WEBVTT

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Iincwadi zokufunda zesikolo zisixelela ngendlela isifo
se-smallpox esoyiswa ngayo okokuqala,

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kwalandela ezinye izifo ezilandelelanayo,
ngenxa yokugonya okukhuselekileyo nokusebenzayo.

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Kodwa ingaba oku kuyinyani ngokwenene?

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Lo mbuzo uphononongwa ngumhlohli waseyunivesithi uGqr. Gerd
Reuther, ingcali yezithombe zonyango kunye nembali yezonyango.

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UGqr. Reuther kudala esaziwa ngokugxeka kwakhe amayeza alawulwa
ziinkampani zamachiza, kwaye ukwavakalise oku

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kwincwadi yakhe ethengiswe kakhulu kwi-Spiegel enesihloko
esithi "Der betrogene Patient" (Isigulana Esikhohlisiweyo).

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Kwintetho yakhe, uGqr. Gerd Reuter usebenzisa umzekelo wokugonywa
kwesifo se-smallpox kunye nemithombo yembali

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yezonyango ukubonisa iziphumo
zokunyanzeliswa kokugonywa kwesifo se-smallpox eluntwini.

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NgokukaGqr. Reuther, isigulana sasisifo
esingayingozi, kodwa ukugonya esichasene naso

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kwakhokelela ekufeni kwabantu abangamashumi amawaka.

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Nokugonya kwafika, masithi, ukufa ngenxa yesigulana.

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NgokukaGqr. Reuther, imbali yemijovo yamakhulu amathathu eminyaka
ingalinganiswa nolwaphulo-mthetho olunye oluchasene nempilo.

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Zive ngokwakho ukuba uGqr. Reuter uthini malunga
nokugonywa, kwaye ngokukodwa, ukugonywa kwesigwebu.

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Intetho inikwe njengenxalenye yesimpoziyam ye-MWGFD
kumxholo othi "Ukuvunywa kwejelo, iingcebiso zokugonya,

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ukugonywa okunyanzelekileyo – ingaba idatha yanele na?"

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Gqr. Ronald Weikl: Nceda nizonwabise. Hlanganyela nam ngoku
kwinikezelo eliza kuba lolonwabo olukhulu, elivela kumntu

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wethu esebenzisana naye esihloniphekileyo, uGqr. Gerd Reuther,
elinesihloko esithi 'Ugonyo – liyabaliswa lempumelelo?'.

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Gqr Gerd Reuther: Ewe, René othandekayo,
enkosi kakhulu, baendwendwe abathandekayo.

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Ugonyo lwe-Covid-19, olwalungeyogonyo,
belungesosona saphulo-mthetho sokuqala kwezempilo kumayeza.

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Enyanisweni, i-300 leminyaka yembali yokugonya
lulwaphulo-mthetho olukhulu lwezempilo, kodwa ngenxa yokunqaba

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kwexesha, ndiza kuthetha ngesitofu sokugonya esinye kuphela.

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Noko ke, loo nto yiminyaka engama-200 yembali
yokugonya, njengoko iminyaka yokuqala engama-200

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yayinikezelwe kuphela ekugonyweni kwesigulana.

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Kwaye le nkqubo yokugonya umkhuhlane wamaxholo yenzelwa
ngendlela efanayo kanye nale yenkqubo yangoku ye-Covid-19.

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Kwakumalunga nengcinezelo, izohlwayo, nemali eninzi kakhulu,
kwezinye iimeko kwanemali engaphezulu kunale yanamhlanje.

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Kwaye kwakumalunga nokwenza into engenabungqina.

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Kwaye umonakalo uyifihliwe.

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Abanye banokuthi, ingaba i-smallpox
ne-Covid zinokuthelekiswa ngokwenene?

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I-Covid, ibiyiflu nje.

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Kodwa isigwebu sasisifo esoyikeka ngokwenene.

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Ndithe ndizokuzisa lo mfanekiso mnye
kuni, eniza kuwubona ngokuphindaphindiweyo.

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Okunika umdla kukuba, uhlala ubona imifanekiso
efanayo yesigulana kwi-intanethi nakwizincwadi.

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Kwakungekho baninzi kangako izigulana
zesigulane kwixesha lokufota neefilimu, kangangokuba

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kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba kusoloko kuziswa abatsha.

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Kodwa kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-19, umzobi wemifanekiso
ehlekisayo waba nesibindi sokubonisa ukuba isigwebu sasingesosifo

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somkhulu kangako kwaye asisengathi sibi ngaphezu kweCovid.

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Kungenxa yokuba zikhangeleka kakubi nje.

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Ngoko ke wazithathela inkululeko apha, njengobuchule
bentengiso, masithi, kubasebenzi bezonyango abakhwela iinkomo

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namahashe amadaka apha, kwaye njengesikhuthazi, masithi, ukuya

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Ugonyo luthwala i-nymph
egutyungelwe yimpundu ukuze luyoyikise abantu.

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Kwaye ungabona ukuba abantwana benza ntoni kwicala lasekunene.

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Abantwana bayabaleka.

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Kodwa kufuneka le meko yokoyika, njengemizimba
ebifakwe kuyo yonke ikona yezitrato ngeCovid.

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Ngoko ke babonise le ntsomnono inamaqhakuva apha.

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Kwaye uloyiko belusoloko luyinxalenye engundoqo yeshishini.

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Kodwa ke loo nto yayingekho sikweni nakwimeko yesigulana.

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Kutheni? Isigulana besaziwa ukuba sikho kangangeminyaka
ubuncinane eliwaka, mhlawumbi neminyaka eliwaka elininzi.

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Zazikho naseNtshona, kodwa njengesifo
sobuntwana esingenabungozi esasingathethwa ngaso.

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Kwaye apha ndizise iinkcukacha-manani ezithile ezivela eNgilani.

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Kwaye njengoko ubona, iqala malunga nentsimbi ye-16:30.

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Eli lityala lokuqala elirekhodiweyo lomntu
omdala ekunokwenzeka ukuba wayenesigwebu.

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Kude kube lelo xesha, kukho kuphela izinto ezimangalisayo
ezithandabuzekayo zokuba umntu omdala wayenokosulelwa yisigulana.

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Loo nto yaqala kuphela kwisiqingatha
sesibini senkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe.

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Kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke, intlekele yomkhuhlane wamaxeba yenzeka
ngekhulu le-18, ngexesha iinkcubeko zokugonya zazisele zikho.

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Kuba phambi koko, ukuba ujonga kwakhona,
kwakukho abantu abangaphantsi kwekhulu

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ababesweleka ngenxa yesigulana eLondon nyaka ngamnye.

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Abaninzi baphile kwiimeko zentlalo ezimbi kakhulu.

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Kwaye kwada kwaba ngekhulu le-18 laxa kwabakho
amakhulu amawaka amatyala esigulana ababulalayo.

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Kwaye masicinge nje ngeKhowidi.

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Abantu abazange bafe ngo-2020, kodwa
kuphela emva kokuba uqalo lokugonya.

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Kwaye apha, mhlawumbi, sisiqalo sesalathiso.

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Ingaba oku kunokunxulumana nophuhliso olunye lwezentlalo?

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Ewe, isigulana saba yintlekele eYurophu
kuphela xa iCounter-Reformation yaba namandla

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emva kweMfazwe yeeMinyaka engamashumi amathathu.

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Iincwadi ezininzi zisatsho nangoku, kwaye oku kuhlala kuphinda
kubhalwe phantsi ngenkuthalo, ukuba ukugonywa ngamabala avela

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kwizigulana zesigwebu sisithethe samandulo somayeza lwabantu.

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AmaTshayina, amaIndiya kunye namaAfrika sele beyenzile le
nto, yiyo loo nto ukugonywa kuyeyona nto yendalo ehlabathini.

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Ukuba ujonga iinyaniso, oko akuyonyaniso kwaphela.

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Akukho maxwebhu angaphambi konyaka we-1700 abonisa ukuba kukho
umntu owakha watsala umphunga wangena eluswini lomnye umntu.

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Ukunqunyulwa kwagqalwa okokuqala malunga nonyaka ka-1700
ngababikezeli-maxesha ababini abangamaGrike eConstantinople.

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Kungekudala emva koko, kwanabha
iintlanganiso zesigula somkhuhlane wamaxholo naphaya.

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Kwaye unyaka ka-1713 wabona ingxelo yokuqala
ngugqirha wamaGrike malunga nokugonya okunjalo.

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Kodwa ayisiyondlela yakudala yokuphilisa ngemithi yesintu.

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Kwaye ikwayintsomi yamandulo ngembali yesigulana
sokuthi lo mfazi apha, uLady Wortley Montagu,

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nguye owazisa kakhulu ugonyo oluluncedo lwesigulana.

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Wakubona oku eConstantinople waza emva koko
wasebenza njengomthetheleli wokugonya

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eYurophu yaseNtshona ukusukela ngonyaka ka-1721.

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Kwaye ixhaphakile kakhulu phakathi
kwabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu.

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Kodwa ke nangoko, abantu abasempilweni
babesifa ngenxa yezi zitofu zokugonya.

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Kwaye ingakumbi kwiindawo eziphambili zentlalo.

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Naphakathi kwabaxhasi bokugonya, kuyavunywa
ukuba izinga lokusweleka lifikelela kwi-2%.

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Akukho mntu waziyo ukuba yayiphezulu kangakanani na ngokwenene.

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Kodwa ungayisusa ngokwenene uNksk. Wortley
Montagu ebalini, akazange adlale ndima ngokwenene.

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Kwiminyaka elishumi emva kokuba eqalise ukukhuthaza ukugonywa,
kwakungekagonywa abantu abangaphezu kwe-1,000 eNgilani.

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Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu yayingumntu othile
u-Abbe Conti, ongafundi ngaye kakhulu kwimbali.

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UJesuiti owayexhasa kakhulu ezi zitofu zokugonya.

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Kwaye isizathu sokuba ukugonya kube nempumelelo
kungenxa yokuba kwakukho imali eninzi ebifakwe kuko.

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Nanku umzekelo.

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Ugqirha waseNgilani wabizelwa kwiTsarina yaseRashiya
uCatherine oMkhulu ukuze amgonyele yena nabantwana bakhe.

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Kwaye ngale ntshukumo, ethathe, masithi, imizuzu
emihlanu, wafumana intlawulo ye-£10,000. Ngokwemali

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yanamhlanje, oko kulingana ne-euro ezisondele kwisigidi esinye.

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Umhlalaphantsi wobomi bonke we-£500
ngonyaka kunye nesihloko sebharoni.

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Yena nezizukulwana zakhe babenokuphila
ngokukhululekileyo ubomi babo bonke.

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Kuthelekiswa, zimbalwa iiporsche
ezigonyiweyo ezikwiigaraji kule mihla.

08:20.863 --> 08:27.920
Ngo-1721, olu nqumlo lwekhwele
lomkhuhlane lwasefihlakele ngokusebenzisa

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Kudilike echibini.

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Kuthiwa iimeko zesigwebu zangeniswa e-USA ngenqanawa.

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Kwaye umfundisi nogqirha ke baqinisekisa
ukuba kubalulekile ukukhusela abantu ngokugonywa.

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Kwaye olu vavanyo, olwenzayo ngelo xesha,
luthathwa njengezibalo zonyango zokuqala.

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Izinga lokusweleka lwe-smallpox beliya
kuthotywa ukusuka kwi-15% ukuya kwi-2.5%. Impumelelo.

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Noko ke, into abantu abayicingeliyo kukuba olu
lwalungelulo uphando olufanelekileyo olwenziwe nguMnu.

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Cotton Mather, umPuritane owayenomkhuba wobuphunga.

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Amaqela ebengathelekiseki kwaphela.
Akuzange kubekho ukwabiwa okungakhethanga.

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Abo babefakwe izitofu nabo babengazifakanga
babengamaqela ahluke kakhulu ngokucacileyo.

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Kwaye impumelelo nayo kumele ukuba yayinemiqathango kuba uMnu.
Cotton Mather kwafuneka azimele endlwini yakhe iintsuku

09:22.581 --> 09:29.663
ezili-14 ngexesha lweli phulo lokugonya, njengoko umfazi
wakhe wayesoyika ukuba kungenjalo wayeza bulawa ngamxhelo mnye.

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Ngoko ke, kumele ukuba bekukho
iziganeko ezimbi zempilo kunye nokusweleka.

09:34.776 --> 09:40.080
UMnu. Cotton Mather naye wenza
iinkundla zobugqwirha phaya, ngendlela.

09:40.080 --> 09:44.880
Ewe. Kwaye izinto
bezingakhangelekanga kakuhle naseYurophu ngokuphumelela.

09:44.880 --> 09:50.476
Ukuba ujonga apha, la ngamanani-manani avela eCopenhagen
abonisa izinga lokusweleka lonyaka ngenxa yesigulana.

09:50.476 --> 09:57.216
Kwaye apha kuphawulwe apho isibhedlele
sokugonya saphulwa saza saphinda savalwa khona.

09:57.216 --> 10:01.543
Akukho nto uyibonayo kwezi zibalo
ebonisa ukuba kukho into etshintshileyo.

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Impumelelo ke leyo.

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Kwaye ukuba awungangeni eCopenhagen nakwezinye
iindawo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ayenzekanga naseBoston.

10:10.316 --> 10:17.510
Kwaye into ekwangekho kuthiwa kwiincwadi ezininzi zembali
yezonyango yeyokuba ngo-1729, kwiminyaka esibhozo emva

10:17.510 --> 10:24.596
kokuba uLady Wadley Montagu wayekhuthaze lo mbono
wonke, iPalamente yaseBritane yayisele ikwalele ukugonywa.

10:24.596 --> 10:30.860
Kwaye kwada kwangemva konyaka ka-1743
apho kwaphinda kwenziwa naziphi na.

10:30.860 --> 10:39.039
Kwaye ugqirha kaMaria Theresa eVienna wenza ingxelo
enobulumko kakhulu ngelo xesha yokuba iinkosana

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nabantu abazizityebi badla ngokufa ngenxa yesigulana.

10:44.256 --> 10:48.600
Ikoloni enganyangwanga iyaphila ngaphandle konyango.

10:48.600 --> 10:53.220
Oku kukwabonisa ukuba isigulana
besingesiso isifo esibi ngokwenene.

10:53.220 --> 11:00.956
Kwakukule ndlela yokugonya kuphela apho
isifo se-smallpox saba sisifo esiyingozi.

11:00.956 --> 11:02.763
Kwaye oko kuye kwaba nefuthe kwimbali.

11:02.763 --> 11:06.590
Asiyiyo i-smallpox, kodwa yi-vaccinia.

11:06.590 --> 11:09.556
Apha ndiza kubonisa iziganeko ezibini ezibalaseleyo zokufa.

11:09.556 --> 11:14.997
Ngasekhohlo, nguLouis XV; ngasekunene,
ngowokugqibela wakwaWittelsbach waseBavaria.

11:14.997 --> 11:22.836
Uthotho lwakhe lwacinywa kukusweleka kwakhe
okutyholwayo ngenxa yesigulana, uMaximilian III Joseph.

11:22.836 --> 11:31.263
Kuthiwa bobabini basweleke ngenxa yesigulana, omnye
eneminyaka engama-64, omnye eneminyaka engama-50.

11:31.263 --> 11:36.210
Kwaye into ababengabambelele kuyo bobabini
yayikukuba babengababusi abathandwa kakhulu.

11:36.210 --> 11:39.899
Abantu baphumelela phantsi kolawulo lwabo.

11:39.899 --> 11:47.017
Siyazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba uLouis XV wayengenakosulelwa
yisigwebu eneminyaka engama-64 ubudala, kuba wayesele wayinayo

11:47.017 --> 11:51.103
esengumntwana kwaye isigwebu sinika ukhuselo lobomi bonke.

11:51.103 --> 11:57.400
ULouis XV wazijonga eneminyaka engama-64 ubudala
waza wathi, ukuba bendingazi ukuba ndakha ndaba

11:57.400 --> 12:01.976
nesigwebu ndisengumntwana, bendingathi ndinesigwebu.

12:01.976 --> 12:06.356
Akazange asinde. Kumele ukuba ibiyentlawulo yokugonya isigwebu.

12:06.356 --> 12:14.860
UMax III Joseph utyholwa ngokuyalela abantu bakhe
ukuba bagonywe, kodwa yena esoloko enqaba ukwenza oko.

12:14.860 --> 12:18.933
Umntu angathandabuza ukuba kunokwenzeka
ukusweleka ngenxa yesigwebu eneminyaka

12:18.933 --> 12:22.020
engama-50 ubudala ekusempilweni ngokupheleleyo.

12:22.020 --> 12:24.030
Kwaye baninzi abanye.

12:24.030 --> 12:29.200
Noozwilakhe ababini baseHabsburg
eVienna nabo basweleka ngenxa yesigulana.

12:29.200 --> 12:33.523
Kwaye zikho izinto ezimbalwa ekufuneka zisenze sicinge.

12:33.523 --> 12:40.103
Izidwangube ezazifileyo yayingabantu
ababephila ubomi obukwinqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu.

12:40.103 --> 12:45.303
Kodwa i-smallpox yayisisigulo
seendawo ezixakekileyo, sezihlwempu.

12:45.303 --> 12:47.036
Kungaba njani oko?

12:47.036 --> 12:51.069
Kwaye ibisoloko isifo sobuntwana.

12:51.069 --> 12:58.476
Kutheni abantu abadala bengafumana isigwebu besempilweni entle?

12:58.476 --> 13:02.363
Kwakungekho namnye wonke ugqirha owayekhe
wabona isigulana sabantu abadala ngelo xesha.

13:02.363 --> 13:09.176
Kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, wonke umntu
uyazi ukuba isigwebu sothuko siyosulela kakhulu.

13:09.176 --> 13:17.643
Kodwa apho abalawuli nezinye iinkosana zafa khona, akuzange
kubekho mntu wumbi ogula okanye ofayo ngenxa yesigulana.

13:17.643 --> 13:23.096
Zazingasosuleliyo kwaye
ngokucacileyo azizange zosulele abanye abantu.

13:23.096 --> 13:26.050
Kodwa kukho enye into abayifanayo.

13:26.050 --> 13:31.070
Bonke abalawuli babe neCawa njengomthí wabo.

13:31.070 --> 13:35.923
Bebefuna ukususa iCawa kwimeko yayo yokungahlawuliswa irhafu.

13:35.923 --> 13:41.890
Okungenzekanga emva kokusweleka kwakhe.

13:41.890 --> 13:45.449
Kwaye ndinomnye umngqina wale ziganeko.

13:45.449 --> 13:50.950
Lo ngumongameli, uAbraham A. Santa Clara, owayephila ngelo xesha.

13:50.950 --> 13:53.816
Igama lakhe lokwenyani yayinguJohann Ulrich Megerle.

13:53.816 --> 14:02.316
Kwaye kwanangelo xesha, wathi ilungelo elikhethekileyo
leenkosi zeMedi Corum yayilelungelo lokubulala ungohlwaywa.

14:02.316 --> 14:10.133
Ngoko ke uJames Bond akazange abe ngumntu wokuqala kwimbali
yoluntu owanikwa ilayisensi yokubulala; eneneni,

14:10.133 --> 14:20.603
njengoko uMnu. Megerle esitsho, lo mkhwa waziswa ngenene
kwinkulungwane ye-13 ngokusekwa kobungcali bezonyango.

14:20.603 --> 14:28.519
Kwabo bakholelwa ukuba konke oku kukugqithiswa, kuba
ukugonya akunakuba kubi kangako, ndiziphathele isicatshulwa

14:28.519 --> 14:32.960
esisuka kwincwadi kaHervé Bovin emalunga nembali yokugonya.

14:32.960 --> 14:38.176
Ungunjingalwazi ongumhlalaphantsi eLeuven.

14:38.176 --> 14:40.876
Kwaye ungumxhasi ozinikeleyo wokugonya.

14:40.876 --> 14:43.640
Ikwanxulumene ne-Pasteur Institute.

14:43.640 --> 14:52.891
Kwaye ubhala kwincwadi yakhe ka-2011 ukuba ukugonya, njengoko
kwakwenziwa eYurophu phakathi kuka-1721 nokwaziswa kwendlela

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kaSutton, esiza kuyixoxa kungekudala, kwakuyingozi kakhulu.

14:57.583 --> 15:03.890
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo,
kwakukwisiphelo sento eyayinokunyamezelwa.

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Ngoko ke naye uyalibeka elubala ukuba ezi
zitofu zokugonya bezikwasisixhobo esinokubulala.

15:14.450 --> 15:18.943
Kwaye bekungayi kuba yimfuneko nantoni na
kule nto ukuba abantu bebemamele le ndoda.

15:18.943 --> 15:23.169
UDaniel Sutton, wayengenguye ugqirha
wezemfundo, kodwa wayengusokhathalelo

15:23.169 --> 15:26.383
onobuchule. Wayesuka kusapho lwabasokhathalelo.

15:26.383 --> 15:33.960
Wenza ukugonya ukusukela ngo-1750,
kodwa esebenzisa indlela entsha.

15:33.960 --> 15:36.943
Kwaye, ngendlela, wenza imali eninzi kakhulu kuloo nkqubo.

15:36.943 --> 15:43.736
Ugonyo lubiza i-£10 kubantu
abaqhelekileyo ne-£25 kubantu abazizityebi.

15:43.736 --> 15:47.570
Wayesenza malunga nama-500 ukuya kuma-1000 ngosuku.

15:47.570 --> 15:57.936
Ngelo xesha, indlu ezimeleyo yayixabisa i-£500. Oko kuthetha ukuba
wayefumana iindlu ezininzi ezimeleyo ngosuku ngaloo ndlela.

15:57.936 --> 16:08.810
Nangona kunjalo, ufumene intlonipho kuba wathi
ekupheleni kobomi bakhe, "Andiphulukanga nasiphi na isigulana."

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Okokuqala, wazibamba ekuthabeni amanyathelo anobuthi angakumbi.
Oku kusoloko kulityalwa kwimbali yokugonya, kanye njengokuba

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izongezelelo ezikwi-vaccine nazo zisoloko zingaxoxwa nzulu.

16:18.430 --> 16:25.494
Kuba ngelo xesha, xa ubegonywa, amayeza
asemthethweni ayekunika i-adalas, i-antimony,

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imercury nezinye izinto eziyityhefu ezimnandi.

16:29.950 --> 16:31.843
Akazange enze nanye yezinto ezo.

16:31.843 --> 16:38.963
Umsonge nje wathi akukho nto ifunekayo ngaphandle komoya omtsha.

16:38.963 --> 16:44.256
Kodwa wenza into enye ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye.
Kwaye ukuba abantu bebemphulaphule uMnu. Sutton,

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intlekele yokugonywa kwe-Covid nayo ibingazokwenzeka.

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Wenze ulingo olusisiseko.

16:50.476 --> 16:56.716
Wakha watsala umkhenkce eluswini engayigalisi.

16:56.716 --> 17:03.797
Wakha wahlaba ulusu, wafaka lo mbalele
kumanqatha angaphantsi kolusu, waza wafaka lo mbalele

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ezinyanyeni ukuze abone ukuba kuza kwenzeka ntoni.

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Waza wafumanisa ukuba isiganeko esijoliswe kuso
yayikukubakho kwezilonda zokugonya eluswini, oko kukuthi,

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uhlobo olungayingozi lwesigwebu esenzeka emva koku kugalelwa.

17:19.696 --> 17:31.436
Oku kwenzeke kuphela xa wayegonya ulusu, hayi
isicwili esingaphantsi kolusu okanye izihlunu.

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Kutheni?

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Kuyacaca ngokwenene.

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Kuba inkqubo yethu yokhuselo
lomzimba isebenza ngaphakathi kwesikhumba.

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Yonke into esiyifaka nzulu iyintlekele.

17:41.130 --> 17:47.910
Kwaye ngelishwa, amayeza akakwazanga ukuqonda oku
ukusukela ngexesha likaMnu. Sutton, kangangeminyaka engama-250.

17:47.910 --> 17:53.794
Ngelishwa, umsebenzi wakhe "The Inoculator"
awupapashwa de kwaba ngo-1796, ngexesha

17:53.794 --> 17:58.356
inkcubeko yokugonya kaJenner yayisele iza kuqalisa.

17:58.356 --> 18:07.217
Kodwa into afundise thina uSutton yeyokuba inkqubo yethu
yokhuselo lomzimba, ukuba ufuna ukuyifundisa into ngokugonywa,

18:07.217 --> 18:11.650
isebenza kuphela ngolusu nakwiimembrane zokukrwempa.

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Le yindlela yokuguquka kwendalo. Noko ke,
oku akwenzeki xa into itofwa nzulu kumanxeba.

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Yintlobo kuphela, impumlo, umqala, imiphunga
kunye nesitho sokwetyisa ukutya

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ezinokuchaphazela inkumbulo yenkqubo yokhuselo lomzimba.

18:29.210 --> 18:34.656
Nantoni na enye ibangelwa ukwenzakala
emzimbeni okunokubangela ukwenzakala.

18:34.656 --> 18:37.820
Loo nto ibiya kuba yimpumelelo enkulu kaSutton.

18:37.820 --> 18:39.823
Kodwa uMnu Jenner wafika.

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Kwaye uMnu. Jenner wayenoluvo, engenguye owokuqala, kodwa ekunye
nooGqirha abanye ababekhona phambi kwakhe, lokuba isifo

18:45.883 --> 18:52.263
esingenabungozi se-cowpox, esasibangele ukuba abasebenzi bokuchola
ubisi bangabi nazo naziphi na izibazi zesifo se-smallpox,

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kodwa zigcine ulusu oluhle olumhlophe,
zinokusebenza njengendawo efanelekileyo yempuphu

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yesigulana somntu xa zisetyenziselwa ukugonya.

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Kodwa abafazi ababela ubisi babesempilweni kwaye
benolusu oluhle ngenxa yokuba babesela ubisi lwenkomo olutsha,

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olungapasturiswanga. Kwakungenanto yakwenza ne-cowpox.

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Kutheni? Kuba zazifuneka kakhulu.

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UJenner ngokwakhe akazange anike ubungqina bokuba isitofu
sakhe sisebenza, kwaye wenza iimvavanyo ezingekho mthethweni.

19:23.590 --> 19:29.450
Umzekelo, wagalela unyana womgcini-gadi wakhe esi
siyalelo sokugonya isifo sokhomo waza wamchaphazela umntwana

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kwisifo somhlaza ukuze abone ukuba kuza kwenzeka nantoni na.

19:34.263 --> 19:41.620
Kwaye akazange athandabuze nokugonya
unyana wakhe. Akusoloko ufunda nangaloo nto.

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Unyana wakhe waba nakhubazeko lwengqondo emva kwesi
siqhushumbisi waza wasweleka eneminyaka engama-21 ubudala.

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Lo nguJenner, igorha lokugonya.

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Kwaye kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo, iityhubhu ezindala
ezazithunyelwe nguMnu Jenner ngelo xesha nazo zaphononongwa.

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Kwakungekho kwaphela i-cowpox kuyo.

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Kwakukho isifo samahashe apho, okanye mhlawumbi
yinto nje eyomileyo, into eyayithunyelwe

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kwihlabathi lonke, into eyayingenakuba luncedo kwaphela.

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Kwaye iinkcukacha-manani ezimbalwa ezikhoyo, eNgilani
emva kokwaziswa kukaJenner, zikubonisa apha kwicala

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lasekhohlo, ezi yayingokufa ngenxa yesigulana eNgilani.

20:24.416 --> 20:28.216
Sasisele sinemigingo yonyanzeliso ukusukela ngo-1853.

20:28.216 --> 20:36.130
14,000, 20,000 kwaye ke kwabakho ubhubhane
wamafuza owabulala abantu abangama-44,000.

20:36.130 --> 20:44.010
Abantu baqala ukuqonda kancinci kancinci ukuba
ukugonya kwakukhokelela ekufeni ngenxa yesigulana.

20:44.010 --> 20:50.836
Kwaye ke kwabakho isixeko esenza olu vavanyo,
masithi. Ungasibona apha. Esi sisisixeko saseLeicester.

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Ndiyabuyela kwakhona.

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Isixeko saseLeicester, esithe ngokusebenzisa ibhunga
lesixeko, ukuba ukugonywa okunyanzelekileyo akusayi

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kuphinda kunyanzeliswe ngaphakathi kwemida yesixeko.

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Ukunyanzeliswa kokugonya akusasebenzi.

21:10.930 --> 21:16.704
Kwaye kwakweso xesha isixeko saseLeicester sasinelona nani
lisezantsi lezigulana zomkhuhlane wamafutu kunye

21:16.704 --> 21:23.070
nelona nani lisezantsi lokusweleka ngenxa yawo, xa
sithelekiswa nezinye izixeko apho ukugonya kwanyanzeliswa.

21:23.070 --> 21:27.883
Oku kwakucacile kwakhona kwenzekweni eyalandelayo ekupheleni
kwenkulungwane yama-19 nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.

21:27.883 --> 21:37.270
Apha ungabona inani lamatyala okusweleka ngenxa yesigwebu
kunye nokusweleka okubangelwe lulwalwa lokugonya isigwebu.

21:37.270 --> 21:41.296
Iikhowudi ngokwenene zibonisa amaxabiso anobude obulinganayo.

21:41.296 --> 21:50.256
Oku kuthetha ukuba nkqu nabaxhasi abakhulu
bokugonya abanakuthi kunciphisa izinga lokusweleka.

21:50.256 --> 21:54.510
Kodwa yayingezizo nje iimfa; kwakukho nokukhubazeka okukhulu.

21:54.510 --> 21:58.256
Kuye kwabakho i-meningitis emva kokwenziwa
kotshintsho kwisitofu sokugonya isifo se-smallpox.

21:58.256 --> 22:06.410
Kwaye ngo-1924, ugqirha wezifo ePrague wangqina
unxulumano olucacileyo okokuqala ngexesha lokuvavanywa komzimba.

22:06.410 --> 22:13.122
Ungabona ukuba kuthatha ixesha elingakanani. Ngoko ke, ziyi-125
iiminyaka. Iminyaka engama-25 emva kokuqaliswa kokugonya.

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Okokuqala, kwafunyaniswa ukuba yonke le nto ibangela imeningitis.

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Nangona, ewe, oku sekhe kwenzeka ngaphambili.

22:19.810 --> 22:26.758
Kwaye kwathatha enye impilo yomntu, oko kukuthi
isizukulwana, iminyaka engama-30, ukuze

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umonakalo wesitofu sogonyo waziwe eKarlsruhe ngo-1953.

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Kude kube ngelo xesha, bekungekho ngxelo
zisesikweni ngomonakalo wesitofu sokugonya, nangona

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ukugonya kwakusele kusenziwa iminyaka engama-250.

22:38.895 --> 22:46.343
Kwaye kwiRiphabliki yeFederal yaseJamani, nangona kwakungasekho
manye amatyala esigwebu, kwabakho amatyala asi-7 aqinisekisiweyo

22:46.343 --> 22:53.558
phakathi kuka-1949 no-1979, ukusweleka kwabantu abangama-360
okunxulumene negonyo okuvunywe yi-RKI nePaul Ehrlich Institute,

22:53.558 --> 22:57.520
kunye namatyala angama-984 ubuncinane okwenzakala okusisigxina.

22:57.520 --> 23:02.236
Kwaye seso isizathu le ntsholongwane yomkhuhlane wamaxholo
yanyanzeleka ukuba ibhengezwe njengaphelisiweyo

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ngo-1979, kuba kuphela ngoko ke ukugonya
umkhuhlane wamaxholo kwakunokupheliswa kancinci kancinci.

23:07.503 --> 23:10.300
Kungenjalo, kuya kube kufuneka
ukuba ugonyo lwe-smallpox luyaqhubeka.

23:10.300 --> 23:12.560
Kodwa oko kwakungenakwenzeka.

23:12.560 --> 23:20.138
Kwaye ndingathanda ukuqukumbela ngecatshulwa elivela
kugqirha waseMelika, umthetheleli wokugonya

23:20.138 --> 23:25.116
owayengumlawuli wezonyango zokuthintela eMkhosini wase-US.

23:25.116 --> 23:34.624
Ngo-1940, emva phantse kweminyaka engama-250 yembali
yokugonya, wathi wonke lo mba wokugonya, kokubini

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okusebenzayo nokungasebenziyo, wawusekwinqanaba lovavanyo.

23:41.063 --> 23:46.190
Kwaye ngoku siphinde sabona ukuba
yonke le nto isesigabeni sokulinga.

23:46.190 --> 23:56.288
Kwaye ukuba kunjalo emva kweli xesha, umntu angabuza
kuphela ukuba kutheni izitofu zokugonya zisengumcimbi.