1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:00,280


2
00:00:00,280 --> 00:00:04,885
Iincwadi zokufunda zesikolo zisixelela ngendlela isifo
se-smallpox esoyiswa ngayo okokuqala,

3
00:00:04,885 --> 00:00:10,020
kwalandela ezinye izifo ezilandelelanayo,
ngenxa yokugonya okukhuselekileyo nokusebenzayo.

4
00:00:10,020 --> 00:00:12,600
Kodwa ingaba oku kuyinyani ngokwenene?

5
00:00:12,600 --> 00:00:19,580
Lo mbuzo uphononongwa ngumhlohli waseyunivesithi uGqr. Gerd
Reuther, ingcali yezithombe zonyango kunye nembali yezonyango.

6
00:00:19,580 --> 00:00:25,174
UGqr. Reuther kudala esaziwa ngokugxeka kwakhe amayeza alawulwa
ziinkampani zamachiza, kwaye ukwavakalise oku

7
00:00:25,174 --> 00:00:31,770
kwincwadi yakhe ethengiswe kakhulu kwi-Spiegel enesihloko
esithi "Der betrogene Patient" (Isigulana Esikhohlisiweyo).

8
00:00:31,770 --> 00:00:37,187
Kwintetho yakhe, uGqr. Gerd Reuter usebenzisa umzekelo wokugonywa
kwesifo se-smallpox kunye nemithombo yembali

9
00:00:37,187 --> 00:00:42,440
yezonyango ukubonisa iziphumo
zokunyanzeliswa kokugonywa kwesifo se-smallpox eluntwini.

10
00:00:42,440 --> 00:00:47,454
NgokukaGqr. Reuther, isigulana sasisifo
esingayingozi, kodwa ukugonya esichasene naso

11
00:00:47,454 --> 00:00:51,560
kwakhokelela ekufeni kwabantu abangamashumi amawaka.

12
00:00:51,560 --> 00:00:55,920
Nokugonya kwafika, masithi, ukufa ngenxa yesigulana.

13
00:00:55,920 --> 00:01:03,403
NgokukaGqr. Reuther, imbali yemijovo yamakhulu amathathu eminyaka
ingalinganiswa nolwaphulo-mthetho olunye oluchasene nempilo.

14
00:01:03,403 --> 00:01:09,820
Zive ngokwakho ukuba uGqr. Reuter uthini malunga
nokugonywa, kwaye ngokukodwa, ukugonywa kwesigwebu.

15
00:01:09,820 --> 00:01:16,424
Intetho inikwe njengenxalenye yesimpoziyam ye-MWGFD
kumxholo othi "Ukuvunywa kwejelo, iingcebiso zokugonya,

16
00:01:16,424 --> 00:01:22,624
ukugonywa okunyanzelekileyo – ingaba idatha yanele na?"

17
00:01:22,624 --> 00:01:27,894
Gqr. Ronald Weikl: Nceda nizonwabise. Hlanganyela nam ngoku
kwinikezelo eliza kuba lolonwabo olukhulu, elivela kumntu

18
00:01:27,894 --> 00:01:33,300
wethu esebenzisana naye esihloniphekileyo, uGqr. Gerd Reuther,
elinesihloko esithi 'Ugonyo – liyabaliswa lempumelelo?'.

19
00:01:33,300 --> 00:01:39,983
Gqr Gerd Reuther: Ewe, René othandekayo,
enkosi kakhulu, baendwendwe abathandekayo.

20
00:01:39,983 --> 00:01:48,576
Ugonyo lwe-Covid-19, olwalungeyogonyo,
belungesosona saphulo-mthetho sokuqala kwezempilo kumayeza.

21
00:01:48,576 --> 00:01:55,221
Enyanisweni, i-300 leminyaka yembali yokugonya
lulwaphulo-mthetho olukhulu lwezempilo, kodwa ngenxa yokunqaba

22
00:01:55,221 --> 00:01:59,949
kwexesha, ndiza kuthetha ngesitofu sokugonya esinye kuphela.

23
00:01:59,949 --> 00:02:05,410
Noko ke, loo nto yiminyaka engama-200 yembali
yokugonya, njengoko iminyaka yokuqala engama-200

24
00:02:05,410 --> 00:02:08,723
yayinikezelwe kuphela ekugonyweni kwesigulana.

25
00:02:08,723 --> 00:02:15,116
Kwaye le nkqubo yokugonya umkhuhlane wamaxholo yenzelwa
ngendlela efanayo kanye nale yenkqubo yangoku ye-Covid-19.

26
00:02:15,116 --> 00:02:24,300
Kwakumalunga nengcinezelo, izohlwayo, nemali eninzi kakhulu,
kwezinye iimeko kwanemali engaphezulu kunale yanamhlanje.

27
00:02:24,300 --> 00:02:30,380
Kwaye kwakumalunga nokwenza into engenabungqina.

28
00:02:30,380 --> 00:02:33,463
Kwaye umonakalo uyifihliwe.

29
00:02:33,463 --> 00:02:37,984
Abanye banokuthi, ingaba i-smallpox
ne-Covid zinokuthelekiswa ngokwenene?

30
00:02:37,984 --> 00:02:39,400
I-Covid, ibiyiflu nje.

31
00:02:39,400 --> 00:02:42,956
Kodwa isigwebu sasisifo esoyikeka ngokwenene.

32
00:02:42,956 --> 00:02:48,370
Ndithe ndizokuzisa lo mfanekiso mnye
kuni, eniza kuwubona ngokuphindaphindiweyo.

33
00:02:48,370 --> 00:02:54,410
Okunika umdla kukuba, uhlala ubona imifanekiso
efanayo yesigulana kwi-intanethi nakwizincwadi.

34
00:02:54,410 --> 00:02:59,140
Kwakungekho baninzi kangako izigulana
zesigulane kwixesha lokufota neefilimu, kangangokuba

35
00:02:59,140 --> 00:03:01,820
kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba kusoloko kuziswa abatsha.

36
00:03:01,820 --> 00:03:10,157
Kodwa kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-19, umzobi wemifanekiso
ehlekisayo waba nesibindi sokubonisa ukuba isigwebu sasingesosifo

37
00:03:10,157 --> 00:03:14,076
somkhulu kangako kwaye asisengathi sibi ngaphezu kweCovid.

38
00:03:14,076 --> 00:03:15,876
Kungenxa yokuba zikhangeleka kakubi nje.

39
00:03:15,876 --> 00:03:24,174
Ngoko ke wazithathela inkululeko apha, njengobuchule
bentengiso, masithi, kubasebenzi bezonyango abakhwela iinkomo

40
00:03:24,174 --> 00:03:28,760
namahashe amadaka apha, kwaye njengesikhuthazi, masithi, ukuya

41
00:03:28,760 --> 00:03:35,820
Ugonyo luthwala i-nymph
egutyungelwe yimpundu ukuze luyoyikise abantu.

42
00:03:35,820 --> 00:03:38,776
Kwaye ungabona ukuba abantwana benza ntoni kwicala lasekunene.

43
00:03:38,776 --> 00:03:40,400
Abantwana bayabaleka.

44
00:03:40,400 --> 00:03:47,696
Kodwa kufuneka le meko yokoyika, njengemizimba
ebifakwe kuyo yonke ikona yezitrato ngeCovid.

45
00:03:47,696 --> 00:03:52,816
Ngoko ke babonise le ntsomnono inamaqhakuva apha.

46
00:03:52,816 --> 00:03:57,103
Kwaye uloyiko belusoloko luyinxalenye engundoqo yeshishini.

47
00:03:57,103 --> 00:04:01,170
Kodwa ke loo nto yayingekho sikweni nakwimeko yesigulana.

48
00:04:01,170 --> 00:04:07,380
Kutheni? Isigulana besaziwa ukuba sikho kangangeminyaka
ubuncinane eliwaka, mhlawumbi neminyaka eliwaka elininzi.

49
00:04:07,380 --> 00:04:15,070
Zazikho naseNtshona, kodwa njengesifo
sobuntwana esingenabungozi esasingathethwa ngaso.

50
00:04:15,070 --> 00:04:18,203
Kwaye apha ndizise iinkcukacha-manani ezithile ezivela eNgilani.

51
00:04:18,203 --> 00:04:22,496
Kwaye njengoko ubona, iqala malunga nentsimbi ye-16:30.

52
00:04:22,496 --> 00:04:29,150
Eli lityala lokuqala elirekhodiweyo lomntu
omdala ekunokwenzeka ukuba wayenesigwebu.

53
00:04:29,150 --> 00:04:36,076
Kude kube lelo xesha, kukho kuphela izinto ezimangalisayo
ezithandabuzekayo zokuba umntu omdala wayenokosulelwa yisigulana.

54
00:04:36,076 --> 00:04:41,176
Loo nto yaqala kuphela kwisiqingatha
sesibini senkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe.

55
00:04:41,176 --> 00:04:49,576
Kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke, intlekele yomkhuhlane wamaxeba yenzeka
ngekhulu le-18, ngexesha iinkcubeko zokugonya zazisele zikho.

56
00:04:49,576 --> 00:04:53,152
Kuba phambi koko, ukuba ujonga kwakhona,
kwakukho abantu abangaphantsi kwekhulu

57
00:04:53,152 --> 00:04:55,823
ababesweleka ngenxa yesigulana eLondon nyaka ngamnye.

58
00:04:55,823 --> 00:04:59,650
Abaninzi baphile kwiimeko zentlalo ezimbi kakhulu.

59
00:04:59,650 --> 00:05:06,100
Kwaye kwada kwaba ngekhulu le-18 laxa kwabakho
amakhulu amawaka amatyala esigulana ababulalayo.

60
00:05:06,100 --> 00:05:08,230
Kwaye masicinge nje ngeKhowidi.

61
00:05:08,230 --> 00:05:15,430
Abantu abazange bafe ngo-2020, kodwa
kuphela emva kokuba uqalo lokugonya.

62
00:05:15,430 --> 00:05:18,430
Kwaye apha, mhlawumbi, sisiqalo sesalathiso.

63
00:05:18,430 --> 00:05:22,520
Ingaba oku kunokunxulumana nophuhliso olunye lwezentlalo?

64
00:05:22,520 --> 00:05:28,851
Ewe, isigulana saba yintlekele eYurophu
kuphela xa iCounter-Reformation yaba namandla

65
00:05:28,851 --> 00:05:34,336
emva kweMfazwe yeeMinyaka engamashumi amathathu.

66
00:05:34,336 --> 00:05:41,061
Iincwadi ezininzi zisatsho nangoku, kwaye oku kuhlala kuphinda
kubhalwe phantsi ngenkuthalo, ukuba ukugonywa ngamabala avela

67
00:05:41,061 --> 00:05:44,563
kwizigulana zesigwebu sisithethe samandulo somayeza lwabantu.

68
00:05:44,563 --> 00:05:52,250
AmaTshayina, amaIndiya kunye namaAfrika sele beyenzile le
nto, yiyo loo nto ukugonywa kuyeyona nto yendalo ehlabathini.

69
00:05:52,250 --> 00:05:55,563
Ukuba ujonga iinyaniso, oko akuyonyaniso kwaphela.

70
00:05:55,563 --> 00:06:04,383
Akukho maxwebhu angaphambi konyaka we-1700 abonisa ukuba kukho
umntu owakha watsala umphunga wangena eluswini lomnye umntu.

71
00:06:04,383 --> 00:06:12,500
Ukunqunyulwa kwagqalwa okokuqala malunga nonyaka ka-1700
ngababikezeli-maxesha ababini abangamaGrike eConstantinople.

72
00:06:12,500 --> 00:06:16,900
Kungekudala emva koko, kwanabha
iintlanganiso zesigula somkhuhlane wamaxholo naphaya.

73
00:06:16,900 --> 00:06:21,980
Kwaye unyaka ka-1713 wabona ingxelo yokuqala
ngugqirha wamaGrike malunga nokugonya okunjalo.

74
00:06:21,980 --> 00:06:26,080
Kodwa ayisiyondlela yakudala yokuphilisa ngemithi yesintu.

75
00:06:26,080 --> 00:06:34,691
Kwaye ikwayintsomi yamandulo ngembali yesigulana
sokuthi lo mfazi apha, uLady Wortley Montagu,

76
00:06:34,691 --> 00:06:39,880
nguye owazisa kakhulu ugonyo oluluncedo lwesigulana.

77
00:06:39,880 --> 00:06:44,260
Wakubona oku eConstantinople waza emva koko
wasebenza njengomthetheleli wokugonya

78
00:06:44,260 --> 00:06:47,276
eYurophu yaseNtshona ukusukela ngonyaka ka-1721.

79
00:06:47,276 --> 00:06:50,730
Kwaye ixhaphakile kakhulu phakathi
kwabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu.

80
00:06:50,730 --> 00:06:56,930
Kodwa ke nangoko, abantu abasempilweni
babesifa ngenxa yezi zitofu zokugonya.

81
00:06:56,930 --> 00:07:00,530
Kwaye ingakumbi kwiindawo eziphambili zentlalo.

82
00:07:00,530 --> 00:07:07,116
Naphakathi kwabaxhasi bokugonya, kuyavunywa
ukuba izinga lokusweleka lifikelela kwi-2%.

83
00:07:07,116 --> 00:07:09,952
Akukho mntu waziyo ukuba yayiphezulu kangakanani na ngokwenene.

84
00:07:09,952 --> 00:07:17,300
Kodwa ungayisusa ngokwenene uNksk. Wortley
Montagu ebalini, akazange adlale ndima ngokwenene.

85
00:07:17,300 --> 00:07:26,696
Kwiminyaka elishumi emva kokuba eqalise ukukhuthaza ukugonywa,
kwakungekagonywa abantu abangaphezu kwe-1,000 eNgilani.

86
00:07:26,696 --> 00:07:32,900
Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu yayingumntu othile
u-Abbe Conti, ongafundi ngaye kakhulu kwimbali.

87
00:07:32,900 --> 00:07:38,303
UJesuiti owayexhasa kakhulu ezi zitofu zokugonya.

88
00:07:38,303 --> 00:07:44,630
Kwaye isizathu sokuba ukugonya kube nempumelelo
kungenxa yokuba kwakukho imali eninzi ebifakwe kuko.

89
00:07:44,630 --> 00:07:46,180
Nanku umzekelo.

90
00:07:46,180 --> 00:07:55,063
Ugqirha waseNgilani wabizelwa kwiTsarina yaseRashiya
uCatherine oMkhulu ukuze amgonyele yena nabantwana bakhe.

91
00:07:55,063 --> 00:08:01,191
Kwaye ngale ntshukumo, ethathe, masithi, imizuzu
emihlanu, wafumana intlawulo ye-£10,000. Ngokwemali

92
00:08:01,191 --> 00:08:05,510
yanamhlanje, oko kulingana ne-euro ezisondele kwisigidi esinye.

93
00:08:05,510 --> 00:08:10,323
Umhlalaphantsi wobomi bonke we-£500
ngonyaka kunye nesihloko sebharoni.

94
00:08:10,323 --> 00:08:14,863
Yena nezizukulwana zakhe babenokuphila
ngokukhululekileyo ubomi babo bonke.

95
00:08:14,863 --> 00:08:20,863
Kuthelekiswa, zimbalwa iiporsche
ezigonyiweyo ezikwiigaraji kule mihla.

96
00:08:20,863 --> 00:08:27,920
Ngo-1721, olu nqumlo lwekhwele
lomkhuhlane lwasefihlakele ngokusebenzisa

97
00:08:27,920 --> 00:08:29,676
Kudilike echibini.

98
00:08:29,676 --> 00:08:35,250
Kuthiwa iimeko zesigwebu zangeniswa e-USA ngenqanawa.

99
00:08:35,250 --> 00:08:42,320
Kwaye umfundisi nogqirha ke baqinisekisa
ukuba kubalulekile ukukhusela abantu ngokugonywa.

100
00:08:42,320 --> 00:08:48,330
Kwaye olu vavanyo, olwenzayo ngelo xesha,
luthathwa njengezibalo zonyango zokuqala.

101
00:08:48,330 --> 00:08:55,424
Izinga lokusweleka lwe-smallpox beliya
kuthotywa ukusuka kwi-15% ukuya kwi-2.5%. Impumelelo.

102
00:08:55,424 --> 00:09:01,822
Noko ke, into abantu abayicingeliyo kukuba olu
lwalungelulo uphando olufanelekileyo olwenziwe nguMnu.

103
00:09:01,822 --> 00:09:05,363
Cotton Mather, umPuritane owayenomkhuba wobuphunga.

104
00:09:05,363 --> 00:09:09,960
Amaqela ebengathelekiseki kwaphela.
Akuzange kubekho ukwabiwa okungakhethanga.

105
00:09:09,960 --> 00:09:15,760
Abo babefakwe izitofu nabo babengazifakanga
babengamaqela ahluke kakhulu ngokucacileyo.

106
00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:22,581
Kwaye impumelelo nayo kumele ukuba yayinemiqathango kuba uMnu.
Cotton Mather kwafuneka azimele endlwini yakhe iintsuku

107
00:09:22,581 --> 00:09:29,663
ezili-14 ngexesha lweli phulo lokugonya, njengoko umfazi
wakhe wayesoyika ukuba kungenjalo wayeza bulawa ngamxhelo mnye.

108
00:09:29,663 --> 00:09:34,776
Ngoko ke, kumele ukuba bekukho
iziganeko ezimbi zempilo kunye nokusweleka.

109
00:09:34,776 --> 00:09:40,080
UMnu. Cotton Mather naye wenza
iinkundla zobugqwirha phaya, ngendlela.

110
00:09:40,080 --> 00:09:44,880
Ewe. Kwaye izinto
bezingakhangelekanga kakuhle naseYurophu ngokuphumelela.

111
00:09:44,880 --> 00:09:50,476
Ukuba ujonga apha, la ngamanani-manani avela eCopenhagen
abonisa izinga lokusweleka lonyaka ngenxa yesigulana.

112
00:09:50,476 --> 00:09:57,216
Kwaye apha kuphawulwe apho isibhedlele
sokugonya saphulwa saza saphinda savalwa khona.

113
00:09:57,216 --> 00:10:01,543
Akukho nto uyibonayo kwezi zibalo
ebonisa ukuba kukho into etshintshileyo.

114
00:10:01,543 --> 00:10:03,416
Impumelelo ke leyo.

115
00:10:03,416 --> 00:10:10,316
Kwaye ukuba awungangeni eCopenhagen nakwezinye
iindawo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ayenzekanga naseBoston.

116
00:10:10,316 --> 00:10:17,510
Kwaye into ekwangekho kuthiwa kwiincwadi ezininzi zembali
yezonyango yeyokuba ngo-1729, kwiminyaka esibhozo emva

117
00:10:17,510 --> 00:10:24,596
kokuba uLady Wadley Montagu wayekhuthaze lo mbono
wonke, iPalamente yaseBritane yayisele ikwalele ukugonywa.

118
00:10:24,596 --> 00:10:30,860
Kwaye kwada kwangemva konyaka ka-1743
apho kwaphinda kwenziwa naziphi na.

119
00:10:30,860 --> 00:10:39,039
Kwaye ugqirha kaMaria Theresa eVienna wenza ingxelo
enobulumko kakhulu ngelo xesha yokuba iinkosana

120
00:10:39,039 --> 00:10:44,256
nabantu abazizityebi badla ngokufa ngenxa yesigulana.

121
00:10:44,256 --> 00:10:48,600
Ikoloni enganyangwanga iyaphila ngaphandle konyango.

122
00:10:48,600 --> 00:10:53,220
Oku kukwabonisa ukuba isigulana
besingesiso isifo esibi ngokwenene.

123
00:10:53,220 --> 00:11:00,956
Kwakukule ndlela yokugonya kuphela apho
isifo se-smallpox saba sisifo esiyingozi.

124
00:11:00,956 --> 00:11:02,763
Kwaye oko kuye kwaba nefuthe kwimbali.

125
00:11:02,763 --> 00:11:06,590
Asiyiyo i-smallpox, kodwa yi-vaccinia.

126
00:11:06,590 --> 00:11:09,556
Apha ndiza kubonisa iziganeko ezibini ezibalaseleyo zokufa.

127
00:11:09,556 --> 00:11:14,997
Ngasekhohlo, nguLouis XV; ngasekunene,
ngowokugqibela wakwaWittelsbach waseBavaria.

128
00:11:14,997 --> 00:11:22,836
Uthotho lwakhe lwacinywa kukusweleka kwakhe
okutyholwayo ngenxa yesigulana, uMaximilian III Joseph.

129
00:11:22,836 --> 00:11:31,263
Kuthiwa bobabini basweleke ngenxa yesigulana, omnye
eneminyaka engama-64, omnye eneminyaka engama-50.

130
00:11:31,263 --> 00:11:36,210
Kwaye into ababengabambelele kuyo bobabini
yayikukuba babengababusi abathandwa kakhulu.

131
00:11:36,210 --> 00:11:39,899
Abantu baphumelela phantsi kolawulo lwabo.

132
00:11:39,899 --> 00:11:47,017
Siyazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba uLouis XV wayengenakosulelwa
yisigwebu eneminyaka engama-64 ubudala, kuba wayesele wayinayo

133
00:11:47,017 --> 00:11:51,103
esengumntwana kwaye isigwebu sinika ukhuselo lobomi bonke.

134
00:11:51,103 --> 00:11:57,400
ULouis XV wazijonga eneminyaka engama-64 ubudala
waza wathi, ukuba bendingazi ukuba ndakha ndaba

135
00:11:57,400 --> 00:12:01,976
nesigwebu ndisengumntwana, bendingathi ndinesigwebu.

136
00:12:01,976 --> 00:12:06,356
Akazange asinde. Kumele ukuba ibiyentlawulo yokugonya isigwebu.

137
00:12:06,356 --> 00:12:14,860
UMax III Joseph utyholwa ngokuyalela abantu bakhe
ukuba bagonywe, kodwa yena esoloko enqaba ukwenza oko.

138
00:12:14,860 --> 00:12:18,933
Umntu angathandabuza ukuba kunokwenzeka
ukusweleka ngenxa yesigwebu eneminyaka

139
00:12:18,933 --> 00:12:22,020
engama-50 ubudala ekusempilweni ngokupheleleyo.

140
00:12:22,020 --> 00:12:24,030
Kwaye baninzi abanye.

141
00:12:24,030 --> 00:12:29,200
Noozwilakhe ababini baseHabsburg
eVienna nabo basweleka ngenxa yesigulana.

142
00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:33,523
Kwaye zikho izinto ezimbalwa ekufuneka zisenze sicinge.

143
00:12:33,523 --> 00:12:40,103
Izidwangube ezazifileyo yayingabantu
ababephila ubomi obukwinqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu.

144
00:12:40,103 --> 00:12:45,303
Kodwa i-smallpox yayisisigulo
seendawo ezixakekileyo, sezihlwempu.

145
00:12:45,303 --> 00:12:47,036
Kungaba njani oko?

146
00:12:47,036 --> 00:12:51,069
Kwaye ibisoloko isifo sobuntwana.

147
00:12:51,069 --> 00:12:58,476
Kutheni abantu abadala bengafumana isigwebu besempilweni entle?

148
00:12:58,476 --> 00:13:02,363
Kwakungekho namnye wonke ugqirha owayekhe
wabona isigulana sabantu abadala ngelo xesha.

149
00:13:02,363 --> 00:13:09,176
Kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, wonke umntu
uyazi ukuba isigwebu sothuko siyosulela kakhulu.

150
00:13:09,176 --> 00:13:17,643
Kodwa apho abalawuli nezinye iinkosana zafa khona, akuzange
kubekho mntu wumbi ogula okanye ofayo ngenxa yesigulana.

151
00:13:17,643 --> 00:13:23,096
Zazingasosuleliyo kwaye
ngokucacileyo azizange zosulele abanye abantu.

152
00:13:23,096 --> 00:13:26,050
Kodwa kukho enye into abayifanayo.

153
00:13:26,050 --> 00:13:31,070
Bonke abalawuli babe neCawa njengomthí wabo.

154
00:13:31,070 --> 00:13:35,923
Bebefuna ukususa iCawa kwimeko yayo yokungahlawuliswa irhafu.

155
00:13:35,923 --> 00:13:41,890
Okungenzekanga emva kokusweleka kwakhe.

156
00:13:41,890 --> 00:13:45,449
Kwaye ndinomnye umngqina wale ziganeko.

157
00:13:45,449 --> 00:13:50,950
Lo ngumongameli, uAbraham A. Santa Clara, owayephila ngelo xesha.

158
00:13:50,950 --> 00:13:53,816
Igama lakhe lokwenyani yayinguJohann Ulrich Megerle.

159
00:13:53,816 --> 00:14:02,316
Kwaye kwanangelo xesha, wathi ilungelo elikhethekileyo
leenkosi zeMedi Corum yayilelungelo lokubulala ungohlwaywa.

160
00:14:02,316 --> 00:14:10,133
Ngoko ke uJames Bond akazange abe ngumntu wokuqala kwimbali
yoluntu owanikwa ilayisensi yokubulala; eneneni,

161
00:14:10,133 --> 00:14:20,603
njengoko uMnu. Megerle esitsho, lo mkhwa waziswa ngenene
kwinkulungwane ye-13 ngokusekwa kobungcali bezonyango.

162
00:14:20,603 --> 00:14:28,519
Kwabo bakholelwa ukuba konke oku kukugqithiswa, kuba
ukugonya akunakuba kubi kangako, ndiziphathele isicatshulwa

163
00:14:28,519 --> 00:14:32,960
esisuka kwincwadi kaHervé Bovin emalunga nembali yokugonya.

164
00:14:32,960 --> 00:14:38,176
Ungunjingalwazi ongumhlalaphantsi eLeuven.

165
00:14:38,176 --> 00:14:40,876
Kwaye ungumxhasi ozinikeleyo wokugonya.

166
00:14:40,876 --> 00:14:43,640
Ikwanxulumene ne-Pasteur Institute.

167
00:14:43,640 --> 00:14:52,891
Kwaye ubhala kwincwadi yakhe ka-2011 ukuba ukugonya, njengoko
kwakwenziwa eYurophu phakathi kuka-1721 nokwaziswa kwendlela

168
00:14:52,891 --> 00:14:57,583
kaSutton, esiza kuyixoxa kungekudala, kwakuyingozi kakhulu.

169
00:14:57,583 --> 00:15:03,890
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo,
kwakukwisiphelo sento eyayinokunyamezelwa.

170
00:15:03,890 --> 00:15:14,450
Ngoko ke naye uyalibeka elubala ukuba ezi
zitofu zokugonya bezikwasisixhobo esinokubulala.

171
00:15:14,450 --> 00:15:18,943
Kwaye bekungayi kuba yimfuneko nantoni na
kule nto ukuba abantu bebemamele le ndoda.

172
00:15:18,943 --> 00:15:23,169
UDaniel Sutton, wayengenguye ugqirha
wezemfundo, kodwa wayengusokhathalelo

173
00:15:23,169 --> 00:15:26,383
onobuchule. Wayesuka kusapho lwabasokhathalelo.

174
00:15:26,383 --> 00:15:33,960
Wenza ukugonya ukusukela ngo-1750,
kodwa esebenzisa indlela entsha.

175
00:15:33,960 --> 00:15:36,943
Kwaye, ngendlela, wenza imali eninzi kakhulu kuloo nkqubo.

176
00:15:36,943 --> 00:15:43,736
Ugonyo lubiza i-£10 kubantu
abaqhelekileyo ne-£25 kubantu abazizityebi.

177
00:15:43,736 --> 00:15:47,570
Wayesenza malunga nama-500 ukuya kuma-1000 ngosuku.

178
00:15:47,570 --> 00:15:57,936
Ngelo xesha, indlu ezimeleyo yayixabisa i-£500. Oko kuthetha ukuba
wayefumana iindlu ezininzi ezimeleyo ngosuku ngaloo ndlela.

179
00:15:57,936 --> 00:16:08,810
Nangona kunjalo, ufumene intlonipho kuba wathi
ekupheleni kobomi bakhe, "Andiphulukanga nasiphi na isigulana."

180
00:16:08,810 --> 00:16:15,138
Okokuqala, wazibamba ekuthabeni amanyathelo anobuthi angakumbi.
Oku kusoloko kulityalwa kwimbali yokugonya, kanye njengokuba

181
00:16:15,138 --> 00:16:18,430
izongezelelo ezikwi-vaccine nazo zisoloko zingaxoxwa nzulu.

182
00:16:18,430 --> 00:16:25,494
Kuba ngelo xesha, xa ubegonywa, amayeza
asemthethweni ayekunika i-adalas, i-antimony,

183
00:16:25,494 --> 00:16:29,950
imercury nezinye izinto eziyityhefu ezimnandi.

184
00:16:29,950 --> 00:16:31,843
Akazange enze nanye yezinto ezo.

185
00:16:31,843 --> 00:16:38,963
Umsonge nje wathi akukho nto ifunekayo ngaphandle komoya omtsha.

186
00:16:38,963 --> 00:16:44,256
Kodwa wenza into enye ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye.
Kwaye ukuba abantu bebemphulaphule uMnu. Sutton,

187
00:16:44,256 --> 00:16:47,523
intlekele yokugonywa kwe-Covid nayo ibingazokwenzeka.

188
00:16:47,523 --> 00:16:50,476
Wenze ulingo olusisiseko.

189
00:16:50,476 --> 00:16:56,716
Wakha watsala umkhenkce eluswini engayigalisi.

190
00:16:56,716 --> 00:17:03,797
Wakha wahlaba ulusu, wafaka lo mbalele
kumanqatha angaphantsi kolusu, waza wafaka lo mbalele

191
00:17:03,797 --> 00:17:07,843
ezinyanyeni ukuze abone ukuba kuza kwenzeka ntoni.

192
00:17:07,843 --> 00:17:15,057
Waza wafumanisa ukuba isiganeko esijoliswe kuso
yayikukubakho kwezilonda zokugonya eluswini, oko kukuthi,

193
00:17:15,057 --> 00:17:19,696
uhlobo olungayingozi lwesigwebu esenzeka emva koku kugalelwa.

194
00:17:19,696 --> 00:17:31,436
Oku kwenzeke kuphela xa wayegonya ulusu, hayi
isicwili esingaphantsi kolusu okanye izihlunu.

195
00:17:31,436 --> 00:17:32,230
Kutheni?

196
00:17:32,230 --> 00:17:33,900
Kuyacaca ngokwenene.

197
00:17:33,900 --> 00:17:37,896
Kuba inkqubo yethu yokhuselo
lomzimba isebenza ngaphakathi kwesikhumba.

198
00:17:37,896 --> 00:17:41,130
Yonke into esiyifaka nzulu iyintlekele.

199
00:17:41,130 --> 00:17:47,910
Kwaye ngelishwa, amayeza akakwazanga ukuqonda oku
ukusukela ngexesha likaMnu. Sutton, kangangeminyaka engama-250.

200
00:17:47,910 --> 00:17:53,794
Ngelishwa, umsebenzi wakhe "The Inoculator"
awupapashwa de kwaba ngo-1796, ngexesha

201
00:17:53,794 --> 00:17:58,356
inkcubeko yokugonya kaJenner yayisele iza kuqalisa.

202
00:17:58,356 --> 00:18:07,217
Kodwa into afundise thina uSutton yeyokuba inkqubo yethu
yokhuselo lomzimba, ukuba ufuna ukuyifundisa into ngokugonywa,

203
00:18:07,217 --> 00:18:11,650
isebenza kuphela ngolusu nakwiimembrane zokukrwempa.

204
00:18:11,650 --> 00:18:19,516
Le yindlela yokuguquka kwendalo. Noko ke,
oku akwenzeki xa into itofwa nzulu kumanxeba.

205
00:18:19,516 --> 00:18:24,867
Yintlobo kuphela, impumlo, umqala, imiphunga
kunye nesitho sokwetyisa ukutya

206
00:18:24,867 --> 00:18:29,210
ezinokuchaphazela inkumbulo yenkqubo yokhuselo lomzimba.

207
00:18:29,210 --> 00:18:34,656
Nantoni na enye ibangelwa ukwenzakala
emzimbeni okunokubangela ukwenzakala.

208
00:18:34,656 --> 00:18:37,820
Loo nto ibiya kuba yimpumelelo enkulu kaSutton.

209
00:18:37,820 --> 00:18:39,823
Kodwa uMnu Jenner wafika.

210
00:18:39,823 --> 00:18:45,883
Kwaye uMnu. Jenner wayenoluvo, engenguye owokuqala, kodwa ekunye
nooGqirha abanye ababekhona phambi kwakhe, lokuba isifo

211
00:18:45,883 --> 00:18:52,263
esingenabungozi se-cowpox, esasibangele ukuba abasebenzi bokuchola
ubisi bangabi nazo naziphi na izibazi zesifo se-smallpox,

212
00:18:52,263 --> 00:18:57,236
kodwa zigcine ulusu oluhle olumhlophe,
zinokusebenza njengendawo efanelekileyo yempuphu

213
00:18:57,236 --> 00:19:01,510
yesigulana somntu xa zisetyenziselwa ukugonya.

214
00:19:01,510 --> 00:19:08,337
Kodwa abafazi ababela ubisi babesempilweni kwaye
benolusu oluhle ngenxa yokuba babesela ubisi lwenkomo olutsha,

215
00:19:08,337 --> 00:19:11,813
olungapasturiswanga. Kwakungenanto yakwenza ne-cowpox.

216
00:19:11,813 --> 00:19:14,980
Kutheni? Kuba zazifuneka kakhulu.

217
00:19:14,980 --> 00:19:23,590
UJenner ngokwakhe akazange anike ubungqina bokuba isitofu
sakhe sisebenza, kwaye wenza iimvavanyo ezingekho mthethweni.

218
00:19:23,590 --> 00:19:29,450
Umzekelo, wagalela unyana womgcini-gadi wakhe esi
siyalelo sokugonya isifo sokhomo waza wamchaphazela umntwana

219
00:19:29,450 --> 00:19:34,263
kwisifo somhlaza ukuze abone ukuba kuza kwenzeka nantoni na.

220
00:19:34,263 --> 00:19:41,620
Kwaye akazange athandabuze nokugonya
unyana wakhe. Akusoloko ufunda nangaloo nto.

221
00:19:41,620 --> 00:19:46,490
Unyana wakhe waba nakhubazeko lwengqondo emva kwesi
siqhushumbisi waza wasweleka eneminyaka engama-21 ubudala.

222
00:19:46,490 --> 00:19:49,583
Lo nguJenner, igorha lokugonya.

223
00:19:49,583 --> 00:19:58,323
Kwaye kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo, iityhubhu ezindala
ezazithunyelwe nguMnu Jenner ngelo xesha nazo zaphononongwa.

224
00:19:58,323 --> 00:20:01,163
Kwakungekho kwaphela i-cowpox kuyo.

225
00:20:01,163 --> 00:20:07,971
Kwakukho isifo samahashe apho, okanye mhlawumbi
yinto nje eyomileyo, into eyayithunyelwe

226
00:20:07,971 --> 00:20:13,576
kwihlabathi lonke, into eyayingenakuba luncedo kwaphela.

227
00:20:13,576 --> 00:20:20,446
Kwaye iinkcukacha-manani ezimbalwa ezikhoyo, eNgilani
emva kokwaziswa kukaJenner, zikubonisa apha kwicala

228
00:20:20,446 --> 00:20:24,416
lasekhohlo, ezi yayingokufa ngenxa yesigulana eNgilani.

229
00:20:24,416 --> 00:20:28,216
Sasisele sinemigingo yonyanzeliso ukusukela ngo-1853.

230
00:20:28,216 --> 00:20:36,130
14,000, 20,000 kwaye ke kwabakho ubhubhane
wamafuza owabulala abantu abangama-44,000.

231
00:20:36,130 --> 00:20:44,010
Abantu baqala ukuqonda kancinci kancinci ukuba
ukugonya kwakukhokelela ekufeni ngenxa yesigulana.

232
00:20:44,010 --> 00:20:50,836
Kwaye ke kwabakho isixeko esenza olu vavanyo,
masithi. Ungasibona apha. Esi sisisixeko saseLeicester.

233
00:20:50,836 --> 00:20:52,036
Ndiyabuyela kwakhona.

234
00:20:52,036 --> 00:20:58,150
Isixeko saseLeicester, esithe ngokusebenzisa ibhunga
lesixeko, ukuba ukugonywa okunyanzelekileyo akusayi

235
00:20:58,150 --> 00:21:02,600
kuphinda kunyanzeliswe ngaphakathi kwemida yesixeko.

236
00:21:07,630 --> 00:21:10,930
Ukunyanzeliswa kokugonya akusasebenzi.

237
00:21:10,930 --> 00:21:16,704
Kwaye kwakweso xesha isixeko saseLeicester sasinelona nani
lisezantsi lezigulana zomkhuhlane wamafutu kunye

238
00:21:16,704 --> 00:21:23,070
nelona nani lisezantsi lokusweleka ngenxa yawo, xa
sithelekiswa nezinye izixeko apho ukugonya kwanyanzeliswa.

239
00:21:23,070 --> 00:21:27,883
Oku kwakucacile kwakhona kwenzekweni eyalandelayo ekupheleni
kwenkulungwane yama-19 nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.

240
00:21:27,883 --> 00:21:37,270
Apha ungabona inani lamatyala okusweleka ngenxa yesigwebu
kunye nokusweleka okubangelwe lulwalwa lokugonya isigwebu.

241
00:21:37,270 --> 00:21:41,296
Iikhowudi ngokwenene zibonisa amaxabiso anobude obulinganayo.

242
00:21:41,296 --> 00:21:50,256
Oku kuthetha ukuba nkqu nabaxhasi abakhulu
bokugonya abanakuthi kunciphisa izinga lokusweleka.

243
00:21:50,256 --> 00:21:54,510
Kodwa yayingezizo nje iimfa; kwakukho nokukhubazeka okukhulu.

244
00:21:54,510 --> 00:21:58,256
Kuye kwabakho i-meningitis emva kokwenziwa
kotshintsho kwisitofu sokugonya isifo se-smallpox.

245
00:21:58,256 --> 00:22:06,410
Kwaye ngo-1924, ugqirha wezifo ePrague wangqina
unxulumano olucacileyo okokuqala ngexesha lokuvavanywa komzimba.

246
00:22:06,410 --> 00:22:13,122
Ungabona ukuba kuthatha ixesha elingakanani. Ngoko ke, ziyi-125
iiminyaka. Iminyaka engama-25 emva kokuqaliswa kokugonya.

247
00:22:13,122 --> 00:22:17,676
Okokuqala, kwafunyaniswa ukuba yonke le nto ibangela imeningitis.

248
00:22:17,676 --> 00:22:19,810
Nangona, ewe, oku sekhe kwenzeka ngaphambili.

249
00:22:19,810 --> 00:22:26,758
Kwaye kwathatha enye impilo yomntu, oko kukuthi
isizukulwana, iminyaka engama-30, ukuze

250
00:22:26,758 --> 00:22:31,236
umonakalo wesitofu sogonyo waziwe eKarlsruhe ngo-1953.

251
00:22:31,236 --> 00:22:35,826
Kude kube ngelo xesha, bekungekho ngxelo
zisesikweni ngomonakalo wesitofu sokugonya, nangona

252
00:22:35,826 --> 00:22:38,895
ukugonya kwakusele kusenziwa iminyaka engama-250.

253
00:22:38,895 --> 00:22:46,343
Kwaye kwiRiphabliki yeFederal yaseJamani, nangona kwakungasekho
manye amatyala esigwebu, kwabakho amatyala asi-7 aqinisekisiweyo

254
00:22:46,343 --> 00:22:53,558
phakathi kuka-1949 no-1979, ukusweleka kwabantu abangama-360
okunxulumene negonyo okuvunywe yi-RKI nePaul Ehrlich Institute,

255
00:22:53,558 --> 00:22:57,520
kunye namatyala angama-984 ubuncinane okwenzakala okusisigxina.

256
00:22:57,520 --> 00:23:02,236
Kwaye seso isizathu le ntsholongwane yomkhuhlane wamaxholo
yanyanzeleka ukuba ibhengezwe njengaphelisiweyo

257
00:23:02,236 --> 00:23:07,503
ngo-1979, kuba kuphela ngoko ke ukugonya
umkhuhlane wamaxholo kwakunokupheliswa kancinci kancinci.

258
00:23:07,503 --> 00:23:10,300
Kungenjalo, kuya kube kufuneka
ukuba ugonyo lwe-smallpox luyaqhubeka.

259
00:23:10,300 --> 00:23:12,560
Kodwa oko kwakungenakwenzeka.

260
00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:20,138
Kwaye ndingathanda ukuqukumbela ngecatshulwa elivela
kugqirha waseMelika, umthetheleli wokugonya

261
00:23:20,138 --> 00:23:25,116
owayengumlawuli wezonyango zokuthintela eMkhosini wase-US.

262
00:23:25,116 --> 00:23:34,624
Ngo-1940, emva phantse kweminyaka engama-250 yembali
yokugonya, wathi wonke lo mba wokugonya, kokubini

263
00:23:34,624 --> 00:23:41,063
okusebenzayo nokungasebenziyo, wawusekwinqanaba lovavanyo.

264
00:23:41,063 --> 00:23:46,190
Kwaye ngoku siphinde sabona ukuba
yonke le nto isesigabeni sokulinga.

265
00:23:46,190 --> 00:23:56,288
Kwaye ukuba kunjalo emva kweli xesha, umntu angabuza
kuphela ukuba kutheni izitofu zokugonya zisengumcimbi.