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Libuka tsa sekolo li re bolella kamoo bolwetse ba matetetso bo
ileng ba hlōlwa ka lekgetlo la pele, ho latela

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00:00:05,198 --> 00:00:10,020
ka mafu a mang ka ho latellana, ka lebaka la
liente tse bolokehileng le tse sebetsang hantle.

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Empa na see ke 'nete kannete?

5
00:00:12,600 --> 00:00:19,580
Potso ena e hlahlojoa ke morupeli oa univesithi Dr Gerd Reuther,
setsebi sa maqeba a mahlaseli le rahistori oa tsa bongaka.

6
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Dr Reuther o se a tsebahala ka nako e telele ka ho nyatsa ha hae
meriana e laoloang ke lik'hamphani tsa meriana, e leng ntho

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eo a bileng a e hlahisa bukeng ea hae e rekisoang haholo ho
Spiegel, "Der betrogene Patient" (Mokuli ea Qhekeletsoeng).

8
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Thutong ea hae, Dr Gerd Reuter o sebelisa mohlala oa ente ea
malakabe le mehloli ea nalane ea bongaka ho bontša litlamorao

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tseo ente e tlamang ea malakabe e bileng le tsona sechabeng.

10
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Ho ya ka Ngaka Reuther, nthwe e ne e le lefu le sa kotseng,
empa ente ya nthwe e ile ya baka mafu a batho ba dikete-kete.

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Ka ente, ho ka thoe, ho ile ha fela lefu la mahlaku.

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Ho ya ka Ngaka Reuther, nalane ya dilemo tse
300 tsa ente e ka tshwantshwa le tlolo e le

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nngwe ya molao kgahlanong le bophelo bo botle.

14
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Ikutloele ka bouena seo Ngaka Reuter a se
buang ka liente, haholoholo ka ente ea nyooko.

15
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Sebui se fanoe e le karolo ea seboka sa MWGFD se mabapi
le sehlooho se reng: "Kamohelo ea liente, likhothaletso

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tsa ho enta, ho enta ka qobello – na lintlha li lekane?"

17
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Ngaka Ronald Weikl: Ke kopa le natefeloe. Ebang le 'na hona joale
bakeng sa nehelano e tšepisoang ho ba e thabisang haholo, e

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tsoang ho mosebetsi-'moho le rona ea hlomphuoang, Ngaka Gerd
Reuther, e nang le sehlooho se reng "Liente – pale ea katleho?"

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Ngaka Gerd Reuther: E, René ea
ratehang, kea leboha haholo, baeti ba ratehang.

20
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Liente tsa Covid-19, tseo e neng e se liente, e ne e se
tlolo ea molao ea pele ea bophelo bo botle tsa meriana.

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Ha e le hantle, nalane ea lilemo tse 300 tsa ente ke
tlōlo e khōlō ea molao oa bophelo bo botle, empa ka lebaka

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la khaello ea nako, ke tla bua feela ka ente e le 'ngoe.

23
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Leha ho le jwalo, hoo ke nalane ya dilemo
tse 200 tsa ente, kaha dilemo tse 200 tsa pele

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di ne di nehetse feela ho ente ya matetetso.

25
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Mme lenaneo lena la ente ea matetetso le ile la tsamaisoa ka
tsela e tšoanang hantle le lenaneo la hajoale la Covid-19.

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E ne e le mabapi le khatello, likotlo, le chelete e ngata
haholo, maemong a mang esita le chelete e fetang ea kajeno.

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Mme e ne e le ka ho etsa ntho e se nang bopaki.

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Mme tshenyo e patilwe.

29
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Ba bang ba ka re, na ntho e kang
palesa le Covid e ka bapisoa kannete?

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Covid, e ne e le feberu feela.

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Empa nthama e ne e le lefu le tshabehang kannete.

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Ke tlile le setshwantsho sena se le seng
bakeng sa hao, seo o tlang ho se bona kgafetsa.

33
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Ho a makatsa hore o dula o bona ditshwantsho tse
tshwanang tsa malwetse a matlabe inthaneteng le ka dibuka.

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Mehleng ea ho nka lifoto le lifilimi, ho ne
ho se bakuli ba bangata hakaalo ba mafu a

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matlalo, hoo o neng o ka lula o tlisa ba bacha.

36
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Empa esale ka lekholong la bo19 la dilemo, motaki wa metlae o ile
a iteta sefuba ho bontsha hore lefu la makwapa

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ha e le hantle e ne e se lefu le tshabehang
hakaalo mme ha se hakaalo le le mpe ho feta Covid.

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00:03:14,076 --> 00:03:15,876
Ke feela hore ba shebahala hampe haholo.

39
00:03:15,876 --> 00:03:23,985
Kahoo o ile a inkela tokoloho mona, e le leqheka la
papatso, ha re ka rialo, bakeng sa lingaka tse palamang

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00:03:23,985 --> 00:03:28,760
likhomo le litonki mona, le e le khothatso, ha re ka rialo, ho

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Mokento: ho tsamaea le nymphe e
koahetsoeng ke mafu a matlabe ho tšosa batho.

42
00:03:35,820 --> 00:03:38,776
Mme o ka bona seo bana ba se etsang ka lehlakoreng le letona.

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Bana ba baleha.

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Empa le hloka ketsahalo ena e tšosang, joaloka litopo tse neng
li ka be li paqame litikolohong tsohle tsa literata ka Covid.

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Kahoo ba bontšitse ngoanana enoa ea matlabe mona.

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Mme tshabo esale e le karolo ya bohlokwa ya kgwebo.

47
00:03:57,103 --> 00:04:01,170
Empa seo le sona se ne se sa loka tabeng ea lefu la makhopho.

48
00:04:01,170 --> 00:04:07,380
Hobaneng? Lefu la matetetso le tsebahaletse ho ba teng bonyane
ka lilemo tse sekete, mohlomong ka lilemo tse likete tse ngata.

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E ne e boetse e le teng Bophirimela, empa e le lefu la
bongoana le sa kotseng le neng le sa buuoe le ho buuoa.

50
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Mme mona ke tlisitse dipalopalo tse ding ho tswa Engelane.

51
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Mme jwalo ka ha o bona, e qala hoo e ka bang ka 1630.

52
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Ena ke ketsahalo ea pele e ngotsoeng ea motho e
moholo eo mohlomong a neng a na le mafu a matlaku.

53
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Ho fihlela ka nako eo, ho na le lipelaelo feela tsa hore
motho e moholo a ka be a tšoaelitsoe ke mafu a sefuba.

54
00:04:36,076 --> 00:04:41,176
Seo se qalile feela karolong ea
bobeli ea lekholo la bo17 la lilemo.

55
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Mme ka hodima tsohle, koluoa ya bolwetse ba
matetetso e bile teng ka lekgolong la bo18 la

56
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dilemo, ha ente di ne di se di ntse di le teng.

57
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Hobane pele ho moo, ha o ka sheba hape, ho ne ho
shoela batho ba ka tlase ho ba lekholo ka

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lebaka la malakabe London selemo se seng le se seng.

59
00:04:55,823 --> 00:04:59,650
Ba bangata ba phetse maemong a bophelo a futsanehileng haholo.

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Mme e bile feela ka lekgolong la bo18 la dilemo moo ho bileng le
makgolo a dikete a batho ba neng ba shwa ke malwetsi a matlabe.

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Mme ha re nahane feela ka Covid.

62
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Batho ha baa ka ba shoa ka 2020,
empa feela kamora hore liente li qale.

63
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Mme mona, mohlomong, ke sesupo sa pele.

64
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Na sena se ka ba le kamano le ntshetsopele e nngwe ya setjhaba?

65
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E, bolwetse ba sefuba bo fetohile koluoa ho Europe
feela ha Nchafatso e Kgahlanong le Bokreste e qala ho

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ba matla kamora Ntwa ya Dilemo tse Mashome a Mararo.

67
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Libuka tse ngata li ntse li bolela, 'me sena se lula
se ngoloa fatše ka hloko, hore ho enta ka mokoa oa

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bakuli ba morabe ke moetlo oa khale oa meriana ea setso.

69
00:05:44,563 --> 00:05:52,250
Machina, Ma-India le Ma-Afrika ba se ba entiloe, ke ka
hona ente e leng ntho e tlhaho ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng.

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Ha o sheba dintlha, seo ha se nnete ho hang.

71
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Ha ho na litokomane tsa pele ho 1700 tse bontšang hore
motho o kile a seha letlalo la motho e mong ho kenya mokoa.

72
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Mekento e ile ea tlalehoa ka lekhetlo la pele hoo e ka
bang ka 1700 ke baloi ba babeli ba Bagerike Constantinople.

73
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Nakoana ka mor'a moo, mahlakore a
bolwetse ba makhopho le ona a ile a qhoma moo.

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00:06:16,900 --> 00:06:21,980
Mme ka 1713 ho bile le tlaleho ya pele e
entsweng ke ngaka ya Morekane mabapi le ente tse jwalo.

75
00:06:21,980 --> 00:06:26,080
Empa e seng moetlo oa meriana ea setso ea baholo.

76
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Hape ke tšōmo ea khale mabapi le nala ha ho
thoe mosali enoa, Mofumahali Wortley Montagu, e

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bile eena ea hlahisitseng ente e molemo ea nala.

78
00:06:39,880 --> 00:06:47,276
O bone sena Constantinople mme yaba o sebetsa e le moitlatlanyi
wa ente Europe Bophirimela ho tloha ka 1721 ho ya pele.

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Mme e atile haholo hara batho ba maemo a hodimo.

80
00:06:50,730 --> 00:06:56,930
Empa le mehleng eo, batho ba phetseng
hantle ba ne ba shwa ka lebaka la meento ena.

81
00:06:56,930 --> 00:07:00,530
Haholoholo mekolokong e ka sehloohong ea sechaba.

82
00:07:00,530 --> 00:07:07,116
Le hara batšehetsi ba ente, ho
amoheleha hore sekhahla sa mafu ke bonyane 2%.

83
00:07:07,116 --> 00:07:09,952
Ha ho motho ea tsebang hore na e ne e le holimo hakae kannete.

84
00:07:09,952 --> 00:07:17,300
Empa o ka tlosa Mofumahadi Wortley Montagu
paleng, kaha ha a ka a phetha karolo e kgolo.

85
00:07:17,300 --> 00:07:26,696
Dilemo tse leshome kamora hore a qale ho buella ente,
batho ba sa feteng sekete ba ne ba entilwe Engelane.

86
00:07:26,696 --> 00:07:32,900
Se neng se le bohlokoa ho feta e ne e le Abbe Conti e
mong, eo u ithutang ho fokolang haholo ka eena nalaneng.

87
00:07:32,900 --> 00:07:38,303
Mo-Jesuita ea neng a buella ka matla liente tsena.

88
00:07:38,303 --> 00:07:42,085
Mme lebaka leo ka lona liente li ileng tsa
fumana matla leha ho le jwalo, e ne e le

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hobane ho ne ho na le tjhelete e ngata e amehang.

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00:07:44,630 --> 00:07:46,180
Mona ke mohlala.

91
00:07:46,180 --> 00:07:55,063
Ngaka e mong e Mo-Engelane o ile a bitsetsoa ho Tsarina ea
Russia Catherine e Moholo hore a mo entele le bana ba hae.

92
00:07:55,063 --> 00:08:01,710
Mme bakeng sa mosebetsi ona, o nkileng, ha re re,
metsotso e mehlano, o ile a fumana tefo ya £10,000. Ka tekanyo

93
00:08:01,710 --> 00:08:05,510
ya kajeno, hoo ho ka ba di-euro tse milione e le nngwe.

94
00:08:05,510 --> 00:08:10,323
Pension ea bophelo bohle ea £500 ka selemo le tlotla ea barone.

95
00:08:10,323 --> 00:08:14,863
Eena le litho tsa lelapa la hae ba ne ba
se ba na le tse lekaneng bophelo bohle.

96
00:08:14,863 --> 00:08:20,863
Kajeno, ho na le li-Porsche tse
entetsoeng tse fokolang ka ho bapisoa li-gareng.

97
00:08:20,863 --> 00:08:27,920
Ka 1721, mekhoa ena e sa tsebahaleng ea
ho enta ka mokoa oa lefu la matsoapa ka

98
00:08:27,920 --> 00:08:29,676
A qhollela ka letamong.

99
00:08:29,676 --> 00:08:35,250
Ho thwe mafu a mathe a kene USA ka sekepe.

100
00:08:35,250 --> 00:08:42,320
Mme moruti le ngaka ba ile ba tsitlella hore ho ne
ho le bohlokwa ho sireletsa setjhaba ka mekento.

101
00:08:42,320 --> 00:08:48,330
Mme tlhahlobo ena, eo ba e entseng ka nako eo, e
boetse e nkuoa e le dipalopalo tsa pele tsa bongaka.

102
00:08:48,330 --> 00:08:55,424
Sekhahla sa lefu la ntswa se ka be se
fokoditswe ho tloha ho 15% ho ya ho 2.5%. Katleho.

103
00:08:55,424 --> 00:09:02,012
Leha ho le jwalo, seo batho ba hlolehang ho se nahana ke
hore ena e ne e se phuputso e nepahetseng e entsweng ke Monghadi

104
00:09:02,012 --> 00:09:05,363
Cotton Mather, Mo-Puritan ya chesehelang ho feta tekano.

105
00:09:05,363 --> 00:09:09,960
Lihlopha li ne li sa bapisehe ho
hang. Ho ne ho se na kabo e sa khetheng.

106
00:09:09,960 --> 00:09:15,760
Ho ne ho hlakile hore ba entetsweng le ba sa
entwang e ne e le dihlopha tse fapaneng haholo.

107
00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:22,352
Mme katleho le yona e tlameha ebe e ne e lekanyeditswe hobane
Monghadi Cotton Mather o ile a tlameha ho ipata ka tlung ya hae

108
00:09:22,352 --> 00:09:27,045
ka matsatsi a 14 nakong ya letsholo lena la
ente, kaha mosadi wa hae o ne a tshohile hore

109
00:09:27,045 --> 00:09:29,663
ho seng jwalo a ka be a bolailwe ke letshwele.

110
00:09:29,663 --> 00:09:34,776
Kahoo ho tlameha hore ho bile le
diketsahalo tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle le mafu.

111
00:09:34,776 --> 00:09:40,080
Ntle le moo, Monghadi Cotton Mather o ile
a boela a tshwara dinyewe tsa boloi mane.

112
00:09:40,080 --> 00:09:44,880
E. Mme le Europe, dintho di ne di sa
shebahale di le ntle mabapi le katleho.

113
00:09:44,880 --> 00:09:48,410
Ha o ka sheba mona, tsena ke dipalopalo tse
tswang Copenhagen tse bontshang sekgahla sa

114
00:09:48,410 --> 00:09:50,476
selemo le selemo sa mafu a lepera la kgotso.

115
00:09:50,476 --> 00:09:57,216
Mona ho tshwailwe moo sepetlele sa
ente se ileng sa bulwa le ho kwalwa hape.

116
00:09:57,216 --> 00:10:01,543
Ha ho letho lipalong le bontšang hore ho na le phetoho.

117
00:10:01,543 --> 00:10:03,416
Katleho e felile.

118
00:10:03,416 --> 00:10:10,316
Mme haeba ha o a kena Copenhagen le dibakeng tse
ding, mohlomong ha ho a ka ha etsahala le Boston.

119
00:10:10,316 --> 00:10:17,602
Mme se seng se sa bolelwang ka hara dibuka tse ngata tsa nalane
ya bongaka ke hore ka 1729, dilemo tse robedi kamora

120
00:10:17,602 --> 00:10:24,596
hore Lady Wadley Montagu a kgothaletse taba ena
kaofela, Paramente ya Borithane e ne e se e thibetse mekento.

121
00:10:24,596 --> 00:10:30,860
Mme e bile feela kamorao ho 1743 ha
tse ding di ne tsa boela tsa etswa.

122
00:10:30,860 --> 00:10:39,546
Mme ngaka ea Maria Theresa ka boeena Vienna o ile a etsa polelo
e bohlale haholo ka nako eo hore batho ba maemo a phahameng

123
00:10:39,546 --> 00:10:44,256
le barui hangata ba shoela mafu a sefuba se senyenyane.

124
00:10:44,256 --> 00:10:48,600
Kolone e sa phekoloang e phela ntle le phekolo.

125
00:10:48,600 --> 00:10:53,220
Sena se boetse se bontsha hore
mahlangu e ne e se lefu le tebileng haholo.

126
00:10:53,220 --> 00:11:00,956
E bile feela ka mokhoa ona oa ente moo bolwetse
ba matetetso bo ileng ba fetoha bo bobe haholo.

127
00:11:00,956 --> 00:11:02,763
Mme seo se susumeditse nalane.

128
00:11:02,763 --> 00:11:06,590
E seng matetetso, empa ke vaccinia.

129
00:11:06,590 --> 00:11:09,556
Mona ke tla le bontša mafu a mabeli a hlahelletseng.

130
00:11:09,556 --> 00:11:14,997
Ka ho le letshehadi, Louis XV; ka ho le letona,
wa ho qetela wa lelapa la Wittelsbach la Bavaria.

131
00:11:14,997 --> 00:11:22,836
Leloko la hae le ile la fela ka lefu la hae le neng le belaelloa
hore e ne e le la lefu la makhopho, Maximilian III Joseph.

132
00:11:22,836 --> 00:11:31,263
Ho thwe ka bobedi ba shwetse ke malwetse a matlaku,
e mong a le dilemo di 64, e mong a le dilemo di 50.

133
00:11:31,263 --> 00:11:36,210
Mme seo ba neng ba se tshwana ka sona ka
bobedi ke hore e ne e le babusi ba ratwang haholo.

134
00:11:36,210 --> 00:11:39,899
Batho ba ile ba atleha tlas'a puso ea bona.

135
00:11:39,899 --> 00:11:45,446
Re tseba ka tieo hore Louis XV a ne a ke ke a tshwarwa ke
malakabe a le dilemo di 64, hobane o ne a se a

136
00:11:45,446 --> 00:11:51,103
kile a a tshwarwa e sa le ngwana, mme malakabe
a fana ka masole a mmele a phelang nako yohle.

137
00:11:51,103 --> 00:11:57,580
Louis XV o ile a ipona a le dilemo di 64 mme a re, hoja
ke ne ke sa tsebe hore ke kile ka tshwarwa ke malwetse a

138
00:11:57,580 --> 00:12:01,976
matlakuha ke sa le ngwana, nka be ke itse ke a tshwerwe.

139
00:12:01,976 --> 00:12:06,356
Ha a ka a phela. E tlameha e bile ente ea matetetso.

140
00:12:06,356 --> 00:12:14,860
Max III Joseph o qosoa ka hore o laetse batho ba
hae hore ba entoe, empa eena a lula a hana ho entoa.

141
00:12:14,860 --> 00:12:22,020
Motho a ka belaella hore hoa khoneha ho shoa ke lepera la
matlalo a le lilemo li 50 ha a phetse hantle ka ho phethahala.

142
00:12:22,020 --> 00:12:24,030
Mme ho na le tse ding tse ngata.

143
00:12:24,030 --> 00:12:29,200
Baemphera ba babedi ba ha Habsburg ba neng ba le Vienna le
bona ba ile ba hlokahala ka lebaka la lefu la matetetso.

144
00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:33,523
Mme ho na le dintho tse mmalwa tse
lokelang ho re etsa hore re nahane.

145
00:12:33,523 --> 00:12:40,103
Bahlomphehi ba hlokahetseng e ne e le batho ba
neng ba phela bophelo bo maemong a holimo haholo.

146
00:12:40,103 --> 00:12:45,303
Empa ha e le hantle, malakabe e ne e
le lefu la matloana, la bafumanehi.

147
00:12:45,303 --> 00:12:47,036
Hoo ho ka ba jwang?

148
00:12:47,036 --> 00:12:51,069
Mme e ne e dula e le lefu la bongoaneng.

149
00:12:51,069 --> 00:12:58,476
Hobaneng batho ba baholo ba ka
tshwarwa ke malakabe leha ba phetse hantle?

150
00:12:58,476 --> 00:13:02,363
Ho ne ho se ngaka e 'ngoe e kaalo e kileng ea
bona lefu la makhopho ho batho ba baholo ka nako eo.

151
00:13:02,363 --> 00:13:09,176
Mme sa bohlokwa le ho feta, bohle ba a
tseba hore nthoa e tshwaetsana haholo.

152
00:13:09,176 --> 00:13:14,266
Empa moo babusi le bahlomphehi ba bang ba neng ba
hlokahetse teng, ha ho a ka ha hlola ho e-ba le

153
00:13:14,266 --> 00:13:17,643
mafu kapa mafu a mang a bakoang ke lefu la matetetso.

154
00:13:17,643 --> 00:13:23,096
Li ne li sa tšoaetsehe 'me ho ne ho
hlakile hore li ne li sa tšoaetse batho ba bang.

155
00:13:23,096 --> 00:13:26,050
Empa ho na le ntho e 'ngoe eo ba e tšoanelang.

156
00:13:26,050 --> 00:13:31,070
Babusi bohle ba ne ba nka Kereke e le sera sa bona.

157
00:13:31,070 --> 00:13:35,923
Ba ne ba batla ho tlosa Kereke
boemong ba yona ba ho se lefiswe lekgetho.

158
00:13:35,923 --> 00:13:41,890
Seo se sa kang sa etsahala kamora lefu la hae.

159
00:13:41,890 --> 00:13:45,449
Mme ke na le paki e nngwe ya diketsahalo tsena.

160
00:13:45,449 --> 00:13:50,950
Ena ke moitlami, Abraham A. Santa Clara, ea phetseng ka nako eo.

161
00:13:50,950 --> 00:13:53,816
Lebitso la hae la nnete e ne e le Johann Ulrich Megerle.

162
00:13:53,816 --> 00:14:02,316
Le mehleng eo, o ile a re tokelo e khethehileng ya beng
ba Medi Corum e ne e le tokelo ya ho bolaya ntle le kotlo.

163
00:14:02,316 --> 00:14:10,470
Kahoo James Bond e ne e se motho oa pele nalaneng ea batho ea
filoe laesense ea ho bolaea; ha e le hantle,

164
00:14:10,470 --> 00:14:20,603
joalokaha Monghali Megerle a bolela, tloaelo ena e
ile ea qala lekaleng la bongaka lekileng la bo13.

165
00:14:20,603 --> 00:14:28,558
Ho ba dumelang hore sena sohle ke ho feteletsa, hobane
ente e ke ke ya ba mpe hakaalo, ke tlisitse qotso e

166
00:14:28,558 --> 00:14:32,960
tswang bukeng ya Hervé Bovin e buang ka nalane ya ente.

167
00:14:32,960 --> 00:14:38,176
Ke moprofesa ea tlohetseng mosebetsi Leuven.

168
00:14:38,176 --> 00:14:40,876
Mme ke motshehetsi ya tjhesehang wa ente.

169
00:14:40,876 --> 00:14:43,640
E boetse e amahanngoa le Setsi sa Pasteur.

170
00:14:43,640 --> 00:14:53,086
Mme o ngola bukeng ya hae ya 2011 hore ente, jwalo ka ha e ne e
etswa Europe pakeng tsa 1721 le ho hlahiswa ha mokgwa wa Sutton,

171
00:14:53,086 --> 00:14:57,583
oo re tlo o bua ka ona haufinyane, e ne e le kotsi haholo.

172
00:14:57,583 --> 00:15:03,890
Ntle le pelaelo, e ne e le moeding oa se neng se ka mamelloa.

173
00:15:03,890 --> 00:15:14,450
Kahoo o boetse o bolela ka tsela e sa tobang, ka ho hlaka,
hore liente tsena e ne e le sebetsa se ka sebedisetswang polao.

174
00:15:14,450 --> 00:15:18,943
Mme ho hong le ho hong hona ho ka be ho sa
hlokeha haeba batho ba ne ba mametse monna enoa.

175
00:15:18,943 --> 00:15:23,551
Daniel Sutton, e ne e se ngaka ea thuto,
empa e le ngaka e hlalefileng ea ho buoa. O

176
00:15:23,551 --> 00:15:26,383
ne a tsoa lelapeng la lingaka tsa ho buoa.

177
00:15:26,383 --> 00:15:33,960
O ile a etsa ente ho tloha ka 1750 ho
ea pele, empa a sebelisa mokhoa o mocha.

178
00:15:33,960 --> 00:15:36,943
Mme, ka tsela eo, a fumana tjhelete e ngata haholo.

179
00:15:36,943 --> 00:15:43,736
Mokento o bitsa £10 bakeng sa baahi ba
tloaelehileng le £25 bakeng sa barui.

180
00:15:43,736 --> 00:15:47,570
O ne a etsa hoo e ka bang 500 ho isa ho 1000 ka letsatsi.

181
00:15:47,570 --> 00:15:52,698
Mehleng eo, ntlo e ikemetseng e ne e bitsa £500.
Seo se bolela hore ka tsela eo o ne a fumana

182
00:15:52,698 --> 00:15:57,936
matlo a mangata a ikemetseng ka letsatsi le le leng.

183
00:15:57,936 --> 00:16:03,546
Leha ho le jwalo, o fumane tlhompho hobane o
ile a re qetellong ya bophelo ba hae, "Ha ke

184
00:16:03,546 --> 00:16:08,810
a ka ka lahlehelwa ke mokudi le a le mong."

185
00:16:08,810 --> 00:16:15,034
Sa pele, o ile a ithiba ho nka mehato e meng e kotsi.
Sena hangata se a lebaleha nalaneng ea ente, feela joalokaha

186
00:16:15,034 --> 00:16:18,430
hangata ho sa eloe hloko li-adjuvant tse ka har'a liente.

187
00:16:18,430 --> 00:16:25,743
Hobane mehleng eo, ha o ne o entilwe, bongaka ba
semmuso bo ne bo boetse bo o fa adalas, antimony,

188
00:16:25,743 --> 00:16:29,950
mercury le dintho tse ding tse monate tse chefo.

189
00:16:29,950 --> 00:16:31,843
Ha a ka a etsa letho la tseo.

190
00:16:31,843 --> 00:16:38,963
O mo entile feela mme a re ha a
hloke letho haese moea o hloekileng.

191
00:16:38,963 --> 00:16:44,082
Empa o entse ntho e le 'ngoe ka holim'a tsohle. Mme
haeba batho ba ne ba mametse Monghadi Sutton,

192
00:16:44,082 --> 00:16:47,523
koluoa ea ente ea Covid le eona e ne e ke ke ea etsahala.

193
00:16:47,523 --> 00:16:50,476
O ile a etsa teko e bonolo.

194
00:16:50,476 --> 00:16:56,716
Nako e 'ngoe o ile a seha fela noko letlalong ho sa tsoe mali.

195
00:16:56,716 --> 00:17:04,030
Ka nako e 'ngoe o ile a seha letlalo, a kenya
mokoetla ona lenyameneng le ka tlas'a letlalo, eaba o o

196
00:17:04,030 --> 00:17:07,843
kenya mesifeng ho bona hore na ho tla etsahala'ng.

197
00:17:07,843 --> 00:17:15,293
Mme a fumana hore ketsahalo eo ho neng ho shebilwe
yona e ne e le mahlaku a ente letlalong, ke hore,

198
00:17:15,293 --> 00:17:19,696
mofuta o sa kotsi wa phala o hlahang kamora ente ena.

199
00:17:19,696 --> 00:17:31,436
Sena se etsahetse feela ha a enta letlalo,
eseng lishila tse ka tlas'a lona kapa mesifa.

200
00:17:31,436 --> 00:17:32,230
Hobaneng?

201
00:17:32,230 --> 00:17:33,900
Ha e le hantle, ho hlakile haholo.

202
00:17:33,900 --> 00:17:37,896
Hobane tsamaiso ea rona ea ho
itšireletsa e sebetsa ka hare ho letlalo.

203
00:17:37,896 --> 00:17:41,130
Ntho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe eo re e kenyang botebong ke koluoa.

204
00:17:41,130 --> 00:17:47,910
Mme ka bomadimabe, bongaka bo hlolehile ho lemoha sena
ho tloha mehleng ya Monghadi Sutton, ka dilemo tse 250.

205
00:17:47,910 --> 00:17:54,024
Ka bomalimabe, mosebetsi wa hae "The Inoculator"
ha o a ka wa hatiswa ho fihlela ka 1796, ha

206
00:17:54,024 --> 00:17:58,356
ente ya Jenner e ne e se e le makgatheng a ho qala.

207
00:17:58,356 --> 00:18:06,782
Empa seo Sutton a re rutileng sona ke hore sesole
sa rona sa mmele, haeba o batla ho se ruta ho hong

208
00:18:06,782 --> 00:18:11,650
ka liente, se sebetsa feela ka letlalo le makhophe.

209
00:18:11,650 --> 00:18:19,516
Ona ke mokgwa wa tlhaho. Leha ho le jwalo, sena ha se
etsahale ha ntho e itseng e tswakanngwa ka botebo dithishung.

210
00:18:19,516 --> 00:18:29,210
Ke letlalo, nko, 'metso, matšoafo le tsela ea tšilo ea lijo feela
tse ka amang mohopolo oa tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa.

211
00:18:29,210 --> 00:18:34,656
Ntho efe kapa efe e 'ngoe ke kotsi 'meleng e ka bakang kotsi.

212
00:18:34,656 --> 00:18:37,820
Seo e ka be e bile katleho e kholo ea Sutton.

213
00:18:37,820 --> 00:18:39,823
Empa Monghadi Jenner o ile a fihla.

214
00:18:39,823 --> 00:18:46,010
Mme Monghadi Jenner o ne a na le maikutlo, e seng e le wa pele,
empa a tsamaisana le dingaka tse ding tse bileng teng pele

215
00:18:46,010 --> 00:18:52,263
ho yena, a re paksu e sa kotseng, e neng e entse hore basebetsi
ba basadi ba meleng ba se be le mabadi a lefu la matlapa,

216
00:18:52,263 --> 00:18:57,389
empa di bolokile letlalo le letle le
lesweu, di ka sebetsa e le sebaka se setle sa moko

217
00:18:57,389 --> 00:19:01,510
wa phoqo ya batho ha di sebedisetswa ente.

218
00:19:01,510 --> 00:19:06,959
Empa ha e le hantle, basebetsi ba mashala ba ne ba phela hantle
'me ba e-na le letlalo le letle hobane feela ba

219
00:19:06,959 --> 00:19:11,813
ne ba noa lebese le lecha la khomo le sa
hloekisoang. Sena se ne se se na kamano le lefu la poo.

220
00:19:11,813 --> 00:19:14,980
Hobaneng? Hobane di ne di sa fumanehe habonolo.

221
00:19:14,980 --> 00:19:23,590
Jenner ka boeena ha a ka a fana ka bopaki ba katleho
ea ente ea hae, 'me a etsa liteko tse sa lokelang.

222
00:19:23,590 --> 00:19:29,433
Ka mohlala, o ile a entela mora oa molemi oa hae
ka ente ena ea poo ea khomo, ebe o mo pepesa

223
00:19:29,433 --> 00:19:34,263
mafu a phofu ho bona hore na ho tla etsahala letho.

224
00:19:34,263 --> 00:19:41,620
Mme ha a ka a qeaqea ho enta mora wa hae
le yena. Ha o atise ho bala ka hoo le hona.

225
00:19:41,620 --> 00:19:46,490
Mora wa hae o ile a ba le bokowa ba kelello
kamora ente ena mme a hlokahala a le dilemo di 21.

226
00:19:46,490 --> 00:19:49,583
Ena ke Jenner, mohale oa ente.

227
00:19:49,583 --> 00:19:54,566
Mme dilemong tse mmalwa tse fetileng, dithupu
tsa kgale tseo Monghadi Jenner a neng a di

228
00:19:54,566 --> 00:19:58,323
romile ka nako eo le tsona di ile tsa hlahlojwa.

229
00:19:58,323 --> 00:20:01,163
Ho ne ho se na pakshe ea khomo ho eona ho hang.

230
00:20:01,163 --> 00:20:08,182
Ho ne ho na le poho ea lipere moo, kapa mohlomong e le
ntho e omeletseng feela, ntho e neng e rometsoe

231
00:20:08,182 --> 00:20:13,576
lefatšeng lohle, ntho eo ruri e neng e ke ke ea ba le thuso.

232
00:20:13,576 --> 00:20:20,617
Mme dipalopalo tse mmalwa tse teng, naheng ya Engelane kamora hore
Jenner a e kenye tshebetsong, di o bontsha mona ka lehlakoreng

233
00:20:20,617 --> 00:20:24,416
le letshehadi, e ne e le mafu a phala-phala naheng ya Engelane.

234
00:20:24,416 --> 00:20:28,216
Re ne re se re na le ente e tlamang ho tloha ka 1853.

235
00:20:28,216 --> 00:20:36,130
14,000, 20,000 ebe seoa se bileng le
mafu a 44,000 a lefu la matetetso.

236
00:20:36,130 --> 00:20:44,010
Batho ba ile ba hlokomela butle-butle hore
ente e ne e hlile e baka lefu la matetetso.

237
00:20:44,010 --> 00:20:50,836
Mme yaba ho ba le toropo e entseng teko, ha re ka
rialo. O ka e bona mona. Ke toropo ya Leicester.

238
00:20:50,836 --> 00:20:52,036
Ke khutlela hape.

239
00:20:52,036 --> 00:20:58,164
Toropo ea Leicester, e itseng feela ka
lekhotla la eona la toropo hore ente ea tlamo ha

240
00:20:58,164 --> 00:21:02,600
e sa tla qobelloa ka har'a meeli ea toropo.

241
00:21:07,630 --> 00:21:10,930
Mokento o tlamang ha o sa qobelloa.

242
00:21:10,930 --> 00:21:16,809
Mme ka nako eo, toropo ya Leicester e ne e na le palo e tlase ka
ho fetisisa ya batho ba neng ba tshwaeditswe ke bolwetse ba

243
00:21:16,809 --> 00:21:23,070
matetetso le palo e tlase ka ho fetisisa ya mafu a bona, ha
ho bapiswa le ditoropo tse ding moo ente e neng e qobelletswa.

244
00:21:23,070 --> 00:21:26,180
Sena se ile sa boela sa bonahala ka ho hlaka
tsoelopeleng ea liketsahalo qetellong ea

245
00:21:26,180 --> 00:21:27,883
lekholo la bo19 le qalong ea la bo20 la lilemo.

246
00:21:27,883 --> 00:21:37,270
Mona o ka bona palo ya mafu a bolwetse ba
makwapa le mafu a bakilweng ke ente ya makwapa.

247
00:21:37,270 --> 00:21:41,296
Ka kakaretso, mekoallo ena e
bontsha boleng bo lekanang ka bophahamo.

248
00:21:41,296 --> 00:21:50,256
Sena se bolela hore le ba tshehetsang ente ka matla
a maholo ha ba ka ke ba bolela hore e fokotsa mafu.

249
00:21:50,256 --> 00:21:54,510
Empa e ne e se mafu feela; ho ne ho
boetse ho e-na le bokooa bo boima.

250
00:21:54,510 --> 00:21:58,256
Meningitis e hlahile ka diphetoho ho ente ya matetetso.

251
00:21:58,256 --> 00:22:06,410
Mme ka 1924, setsebi sa mafu se Prague se ile sa fumana kgokahano
e hlakileng ka lekgetlo la pele nakong ya tlhahlobo ya setopo.

252
00:22:06,410 --> 00:22:13,122
U ka bona hore na ho nka nako e kae. Kahoo,
lilemo tse 125. Lilemo tse 25 kamora ho qala ente.

253
00:22:13,122 --> 00:22:17,676
Ka lekgetlo la pele, ho ile ha fumanwa
hore taba ena kaofela e baka meningitis.

254
00:22:17,676 --> 00:22:19,810
Leha, ehlile, sena se kile sa etsahala pele.

255
00:22:19,810 --> 00:22:31,236
Mme ho ile ha nka bophelo bo bong ba motho, e leng moloko, lilemo
tse 30, hore tshenyo ya ente e elwe hloko Karlsruhe ka 1953.

256
00:22:31,236 --> 00:22:35,856
Ho fihlela ka nako eo, ho ne ho e-s'o be le
litlaleho tsa semmuso tsa tšenyo ea ente, leha

257
00:22:35,856 --> 00:22:38,895
liente li ne li se li entsoe ka lilemo tse 250.

258
00:22:38,895 --> 00:22:45,612
Mme Rephabliking ya Federale ya Jeremane, leha ho ne ho se ho se
na diketsahalo tse ding tsa bolwetse ba matetetso, ho bile le

259
00:22:45,612 --> 00:22:51,529
diketsahalo tse 7 tse netefaditsweng tsa bolwetse ba matetetso
pakeng tsa 1949 le 1979, mafu a 360 a amanang le

260
00:22:51,529 --> 00:22:57,520
ente a ananetsweng ke RKI le Setsi sa Paul Ehrlich, le
bonyane diketsahalo tse 984 tsa tshenyo e sa feleng.

261
00:22:57,520 --> 00:23:03,318
Ke ka lebaka leo malakabe a ileng a phatlalatsoa
hore a felisitsoe ka 1979, hobane ke ka nako eo

262
00:23:03,318 --> 00:23:07,503
feela ente ea malakabe e neng e ka emisoa butle-butle.

263
00:23:07,503 --> 00:23:10,300
Ho seng jwalo, ente ya matetetso e ka
be e ile ya tlameha ho tswela pele.

264
00:23:10,300 --> 00:23:12,560
Empa seo se ne se sa kgonehe.

265
00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:20,360
Mme ke rata ho qetella ka qotsulo e tswang ho ngaka
ya Moamerika, e leng mmueledi wa ente ya neng a le

266
00:23:20,360 --> 00:23:25,116
Motsamaisi wa tsa Bongaka ba Thibelo Sesoleng sa Amerika.

267
00:23:25,116 --> 00:23:35,043
Ka 1940, kamora dilemo tse ka bang 250 tsa nalane ya ente, o ile
a re potso yohle ya ho entela, ka bobedi ho entela ho matla le

268
00:23:35,043 --> 00:23:41,063
ho entela ho sa ikemelang, e ne e ntse e le mothating wa diteko.

269
00:23:41,063 --> 00:23:46,190
Mme jwale re bone hape kamoo taba
ena kaofela e leng mothating wa teko.

270
00:23:46,190 --> 00:23:56,288
Mme haeba ho le jwalo kamora nako ena, motho a ka
ipotsa feela hore na ke hobaneng meento e ntse e le taba.