi Covid agaghị eme kwa.

181
00:16:47,523 --> 00:16:50,476
Ọ mere nnwale dị mfe.

182
00:16:50,476 --> 00:16:56,716
Otu oge, ọ kpụrụ pus n'ime akpụkpọ
ahụ na-enweghị ime ka ọbara pụta.

183
00:16:56,716 --> 00:17:07,843
Otu oge ọ kụrụ akpụkpọ ahụ, tụrụ pus a n'ime abụba dị n'okpuru
akpụkpọ ahụ, wee tụrụ pus ahụ n'ime akwara ka o hụ ihe ga-eme.

184
00:17:07,843 --> 00:17:15,795
O chọpụtara na ihe a na-eme mgbe a na-etinye ọgwụ mgbochi bụ ọkpọ
mmiri n'elu akpụkpọ ahụ, ya bụ ụdị ọrịa akpụkpọ anụ nta na-adịghị

185
00:17:15,795 --> 00:17:19,696
emerụ ahụ nke na-apụta mgbe a na-etinye ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ.

186
00:17:19,696 --> 00:17:31,436
Nke a mere naanị mgbe ọ tinyere nje n'akpụkpọ ahụ, ọ
bụghị n'ime abụba dị n'okpuru akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ n'akwara.

187
00:17:31,436 --> 00:17:32,230
Gịnị mere?

188
00:17:32,230 --> 00:17:33,900
N'eziokwu, ọ doro anya nke ukwuu.

189
00:17:33,900 --> 00:17:37,896
N'ihi na usoro mgbochi ọrịa anyị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime akpụkpọ anụ.

190
00:17:37,896 --> 00:17:41,130
Ihe niile anyị tinye n'ime miri emi bụ ọdachi.

191
00:17:41,130 --> 00:17:47,910
Ọ dị mwute na ọgwụ agaghị achọpụta nke
a kemgbe oge Mr Sutton, ruo afọ 250.

192
00:17:47,910 --> 00:17:58,356
Ọ dị mwute na ọrụ ya "The Inoculator" e bipụtaghị
ya ruo 1796, mgbe mgbochi ọrịa Jenner amalitela.

193
00:17:58,356 --> 00:18:06,920
Ma ihe Sutton kụziri anyị bụ na usoro mgbochi ọrịa
anyị, ma ịchọrọ ịkụziri ya n'ụzọ ọ bụla site n'ịgba mgbochi,

194
00:18:06,920 --> 00:18:11,650
na-arụ ọrụ naanị site na akpụkpọ anụ na akpụkpọ mmiri.

195
00:18:11,650 --> 00:18:19,516
Nke a bụ usoro mmepe. Otú ọ dị, nke a anaghị
eme mgbe e tinyere ihe n'ime anụ ahụ miri emi.

196
00:18:19,516 --> 00:18:29,210
Naanị akpụkpọ ahụ, imi, olu, iku ume na usoro
afọ nwere ike imetụta ncheta usoro mgbochi ọrịa.

197
00:18:29,210 --> 00:18:34,656
Ihe ọ bụla ọzọ bụ ime ahụ ike nke nwere ike ibute mmerụ ahụ.

198
00:18:34,656 --> 00:18:37,820
Nke ahụ ga-abụ mmalite ịga nke ọma Sutton.

199
00:18:37,820 --> 00:18:39,823
Ma Mista Jenner bịarutere.

200
00:18:39,823 --> 00:18:47,987
Ma Mista Jenner kwenyere, ọ bụghị dịka onye mbụ, kama ya na ndị
dọkịta ndị ọzọ tupu ya, na ọrịa pox ehi na-adịghị emerụ ahụ, nke

201
00:18:47,987 --> 00:18:52,263
mere ka ndị na-azụ mmiri ara ehi ghara inwe akara pox nta ọ bụla,

202
00:18:52,263 --> 00:19:01,510
ma ka nwere akpụkpọ ọcha mara mma, nwere ike ịbụ ezigbo onye
dochie pus ọrịa akpụkpọ nwa mmadụ mgbe eji ya maka ịgba mgbochi.

203
00:19:01,510 --> 00:19:08,298
Ma ndị na-azụ mmiri ara ehi n'eziokwu nọrọ ahụ ike ma nwee
akpụkpọ mara mma n'ihi na ha na-aṅụ mmiri ara ehi ehi ọhụrụ, a

204
00:19:08,298 --> 00:19:11,813
naghị pasteurize ya. Ọ nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na ọrịa pox ehi.

205
00:19:11,813 --> 00:19:14,980
Gịnị mere? N'ihi na ha dị oke ụkọ.

206
00:19:14,980 --> 00:19:23,590
Jenner onwe ya enweghị inye ihe akaebe ọ bụla gbasara
irè mgbochi ọrịa ya, ma o mere nnwale na-ezighị ezi.

207
00:19:23,590 --> 00:19:29,617
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ tinyere nwa nwoke onye
na-azụ ubi ya mgbochi cowpox a ma kpọọ nwa ahụ

208
00:19:29,617 --> 00:19:34,263
n'ime smallpox iji hụ ma ihe ọ bụla ga-eme.

209
00:19:34,263 --> 00:19:41,620
Ọ naghị atụ uche ịgba nwa ya nwoke ọgwụ
mgbochi. Ị na-adịghịkarị agụ banyere nke ahụ kwa.

210
00:19:41,620 --> 00:19:46,490
Nwa ya nwoke nwere nkwarụ uche mgbe e nyerela ya
mgbochi a, o nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu.

211
00:19:46,490 --> 00:19:49,583
Nke a bụ Jenner, dike mgbochi ọrịa.

212
00:19:49,583 --> 00:19:58,323
Ma afọ ole na ole gara aga, a nyochakwara
ọkpọkọ ochie ndị Mista Jenner zitere n'oge ahụ.

213
00:19:58,323 --> 00:20:01,163
Ọ nweghị ọrịa pox ehi n'ime ya n'ụzọ ọ bụla.

214
00:20:01,163 --> 00:20:08,362
E nwere ọrịa pox nke ịnyịnya n'ime ya, ma ọ
bụ ikekwe naanị ihe kpụchara, ihe e zigara

215
00:20:08,362 --> 00:20:13,576
n'ụwa niile, ihe n'ezie agaghị enwe uru ọ bụla.

216
00:20:13,576 --> 00:20:20,624
Na obere ọnụọgụ dị, na England mgbe Jenner
webatara ya, na-egosi gị ebe a n'akụkụ ekpe, ndị

217
00:20:20,624 --> 00:20:24,416
a bụ ọnwụ n'ihi ọrịa akpụkpọ nta na England.

218
00:20:24,416 --> 00:20:28,216
Anyị enweela ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi iwu kemgbe 1853.

219
00:20:28,216 --> 00:20:36,130
14,000, 20,000, wee nwee ọrịa mgbasa nke
butere ọnwụ mmadụ 44,000 n'ihi ọrịa akpụkpọ nta.

220
00:20:36,130 --> 00:20:44,010
Ndị mmadụ malitere ịmata nwayọ nwayọ na ọgwụ
mgbochi ahụ n'eziokwu kpatara ọnwụ site na ọrịa smallpox.

221
00:20:44,010 --> 00:20:50,836
Mgbe ahụ, e nwere otu obodo mere nnwale ahụ, ka e si
kwuo. Ị nwere ike ịhụ ya ebe a. Ọ bụ obodo Leicester.

222
00:20:50,836 --> 00:20:52,036
Aga m alaghachi ọzọ.

223
00:20:52,036 --> 00:21:02,600
Obodo Leicester kwupụtara site n'aka ọgbakọ obodo na a
gaghịzi etinye iwu ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi n'ime ókèala obodo ahụ.

224
00:21:07,630 --> 00:21:10,930
A naghịzi eme ka a gboo ọgwụ mgbochi n'ike.

225
00:21:10,930 --> 00:21:18,651
Ma n'oge ahụ, obodo Leicester nwere ọnụọgụ ikpe ọrịa ọnya ihu
kacha nta na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ọrịa ọnya ihu kacha nta ma e jiri

226
00:21:18,651 --> 00:21:23,070
ya tụnyere obodo ndị ọzọ ebe a na-eme ka a gbaa mgbochi ọrịa.

227
00:21:23,070 --> 00:21:27,883
Nke a pụtara ìhè n'ime mmepe ndị sochiri na
ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite narị afọ nke 20.

228
00:21:27,883 --> 00:21:37,270
N'ebe a ị nwere ike ịhụ ọnụọgụ ọnwụ n'ihi ọrịa
akpịrịkpa na ọnwụ kpatara mgbochi ọrịa akpịrịkpa.

229
00:21:37,270 --> 00:21:41,296
Ụdị mgbago ahụ na-egosi ọnụọgụ ndị dị elu otu.

230
00:21:41,296 --> 00:21:50,256
Nke a pụtara na ọbụna ndị na-akwado ịgba mgbochi
ọrịa nke ukwuu enweghị ike ikwu na ọ na-ebelata ọnwụ.

231
00:21:50,256 --> 00:21:54,510
Ma ọ bụghị naanị ọnwụ; e nwekwara nkwarụ siri ike.

232
00:21:54,510 --> 00:21:58,256
Meningitis apụtaala mgbe e mere mgbanwe na mgbochi ọrịa smallpox.

233
00:21:58,256 --> 00:22:06,410
Ma n'afọ 1924, otu ọkachamara sayensị ọrịa nọ na Prague guzobere
njikọ doro anya maka oge mbụ n'oge nyocha ahụ nwụrụ anwụ.

234
00:22:06,410 --> 00:22:13,122
Ị nwere ike ịhụ ogologo oge ọ na-ewe. Ya mere, ọ bụ afọ
125. Afọ iri abụọ na ise gachara ewebatara mgbochi ọrịa.

235
00:22:13,122 --> 00:22:17,676
Mgbe mbụ, a chọpụtara na ihe niile ahụ na-akpata meningitis.

236
00:22:17,676 --> 00:22:19,810
Ọ bụ ezie na, n'ezie, nke a emeela tupu.

237
00:22:19,810 --> 00:22:31,236
Ma o were ndụ mmadụ ọzọ, ya bụ otu ọgbọ, afọ iri atọ, ka
a mata mmebi ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ na Karlsruhe n'afọ 1953.

238
00:22:31,236 --> 00:22:38,895
Ruo mgbe ahụ, e nweghị akụkọ gọọmentị ọ bụla gbasara mmebi
ọgwụ mgbochi, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eme mgbochi ọrịa kemgbe afọ 250.

239
00:22:38,895 --> 00:22:47,743
Na Federal Republic of Germany, ọ bụ ezie na enweghịzi ikpe ọrịa
smallpox ọzọ, e nwere ikpe asaa kwadoro nke smallpox n'etiti 1949

240
00:22:47,743 --> 00:22:54,073
na 1979, ọnwụ 360 metụtara mgbochi ọrịa nke RKI
na Paul Ehrlich Institute kwetara, na opekata

241
00:22:54,073 --> 00:22:57,520
mpe ikpe 984 nke mmebi ahụ na-adịgide adịgide.

242
00:22:57,520 --> 00:23:03,557
Ya mere, a kwupụtara na a kpochapụrụ ọrịa
smallpox n'afọ 1979, n'ihi na ọ bụ naanị mgbe ahụ ka

243
00:23:03,557 --> 00:23:07,503
e nwere ike ịkwụsị nwayọ nwayọ ịgba mgbochi ya.

244
00:23:07,503 --> 00:23:10,300
Ma ọ bụghị ya, a ga-emerịrị ka a
na-aga n'ihu ịgba mgbochi ọrịa akpụkpọ nta.

245
00:23:10,300 --> 00:23:12,560
Ma nke ahụ adịghị ekwe omume.

246
00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:20,603
Ma achọrọ m imechi okwu m site n'okwu sitere
n'aka dọkịta Amerịka, onye na-akwado ịgba mgbochi

247
00:23:20,603 --> 00:23:25,116
ọrịa, bụbu onye isi ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa n'Agha US.

248
00:23:25,116 --> 00:23:34,964
N'afọ 1940, mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 250 nke akụkọ
mgbochi ọrịa gasịrị, ọ sịrị na ajụjụ niile gbasara mgbochi ọrịa,

249
00:23:34,964 --> 00:23:41,063
ma nke na-arụ ọrụ ma nke na-enweghị arụ ọrụ, ka nọ n'ọkwa nnwale.

250
00:23:41,063 --> 00:23:46,190
Ugbu a anyị ahụla ọzọ otú ihe niile siri bụrụ n'ọkwa nnwale.

251
00:23:46,190 --> 00:23:56,288
Ma ọ bụrụ na nke ahụ ka dị otu a mgbe oge a gachara, mmadụ nwere
ike ịjụ n'eziokwu naanị ihe kpatara mgbochi ọrịa ka bụ nsogbu.