WEBVTT

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Akwụkwọ mmụta ụlọ akwụkwọ na-agwa anyị otú e si
merie ọrịa akpịrịkpa nke mbụ, soro otu ọrịa mgbe nke ọzọ

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gasịrị, ekele maka mgbochi ọrịa dị nchebe ma dị irè.

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Ma nke a bụ eziokwu n'eziokwu?

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Ajụjụ a na-enyocha ya site n'aka onye nkuzi
mahadum, Dọkịta Gerd Reuther, onye na-ahụ maka

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redio na onye ọkà mmụta akụkọ ihe mere eme ọgwụ.

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Dr Reuther amarawo ogologo oge maka ikpesa ya banyere ọgwụgwọ nke
ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ na-achịkwa, nke o gosipụtakwara

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na akwụkwọ kacha ere ahịa ya na Spiegel,
"Der betrogene Patient" (Onye Ọrịa A Gbaghị).

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N'okwu nkuzi ya, Dọkịta Gerd Reuter ji ihe atụ nke ịgba mgbochi
ọrịa smallpox na isi mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme ọgwụ gosipụta

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mmetụta ịgba mgbochi ọrịa smallpox iwu kpatara n'ọha mmadụ.

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Dị ka Dr Reuther si kwuo, ọrịa smallpox bụ ọrịa na-adịghị
emerụ ahụ, ma ịgba mgbochi megide ya butere ọnwụ puku iri.

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Site na mgbochi ahụ, ka e si kwuo, ọnwụ ọrịa smallpox bịarutere.

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Dị ka Dr Reuther si kwuo, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịgba mgbochi
ọrịa n'afọ 300 nwere ike ịtụnyere ya na mpụ otu megide ahụike.

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Nụ onwe gị ihe Dọkịta Reuter kwuru gbasara
ịgba mgbochi, karịsịa mgbochi ọrịa smallpox.

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E nyere okwu nkuzi ahụ dịka akụkụ nke symposium
MWGFD gbasara isiokwu "Nkwenye ọgwụ mgbochi, aro ịgba

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mgbochi, ịgba mgbochi iwu – ọ̀ zuru oke data ahụ?"

01:22.624 --> 01:28.360
Dr Ronald Weikl: Biko nwee ọṅụ. Jikọọ m ugbu a maka ihe ngosi a
ga-atọ ụtọ nke ukwuu site n'aka onye ọrụ ibe

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anyị a na-asọpụrụ, Dr Gerd Reuther, nke akpọrọ
'Ịgba mgbochi ọrịa – akụkọ ihe ịga nke ọma?'.

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Dr Gerd Reuther: Ee, René nwanna m,
daalụ nke ukwuu, ndị ọbịa nwanna m.

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Ịgba mgbochi Covid-19, nke abụghị
mgbochi ọrịa, abụghị mpụ ahụike mbụ n'ọgwụ.

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N'eziokwu, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke afọ 300 nke
ịgba mgbochi ọrịa bụ nnukwu mpụ ahụike, mana n'ihi

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oke oge, aga m ekwu maka otu mgbochi ọrịa naanị.

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Otú ọ dị, nke ahụ bụ afọ 200 nke akụkọ ihe mere
eme gbasara ịgba mgbochi, n'ihi na afọ 200 mbụ

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e ji kpamkpam maka ịgba mgbochi ọrịa smallpox.

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Ma mmemme ịgba mgbochi ọrịa akpịrịkpọ a mere n'ụzọ
ziri ezi otu ahụ dịka mmemme Covid-19 nke ugbu a.

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Ọ bụ maka ime ka mmadụ mee ihe n'ike, maka ntaramahụhụ,
maka nnukwu ego, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ọbụna karịa ego dị taa.

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Ma ọ bụ maka ime ihe na-enweghị ihe àmà.

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A kpuchiela mmebi ahụ.

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Ụfọdụ nwere ike ịsị, ò nwere ike
ịtụnyere smallpox na Covid n'eziokwu?

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Covid, ọ bụ naanị oyi.

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Ma ọrịa ọnyá nta bụ ọrịa dị egwu n'eziokwu.

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Ewetara m otu foto a maka gị, nke ị ga-ahụ ugboro ugboro.

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Ọ na-atọ ụtọ na ị na-ahụ mgbe niile otu ihe
onyonyo nke ọrịa akpụkpọ nta n'ịntanetị na n'akwụkwọ.

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N'oge foto na fim, e nweghị ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa ọnya
ihu ka ị nwere ike na-eweta ndị ọhụrụ mgbe niile.

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Ma kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na iteghete, otu onye na-ese
katọn nwere obi ike igosi na ọrịa akpịrịkpọ anaghị abụ n'ezie

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ọrịa dị njọ otú ahụ, ma ọ bụghịkwa na ọ ga-adị njọ karịa Covid.

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Ọ bụ naanị na ha na-ele anya njọ.

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Ya mere, o jiri nnwere onwe ya mee ihe ebe a, dị ka
aghụghọ ahịa, ka a sị, maka ndị dọkịta na-anya ehi na

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ịnyịnya ínyịnya ebe a, na dị ka ihe na-akpali, ka a sị, iji

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Ịgba mgbochi na-eburu nymph kpuchiri ọrịa
akpụkpọ nta, nke e mere iji tụọ ndị mmadụ ụjọ.

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Ma ị nwere ike ịhụ ihe ụmụaka na-eme n'akụkụ aka nri.

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Ụmụaka na-agba ọsọ.

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Ma ịchọrọ ọnọdụ ụjọ a, dịka ozu ndị
ga-anọ n'akụkụ ụzọ ọ bụla n'ihi Covid.

03:47.696 --> 03:52.816
Ya mere, ha gosiri nwata nwanyị a jupụtara na akara ebe a.

03:52.816 --> 03:57.103
Ma ụjọ na-adị mgbe niile bụrụ akụkụ etiti nke azụmahịa.

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Ma nke ahụ adịghịkwa kwekọrọ maka ọrịa akpụkpọ nta.

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Gịnị kpatara ya? A maara na ọrịa smallpox dị kemgbe
opekata mpe puku afọ, o yikarịrị ka ọ dị kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ.

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Ha nọkwa n'ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, ma dị ka ọrịa nwata
na-adịghị emerụ ahụ nke a na-ekwughị okwu ọbụla.

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Ma ebe a, ewetara m ụfọdụ ọnụọgụgụ si England.

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Dị ka ị pụrụ ịhụ, ihe niile malitere ihe dị ka afọ 1630.

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Nke a bụ ikpe mbụ e dere akwụkwọ banyere onye
okenye nke o yikarịrị ka ọ nwere ọrịa akpụkpọ nta.

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Ruo mgbe ahụ, e nwere naanị ihe ịtụnanya a na-ajụ ajụjụ
gbasara na onye toro eto nwere ike inweta ọrịa akpụkpọ nta.

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Nke ahụ malitere naanị na ọkara
nke abụọ nke narị afọ iri na asaa.

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Ma karịsịa, ọdachi ọrịa akpụkpọ nwa mere na narị afọ
nke iri na asatọ, mgbe a nwere mgbochi ọrịa kemgbe.

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N'ihi na tupu nke ahụ, ọ bụrụ na ị leba anya ọzọ, ọnwụ site
na ọrịa akpụkpọ nta na London kwa afọ adịghị karịrị narị.

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Ọtụtụ ndị biri n'ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ dị oke njọ.

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Ma ọ bụghị ruo narị afọ nke iri na asatọ ka e
nwere ọtụtụ narị puku ọnwụ n'ihi ọrịa ọnyá.

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Ka anyị chee maka Covid.

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Ụmụ mmadụ anwụghị n'afọ 2020, ma ọ bụ
naanị mgbe a malitere ịgba mgbochi ọrịa.

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Ma lee, eleghị anya, nke a bụ ihe ngosi mbụ.

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Ò nwere ike ịbụ na nke a metụtara mmepe mmekọrịta ọha ndị ọzọ?

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Ee, ọrịa smallpox ghọrọ nnukwu ọdachi na Europe naanị mgbe
Counter-Reformation malitere ijide mgbe Agha Afọ Iri Atọ gachara.

05:34.336 --> 05:40.700
Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ka na-ekwu, a na-edekọ ya ugboro
ugboro n'ịrụsi ọrụ ike, na itinye ọbara ọjọọ si

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n'ahụ ndị ọrịa ọnya nta bụ omenala ọgwụ ọdịnala ochie.

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Ndị China, ndị India na ndị Afrịka emeela nke a,
ya mere ịgba mgbochi ọrịa bụ ihe kacha eke n'ụwa.

05:52.250 --> 05:55.563
Ọ bụrụ na ị leba anya na eziokwu,
nke ahụ abụghị eziokwu n'ụzọ ọ bụla.

05:55.563 --> 06:04.383
Enweghị akwụkwọ ọ bụla tupu afọ 1700 nke
na-egosi na e kụrụ pus n'akpụkpọ ahụ mmadụ ọzọ.

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E debere ndekọ mbụ banyere ịtinye nje ọrịa ihe dị ka afọ
1700 site n'aka ndị amụma Gris abụọ nọ na Constantinople.

06:12.500 --> 06:16.900
Ozugbo e mesịrị, ọrịa ọkụkọkụkọ malitere kwa n'ebe ahụ.

06:16.900 --> 06:21.980
Ma n'afọ 1713 ka dọkịta Gris kọrọ
akụkọ mbụ gbasara ịgba mgbochi dị otú ahụ.

06:21.980 --> 06:26.080
Ma ọ bụghị omenala ọgwụ ọdịnala ndị agadi.

06:26.080 --> 06:35.004
Ọ bụkwa akụkọ ụgha nke oge ochie gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme
nke ọrịa ntupu na-asị na nwanyị a, Lady Wortley Montagu, bụ

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onye kacha kpọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi bara uru megide ọrịa ntupu.

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O hụrụ nke a na Constantinople, wee bụrụ onye na-akwado ịgba
mgbochi ọrịa na Europe ọdịda anyanwụ site na 1721 ruo n'ihu.

06:47.276 --> 06:50.730
Ma ọ na-adịkarị n'etiti ndị nọ n'ọkwa elu.

06:50.730 --> 06:56.930
Ma ọbụna n'oge ahụ, ndị nwere ahụ
ike nwụrụ n'ihi mgbọ ọrịa ndị a.

06:56.930 --> 07:00.530
Karịsịa n'ime ìgwè ndị ama ama na-edu ndú.

07:00.530 --> 07:07.116
Ọ bụ ezie na ọbụna n'etiti ndị na-akwado ịgba
mgbochi, a na-ekweta na ọnụego ọnwụ dịkarịa ala pasent 2.

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Ọ dịghị onye maara etu o siri dị elu n'eziokwu.

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Ma ị nwere ike wepụ Mrs Wortley Montagu n'akụkọ
ahụ n'eziokwu, n'ihi na ọ nweghị ọrụ ọ bụla ọ rụrụ.

07:17.300 --> 07:26.696
Afọ iri gachara mgbe ọ malitere ịkwalite ịgba
mgbochi, e gbaala mgbochi naanị mmadụ puku otu na England.

07:26.696 --> 07:32.900
Ihe kacha mkpa bụ Abbe Conti ụfọdụ, gbasara
ya ị mụtara obere ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.

07:32.900 --> 07:38.303
Onye Jesuit nke kwadoro ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ndị a nke ukwuu.

07:38.303 --> 07:44.630
Ma ihe kpatara ka ịgba mgbochi ọrịa ji nwetaghachi ume
n'agbanyeghị bụ n'ihi na e nwere ọtụtụ ego metụtara ya.

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Lee ihe atụ.

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E kpọrọ dọkịta Bekee ka ọ bịa nye Tsarina
Catherine the Great nke Russia na ụmụ ya mgbochi ọrịa.

07:55.063 --> 08:05.510
Ma maka ọrụ a, nke were, ka anyị sị, nkeji ise, ọ natara
ụgwọ £10,000. N'ego taa, nke ahụ bụ ihe dị ka euro otu nde.

08:05.510 --> 08:10.323
Penshọn ndụ niile nke £500 kwa afọ na aha Baron.

08:10.323 --> 08:14.863
Ya na ụmụ ya nwetara nkwado maka ndụ ha niile.

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Taa, e nwere Porsche ndị e nyerela
mgbochi ole na ole n'ụlọ nkwakọba ụgbọala.

08:20.863 --> 08:27.920
N'afọ 1721, ntinye ọrịa a
na-amaghị ama nke ọbara ọrịa akpụkpọ n'ime

08:27.920 --> 08:29.676
Tụfuru n'ime ọdọ mmiri.

08:29.676 --> 08:35.250
A na-ekwu na e butere ikpe ọrịa smallpox
n'ime United States site n'ụgbọ mmiri.

08:35.250 --> 08:42.320
Onye ụkọchukwu na dọkịta wee kpọrọ nkụ na ọ dị
mkpa ichebe ndị bi na ya site n'ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi.

08:42.320 --> 08:48.330
Nnyocha a, nke ha mere n'oge ahụ, a
na-ewerekwa ya dị ka ọnụọgụgụ ahụike mbụ.

08:48.330 --> 08:55.424
Ọnụego ọnwụ nke ọrịa smallpox ga-ebelata site na
pasent 15 ruo pasent 2.5. Ọ bụ ihe ịga nke ọma.

08:55.424 --> 09:01.885
Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị mmadụ na-eleghara anya bụ na
nke a abụghị ọmụmụ ziri ezi e mere site n'aka Mr.

09:01.885 --> 09:05.363
Cotton Mather, onye Puritan jupụtara n'okwukwe.

09:05.363 --> 09:09.960
Ụmụ ìgwè ahụ adịghị atụnyere n'ụzọ ọ
bụla. Enweghị nkesa ahọpụtara n'ụzọ ọ bụla.

09:09.960 --> 09:15.760
Ndị e nyerela mgbochi na ndị enyebeghị
mgbochi doro anya na ha bụ ìgwè dị iche iche.

09:15.760 --> 09:22.801
Ma ihe ịga nke ọma ahụ ga-abụkwa nke oke, n'ihi na Mr Cotton
Mather ga-ezo n'ụlọ ya maka ụbọchị iri na anọ

09:22.801 --> 09:29.663
n'oge mgbasa ọgwụ mgbochi a, n'ihi na nwunye ya tụrụ
egwu na a ga-egbu ya n'ọha ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị.

09:29.663 --> 09:34.776
Ya mere, o doro anya na e nwere ihe
mberede ahụike dị oke njọ na ọnwụ.

09:34.776 --> 09:40.080
Mr. Cotton Mather mere ikpe anwansi n'ebe ahụ kwa, n'ụzọ.

09:40.080 --> 09:44.880
Ee. Ma ihe adịghịkwa mma na Europe n'ihe gbasara ihe ịga nke ọma.

09:44.880 --> 09:50.476
Ọ bụrụ na ị lelee ebe a, ndị a bụ ọnụọgụ sitere na
Copenhagen na-egosi ọnụego ọnwụ kwa afọ nke ọrịa smallpox.

09:50.476 --> 09:57.216
Nke a ka e depụtara ebe e meghere ụlọ
ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ma mechie ya ọzọ.

09:57.216 --> 10:01.543
Ị nweghị ike ịhụ ihe ọ bụla n'ime
ọnụọgụgụ ga-egosi na ihe ọ bụla agbanweela.

10:01.543 --> 10:03.416
Nke a bụ ihe niile gbasara ihe ịga nke ọma.

10:03.416 --> 10:10.316
Ma ọ bụrụ na ị banyeghị na Copenhagen na ebe
ndị ọzọ, o yikarịrị ka ọ naghị eme na Boston kwa.

10:10.316 --> 10:19.830
Ihe ọzọ a na-adịghị ekwu na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ọgwụ
bụ na n'afọ 1729, afọ asatọ ka Lady Wadley Montagu kwalitere

10:19.830 --> 10:24.596
usoro ahụ dum, Ụlọ omeiwu Britain ekwụsịrị ịgba mgbochi ọrịa.

10:24.596 --> 10:30.860
Ma ọ bụghị ruo mgbe gafere afọ 1743 ka e mere ha ọzọ.

10:30.860 --> 10:39.257
Ma dọkịta onwe Maria Theresa dị na Vienna kwuru
okwu amamihe n'oge ahụ na ndị aristọkrat na ndị

10:39.257 --> 10:44.256
bara ọgaranya na-anwụkarị n'ihi ọrịa akpịrịkpa.

10:44.256 --> 10:48.600
Koloni a na-adịghị agwọgwọ na-adị ndụ na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ.

10:48.600 --> 10:53.220
Nke a na-egosikwa na ọrịa akpụkpọ anụ adịghị njọ n'eziokwu.

10:53.220 --> 11:00.956
Ọ bụ naanị site n'ụdị ịgba mgbochi a ka
ọrịa akpụkpọ nta ghọrọ ọrịa dị ize ndụ.

11:00.956 --> 11:02.763
Ma nke ahụ emetụtala akụkọ ihe mere eme.

11:02.763 --> 11:06.590
Ọ bụghị ọrịa akpụkpọ nta, kama ọ bụ vaccinia.

11:06.590 --> 11:09.556
N'ebe a, aga m egosi gị ọnwụ abụọ pụtara ìhè.

11:09.556 --> 11:14.997
N'aka ekpe, Louis XV; n'aka nri, onye
ikpeazụ nke ezinụlọ Wittelsbach Bavaria.

11:14.997 --> 11:22.836
E mechiri ahịrị ya site n'ọnwụ a na-asị na ọ
nwụrụ site na ọrịa smallpox, Maximilian III Joseph.

11:22.836 --> 11:31.263
A na-ekwu na ha abụọ nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa akpụkpọ nta, otu n'ime ha
mgbe ọ dị afọ iri isii na anọ, nke ọzọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ise.

11:31.263 --> 11:36.210
Ihe ha abụọ nwere n'otu bụ na a hụrụ
ha n'anya nke ukwuu dịka ndị ọchịchị.

11:36.210 --> 11:39.899
Ndị mmadụ gara nke ọma n'okpuru ọchịchị ha.

11:39.899 --> 11:46.802
Anyị maara nke ọma na Louis XV enweghị ike ịnweta ọrịa
akpụkpọ n'afọ iri isii na anọ, n'ihi na ọ nwetara ya mgbe ọ ka

11:46.802 --> 11:51.103
bụ nwata, ma ọrịa akpụkpọ na-enye mgbochi ọrịa ruo ndụ niile.

11:51.103 --> 11:57.365
Louis XV lere onwe ya anya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri isii na anọ
wee sị, "Ọ bụrụ na amaghị m na m nwetara ọrịa akpụ

11:57.365 --> 12:01.976
akpụ mgbe m bụ nwata, aga m asị na m nwere ọrịa akpụ akpụ."

12:01.976 --> 12:06.356
Ọ nọghị ndụ. O ga-abụ na ọ bụ mgbochi ọrịa akpụkpọ nta.

12:06.356 --> 12:11.580
A na-eme Max III Joseph ebubo na ọ nyere
ndị ya iwu ka e tinye ha mgbochi ọrịa, ma ọ

12:11.580 --> 12:14.860
na-ajụ mgbe niile ka e tinye ya mgbochi ọrịa.

12:14.860 --> 12:22.020
Onye nwere ike ịtụ uche na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịnwụ n'ọrịa
smallpox mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ise ma nwee ahụike zuru oke.

12:22.020 --> 12:24.030
Ma e nwekwara ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.

12:24.030 --> 12:29.200
Emperọ Habsburg abụọ nọ na Vienna
nwụrụkwa n'ihi ọrịa akpụkpọ nta.

12:29.200 --> 12:33.523
E nwekwara ihe ole na ole ga-eme ka anyị
kwụsịtụrụ ntakịrị ka anyị chee echiche.

12:33.523 --> 12:40.103
Ndị eze nwụrụ bụ ndị nwere ndụ dị elu nke ukwuu.

12:40.103 --> 12:45.303
Ma n'eziokwu, ọrịa ọnyá bụ ọrịa nke ndị bi n'ógbè ogbenye.

12:45.303 --> 12:47.036
Kedu ka nke ahụ ga-esi mee?

12:47.036 --> 12:51.069
Ma ọ bụ mgbe niile ọrịa nwata.

12:51.069 --> 12:58.476
Gịnị mere ndị agadi ji nwee ike ịnweta ọrịa
akpụkpọ nta mgbe ahụ́ ha dị mma kpamkpam?

12:58.476 --> 13:02.363
Ọ dịghị ọtụtụ dọkịta ọzọ hụrụ ọrịa
akpụkpọ n'ime ndị okenye n'oge ahụ.

13:02.363 --> 13:09.176
Ma ihe kacha mkpa, onye ọ bụla maara
na ọrịa smallpox na-efe efe nke ukwuu.

13:09.176 --> 13:17.643
Ma ebe ndị ọchịchị na ndị eze ndị ọzọ nwụrụ, ọ
dịghịkwa ọrịa ọzọ ma ọ bụ ọnwụ ọzọ site na ọrịa akpụkpọ nta.

13:17.643 --> 13:23.096
Ha adịghị mgbasa ma o doro anya na
ha emeghị ka ndị ọzọ nweta ọrịa.

13:23.096 --> 13:26.050
Ma e nwere ihe ọzọ ha niile nwere.

13:26.050 --> 13:31.070
Ndị ọchịchị niile hụrụ Ụka dị ka onye iro ha.

13:31.070 --> 13:35.923
Ha chọrọ iwepụ Ụka n'ọnọdụ na-enweghị ịkwụ ụtụ isi.

13:35.923 --> 13:41.890
Nke ahụ emeghị mgbe ọ nwụsịrị.

13:41.890 --> 13:45.449
Ma enwerem otu onye àmà ọzọ maka ihe ndị a mere.

13:45.449 --> 13:50.950
Nke a bụ monk Abraham A. Santa Clara, onye biri n'oge ahụ.

13:50.950 --> 13:53.816
Aha ya n'eziokwu bụ Johann Ulrich Megerle.

13:53.816 --> 14:02.316
Ma ọbụna n'oge ahụ, ọ sịrị na ikike pụrụ iche nke ndị
ọchịchị Medi Corum bụ ikike igbu mmadụ n'enweghị ntaramahụhụ.

14:02.316 --> 14:10.590
Ya mere, James Bond abụghị onye mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme mmadụ
enyere ikike igbu mmadụ; n'eziokwu, dịka Mr

14:10.590 --> 14:20.603
Megerle si kwuo, ewebatara omume a n'eziokwu na
narị afọ nke iri na atọ mgbe e guzobere ọrụ ọgwụ.

14:20.603 --> 14:27.262
Maka ndị kwenyere na a na-eme ka nke a bụrụ ihe karịrị oke, n'ihi
na ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ apụghị ịdị njọ otú ahụ,

14:27.262 --> 14:32.960
ewerewo m okwu sitere na akwụkwọ Hervé Bovin
gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịgba mgbochi.

14:32.960 --> 14:38.176
Ọ bụ prọfesọ emeritus na Leuven.

14:38.176 --> 14:40.876
Ma ọ bụ onye na-akwado ịgba mgbochi ọrịa nke ukwuu.

14:40.876 --> 14:43.640
Jikọtara ya kwa na Ụlọ Ọrụ Pasteur.

14:43.640 --> 14:52.840
O dere na akwụkwọ ya nke 2011 na ịgba mgbochi ọrịa, dịka e
si eme ya na Europe n'etiti 1721 na mbido usoro Sutton, nke

14:52.840 --> 14:57.583
anyị ga-atụle n'oge na-adịghị anya, bụ ihe dị oke ize ndụ.

14:57.583 --> 15:03.890
Enweghị obi abụọ na ọ nọ n'ókè ihe a pụrụ ịnagide.

15:03.890 --> 15:14.450
Ya mere, ọ na-ekwukwa n'ụzọ zoro ezo nke ọma na ọgwụ
mgbochi ndị a nwekwara ike ịbụ ngwa agha igbu mmadụ.

15:14.450 --> 15:18.943
Ma ihe ndị a niile agaghị adị mkpa ma ọ
bụrụ na ndị mmadụ egeere nwoke a ntị.

15:18.943 --> 15:26.383
Daniel Sutton abụghị dọkịta mahadum, kama ọ bụ dọkịta ọkachamara
n'ọrụ ịkpụ ahụ. Ọ si n'ezinụlọ dọkịta ọkachamara n'ọrụ ịkpụ ahụ.

15:26.383 --> 15:33.960
Ọ mere ịtinye nje site na 1750 gaa n'ihu, ma jiri usoro ọhụrụ.

15:33.960 --> 15:36.943
Ma, n'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya, o nwetara ọtụtụ ego n'ime usoro ahụ.

15:36.943 --> 15:43.736
Ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi na-eri £10 maka ndị
obodo nkịtị na £25 maka ndị bara ọgaranya.

15:43.736 --> 15:47.570
Ọ na-eme ihe dị ka 500 ruo 1000 kwa ụbọchị.

15:47.570 --> 15:57.936
N'oge ahụ, ụlọ kwụsiri ike na-eri £500. Nke ahụ pụtara na
ọ nwetara ọtụtụ ụlọ kwụsiri ike n'otu ụbọchị n'ụzọ ahụ.

15:57.936 --> 16:08.810
Otú ọ dị, o nwetara nsọpụrụ n'ihi na ọ kwuru na
ngwụcha ndụ ya, "Anaghị m efu onye ọrịa ọbụla."

16:08.810 --> 16:15.103
Nke mbu, o kwụsịrị iji usoro ọgwụ ndị ọzọ nwere mmetụta ọjọọ. A
na-echefu nke a mgbe niile n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịgba mgbochi

16:15.103 --> 16:18.430
ọrịa, dịka a na-eleghara adjuvants dị n'ime mgbochi ọrịa anya.

16:18.430 --> 16:25.404
N'ihi na n'oge ahụ, mgbe ị nwetara mgbochi,
ọgwụ gọọmentị na-enyekwa gị adalas, antimony,

16:25.404 --> 16:29.950
mercury na ihe ndị ọzọ na-atọ ụtọ ma na-egbu egbu.

16:29.950 --> 16:31.843
Ọ nweghị ime ihe ọ bụla n'ime nke ahụ.

16:31.843 --> 16:38.963
Ọ nyere ya mgbochi ọrịa ma kwuo na ikuku ọhụrụ ka ọ dị mkpa.

16:38.963 --> 16:47.523
Ma o mere otu ihe karịrị ihe niile. Ma ọ bụrụ na ndị mmadụ egeela
ntị na Mr Sutton, ọdachi mgbọ mgbochi Covid agaghị eme kwa.

16:47.523 --> 16:50.476
Ọ mere nnwale dị mfe.

16:50.476 --> 16:56.716
Otu oge, ọ kpụrụ pus n'ime akpụkpọ
ahụ na-enweghị ime ka ọbara pụta.

16:56.716 --> 17:07.843
Otu oge ọ kụrụ akpụkpọ ahụ, tụrụ pus a n'ime abụba dị n'okpuru
akpụkpọ ahụ, wee tụrụ pus ahụ n'ime akwara ka o hụ ihe ga-eme.

17:07.843 --> 17:15.795
O chọpụtara na ihe a na-eme mgbe a na-etinye ọgwụ mgbochi bụ ọkpọ
mmiri n'elu akpụkpọ ahụ, ya bụ ụdị ọrịa akpụkpọ anụ nta na-adịghị

17:15.795 --> 17:19.696
emerụ ahụ nke na-apụta mgbe a na-etinye ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ.

17:19.696 --> 17:31.436
Nke a mere naanị mgbe ọ tinyere nje n'akpụkpọ ahụ, ọ
bụghị n'ime abụba dị n'okpuru akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ n'akwara.

17:31.436 --> 17:32.230
Gịnị mere?

17:32.230 --> 17:33.900
N'eziokwu, ọ doro anya nke ukwuu.

17:33.900 --> 17:37.896
N'ihi na usoro mgbochi ọrịa anyị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime akpụkpọ anụ.

17:37.896 --> 17:41.130
Ihe niile anyị tinye n'ime miri emi bụ ọdachi.

17:41.130 --> 17:47.910
Ọ dị mwute na ọgwụ agaghị achọpụta nke
a kemgbe oge Mr Sutton, ruo afọ 250.

17:47.910 --> 17:58.356
Ọ dị mwute na ọrụ ya "The Inoculator" e bipụtaghị
ya ruo 1796, mgbe mgbochi ọrịa Jenner amalitela.

17:58.356 --> 18:06.920
Ma ihe Sutton kụziri anyị bụ na usoro mgbochi ọrịa
anyị, ma ịchọrọ ịkụziri ya n'ụzọ ọ bụla site n'ịgba mgbochi,

18:06.920 --> 18:11.650
na-arụ ọrụ naanị site na akpụkpọ anụ na akpụkpọ mmiri.

18:11.650 --> 18:19.516
Nke a bụ usoro mmepe. Otú ọ dị, nke a anaghị
eme mgbe e tinyere ihe n'ime anụ ahụ miri emi.

18:19.516 --> 18:29.210
Naanị akpụkpọ ahụ, imi, olu, iku ume na usoro
afọ nwere ike imetụta ncheta usoro mgbochi ọrịa.

18:29.210 --> 18:34.656
Ihe ọ bụla ọzọ bụ ime ahụ ike nke nwere ike ibute mmerụ ahụ.

18:34.656 --> 18:37.820
Nke ahụ ga-abụ mmalite ịga nke ọma Sutton.

18:37.820 --> 18:39.823
Ma Mista Jenner bịarutere.

18:39.823 --> 18:47.987
Ma Mista Jenner kwenyere, ọ bụghị dịka onye mbụ, kama ya na ndị
dọkịta ndị ọzọ tupu ya, na ọrịa pox ehi na-adịghị emerụ ahụ, nke

18:47.987 --> 18:52.263
mere ka ndị na-azụ mmiri ara ehi ghara inwe akara pox nta ọ bụla,

18:52.263 --> 19:01.510
ma ka nwere akpụkpọ ọcha mara mma, nwere ike ịbụ ezigbo onye
dochie pus ọrịa akpụkpọ nwa mmadụ mgbe eji ya maka ịgba mgbochi.

19:01.510 --> 19:08.298
Ma ndị na-azụ mmiri ara ehi n'eziokwu nọrọ ahụ ike ma nwee
akpụkpọ mara mma n'ihi na ha na-aṅụ mmiri ara ehi ehi ọhụrụ, a

19:08.298 --> 19:11.813
naghị pasteurize ya. Ọ nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na ọrịa pox ehi.

19:11.813 --> 19:14.980
Gịnị mere? N'ihi na ha dị oke ụkọ.

19:14.980 --> 19:23.590
Jenner onwe ya enweghị inye ihe akaebe ọ bụla gbasara
irè mgbochi ọrịa ya, ma o mere nnwale na-ezighị ezi.

19:23.590 --> 19:29.617
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ tinyere nwa nwoke onye
na-azụ ubi ya mgbochi cowpox a ma kpọọ nwa ahụ

19:29.617 --> 19:34.263
n'ime smallpox iji hụ ma ihe ọ bụla ga-eme.

19:34.263 --> 19:41.620
Ọ naghị atụ uche ịgba nwa ya nwoke ọgwụ
mgbochi. Ị na-adịghịkarị agụ banyere nke ahụ kwa.

19:41.620 --> 19:46.490
Nwa ya nwoke nwere nkwarụ uche mgbe e nyerela ya
mgbochi a, o nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu.

19:46.490 --> 19:49.583
Nke a bụ Jenner, dike mgbochi ọrịa.

19:49.583 --> 19:58.323
Ma afọ ole na ole gara aga, a nyochakwara
ọkpọkọ ochie ndị Mista Jenner zitere n'oge ahụ.

19:58.323 --> 20:01.163
Ọ nweghị ọrịa pox ehi n'ime ya n'ụzọ ọ bụla.

20:01.163 --> 20:08.362
E nwere ọrịa pox nke ịnyịnya n'ime ya, ma ọ
bụ ikekwe naanị ihe kpụchara, ihe e zigara

20:08.362 --> 20:13.576
n'ụwa niile, ihe n'ezie agaghị enwe uru ọ bụla.

20:13.576 --> 20:20.624
Na obere ọnụọgụ dị, na England mgbe Jenner
webatara ya, na-egosi gị ebe a n'akụkụ ekpe, ndị

20:20.624 --> 20:24.416
a bụ ọnwụ n'ihi ọrịa akpụkpọ nta na England.

20:24.416 --> 20:28.216
Anyị enweela ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi iwu kemgbe 1853.

20:28.216 --> 20:36.130
14,000, 20,000, wee nwee ọrịa mgbasa nke
butere ọnwụ mmadụ 44,000 n'ihi ọrịa akpụkpọ nta.

20:36.130 --> 20:44.010
Ndị mmadụ malitere ịmata nwayọ nwayọ na ọgwụ
mgbochi ahụ n'eziokwu kpatara ọnwụ site na ọrịa smallpox.

20:44.010 --> 20:50.836
Mgbe ahụ, e nwere otu obodo mere nnwale ahụ, ka e si
kwuo. Ị nwere ike ịhụ ya ebe a. Ọ bụ obodo Leicester.

20:50.836 --> 20:52.036
Aga m alaghachi ọzọ.

20:52.036 --> 21:02.600
Obodo Leicester kwupụtara site n'aka ọgbakọ obodo na a
gaghịzi etinye iwu ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi n'ime ókèala obodo ahụ.

21:07.630 --> 21:10.930
A naghịzi eme ka a gboo ọgwụ mgbochi n'ike.

21:10.930 --> 21:18.651
Ma n'oge ahụ, obodo Leicester nwere ọnụọgụ ikpe ọrịa ọnya ihu
kacha nta na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ọrịa ọnya ihu kacha nta ma e jiri

21:18.651 --> 21:23.070
ya tụnyere obodo ndị ọzọ ebe a na-eme ka a gbaa mgbochi ọrịa.

21:23.070 --> 21:27.883
Nke a pụtara ìhè n'ime mmepe ndị sochiri na
ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite narị afọ nke 20.

21:27.883 --> 21:37.270
N'ebe a ị nwere ike ịhụ ọnụọgụ ọnwụ n'ihi ọrịa
akpịrịkpa na ọnwụ kpatara mgbochi ọrịa akpịrịkpa.

21:37.270 --> 21:41.296
Ụdị mgbago ahụ na-egosi ọnụọgụ ndị dị elu otu.

21:41.296 --> 21:50.256
Nke a pụtara na ọbụna ndị na-akwado ịgba mgbochi
ọrịa nke ukwuu enweghị ike ikwu na ọ na-ebelata ọnwụ.

21:50.256 --> 21:54.510
Ma ọ bụghị naanị ọnwụ; e nwekwara nkwarụ siri ike.

21:54.510 --> 21:58.256
Meningitis apụtaala mgbe e mere mgbanwe na mgbochi ọrịa smallpox.

21:58.256 --> 22:06.410
Ma n'afọ 1924, otu ọkachamara sayensị ọrịa nọ na Prague guzobere
njikọ doro anya maka oge mbụ n'oge nyocha ahụ nwụrụ anwụ.

22:06.410 --> 22:13.122
Ị nwere ike ịhụ ogologo oge ọ na-ewe. Ya mere, ọ bụ afọ
125. Afọ iri abụọ na ise gachara ewebatara mgbochi ọrịa.

22:13.122 --> 22:17.676
Mgbe mbụ, a chọpụtara na ihe niile ahụ na-akpata meningitis.

22:17.676 --> 22:19.810
Ọ bụ ezie na, n'ezie, nke a emeela tupu.

22:19.810 --> 22:31.236
Ma o were ndụ mmadụ ọzọ, ya bụ otu ọgbọ, afọ iri atọ, ka
a mata mmebi ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ na Karlsruhe n'afọ 1953.

22:31.236 --> 22:38.895
Ruo mgbe ahụ, e nweghị akụkọ gọọmentị ọ bụla gbasara mmebi
ọgwụ mgbochi, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eme mgbochi ọrịa kemgbe afọ 250.

22:38.895 --> 22:47.743
Na Federal Republic of Germany, ọ bụ ezie na enweghịzi ikpe ọrịa
smallpox ọzọ, e nwere ikpe asaa kwadoro nke smallpox n'etiti 1949

22:47.743 --> 22:54.073
na 1979, ọnwụ 360 metụtara mgbochi ọrịa nke RKI
na Paul Ehrlich Institute kwetara, na opekata

22:54.073 --> 22:57.520
mpe ikpe 984 nke mmebi ahụ na-adịgide adịgide.

22:57.520 --> 23:03.557
Ya mere, a kwupụtara na a kpochapụrụ ọrịa
smallpox n'afọ 1979, n'ihi na ọ bụ naanị mgbe ahụ ka

23:03.557 --> 23:07.503
e nwere ike ịkwụsị nwayọ nwayọ ịgba mgbochi ya.

23:07.503 --> 23:10.300
Ma ọ bụghị ya, a ga-emerịrị ka a
na-aga n'ihu ịgba mgbochi ọrịa akpụkpọ nta.

23:10.300 --> 23:12.560
Ma nke ahụ adịghị ekwe omume.

23:12.560 --> 23:20.603
Ma achọrọ m imechi okwu m site n'okwu sitere
n'aka dọkịta Amerịka, onye na-akwado ịgba mgbochi

23:20.603 --> 23:25.116
ọrịa, bụbu onye isi ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa n'Agha US.

23:25.116 --> 23:34.964
N'afọ 1940, mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 250 nke akụkọ
mgbochi ọrịa gasịrị, ọ sịrị na ajụjụ niile gbasara mgbochi ọrịa,

23:34.964 --> 23:41.063
ma nke na-arụ ọrụ ma nke na-enweghị arụ ọrụ, ka nọ n'ọkwa nnwale.

23:41.063 --> 23:46.190
Ugbu a anyị ahụla ọzọ otú ihe niile siri bụrụ n'ọkwa nnwale.

23:46.190 --> 23:56.288
Ma ọ bụrụ na nke ahụ ka dị otu a mgbe oge a gachara, mmadụ nwere
ike ịjụ n'eziokwu naanị ihe kpatara mgbochi ọrịa ka bụ nsogbu.