1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:00,280


2
00:00:00,280 --> 00:00:05,983
Izincwadi zezikole zisitshela ukuthi i-smallpox
yahlulwa kanjani okokuqala, kwalandela olunye isifo

3
00:00:05,983 --> 00:00:10,020
ngemuva kolunye, ngenxa yokugoma okuphephile nokusebenzayo.

4
00:00:10,020 --> 00:00:12,600
Kodwa ngabe lokhu kuyiqiniso ngempela?

5
00:00:12,600 --> 00:00:19,580
Lo mbuzo uhlaziywa ngumfundisi wasenyuvesi uDkt Gerd Reuther,
onguchwepheshe wezithombe zomsakazo kanye nomlando wezokwelapha.

6
00:00:19,580 --> 00:00:25,732
UDkt. Reuther usaziwa isikhathi eside ngokugxeka kwakhe imithi
ebuswa izinkampani zemithi, futhi ukwazisile lokhu

7
00:00:25,732 --> 00:00:31,770
encwadini yakhe ethi "Der betrogene Patient"
(Isiguli Esikhohlisiwe), eyaba yibestseller ye-Spiegel.

8
00:00:31,770 --> 00:00:36,796
Esifundweni sakhe, uDkt Gerd Reuter usebenzisa isibonelo
sokugonywa kwe-smallpox nemithombo yomlando

9
00:00:36,796 --> 00:00:42,440
wezokwelapha ukukhombisa imiphumela eyaba nayo
ukugonywa okuphoqelekile kwe-smallpox kubantu.

10
00:00:42,440 --> 00:00:47,405
NgokukaDkt. Reuther, i-smallpox kwakuyisifo
esingabi yingozi, kodwa ukugoma i-smallpox

11
00:00:47,405 --> 00:00:51,560
kuholele ekufeni kwabantu abayizinkulungwane eziningi.

12
00:00:51,560 --> 00:00:55,920
Ngenxa yokugoma, ngokuthi, kwaba nokufa ngenxa yesifo sempuphu.

13
00:00:55,920 --> 00:01:03,403
NgokukaDkt Reuther, umlando weminyaka engu-300
yokugoma ungafaniswa necala elilodwa elibhekiswe empilweni.

14
00:01:03,403 --> 00:01:09,820
Zizwe ngokwakho ukuthi uDkt. Reuter uthini
mayelana nokugoma, ikakhulukazi ukugoma kwe-smallpox.

15
00:01:09,820 --> 00:01:16,429
Inkulumo yanikezwa njengengxenye yesimposiyamu se-MWGFD
ngesihloko esithi "Ukuvunywa kwemijovo yokugoma, izincomo

16
00:01:16,429 --> 00:01:22,624
zokugoma, ukugoma okuphoqelekile – ingabe idatha iyanele?"

17
00:01:22,624 --> 00:01:28,228
Dkt Ronald Weikl: Ngiyacela nijabulele. Hlanganyela nami manje
kulesi sikhombiso esizokujabulisa kakhulu esizethulwa

18
00:01:28,228 --> 00:01:33,300
ngumlingani wethu ohloniphekile, uDkt Gerd Reuther,
esinesihloko esithi 'Ukugoma – indaba yempumelelo?'.

19
00:01:33,300 --> 00:01:39,983
Dkt Gerd Reuther: Yebo, René othandekayo,
ngiyabonga kakhulu, izivakashi ezithandekayo.

20
00:01:39,983 --> 00:01:48,576
Imijovo yokugoma ye-Covid-19, eyayingeyona imijovo yokugoma,
yayingeyona icala lokuqala lobugebengu kwezempilo kwezokwelapha.

21
00:01:48,576 --> 00:01:55,326
Empeleni, umlando weminyaka engu-300 yokugoma
uyicala elikhulu kwezempilo, kodwa ngenxa yokuntuleka

22
00:01:55,326 --> 00:01:59,949
kwesikhathi ngizokhuluma ngokugoma okukodwa kuphela.

23
00:01:59,949 --> 00:02:05,232
Nokho, lokho kungeminyaka engu-200 yomlando
wokugoma, njengoba iminyaka yokuqala engu-200

24
00:02:05,232 --> 00:02:08,723
yayinikezelwe ngokuphelele ekugomeni i-smallpox.

25
00:02:08,723 --> 00:02:15,116
Futhi lolu hlelo lokugoma i-smallpox lwenzelwa
ngendlela efanayo ngqo nalolu hlelo lwamanje lwe-Covid-19.

26
00:02:15,116 --> 00:02:24,300
Kwakungokuphoqelelwa, ngezijeziso, ngenani elikhulu
lemali, kwezinye izimo ngisho nemali engaphezu kwale yanamuhla.

27
00:02:24,300 --> 00:02:30,380
Futhi kwakungokwenza into eyayinganabo ubufakazi.

28
00:02:30,380 --> 00:02:33,463
Futhi umonakalo usufihlwe.

29
00:02:33,463 --> 00:02:37,984
Abanye bangathi, ingabe
i-smallpox ne-Covid zingafaniswa ngempela?

30
00:02:37,984 --> 00:02:39,400
I-Covid, kwakuyiflu nje.

31
00:02:39,400 --> 00:02:42,956
Kodwa i-smallpox kwakuyisifo esesabekayo ngempela.

32
00:02:42,956 --> 00:02:48,370
Ngiletile lo mfanekiso owodwa ngawe, owuzowubona kaningi.

33
00:02:48,370 --> 00:02:54,410
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uhlale ubona izithombe
ezifanayo zesifo se-smallpox ku-inthanethi nakwizincwadi.

34
00:02:54,410 --> 00:03:01,820
Bekungekho abaguli abaningi be-smallpox ngesikhathi
sokuthwebula izithombe namafilimu ukuze uqhubeke uletha abasha.

35
00:03:01,820 --> 00:03:08,020
Kodwa sekuyikhulu le-19, umdwebi wamahlaya waba nesibindi
sokukhombisa ukuthi umkhuhlane wamaphuphu

36
00:03:08,020 --> 00:03:14,076
wawungeyona ngempela isifo esesabekayo kangako
futhi awusolokothe waba mbi kakhulu kune-Covid.

37
00:03:14,076 --> 00:03:15,876
Kungenxa yokuthi babukeka kabi nje.

38
00:03:15,876 --> 00:03:24,261
Ngakho wathatha inkululeko lapha, njengendlela yokukhangisa,
singasho kanjalo, kochwepheshe bezokwelapha abagibela izinkomo

39
00:03:24,261 --> 00:03:28,760
namahhashi lapha, futhi njengesikhuthazo, singasho kanjalo, ukuze

40
00:03:28,760 --> 00:03:35,820
Ukugoma kuthwala i-nymph egcwele isifo
sempuphu, okuhloswe ngakho ukwesabisa abantu.

41
00:03:35,820 --> 00:03:38,776
Futhi ungabona ukuthi izingane zenza ini ohlangothini lwesokudla.

42
00:03:38,776 --> 00:03:40,400
Izingane ziyabaleka.

43
00:03:40,400 --> 00:03:47,696
Kodwa nidinga lesi simo sokwesaba, njengoba manje nidinga
izidumbu ezazizolala ekhoneni ngalinye lomgwaqo ngenxa ye-Covid.

44
00:03:47,696 --> 00:03:52,816
Ngakho-ke babonise lapha
intombazane encane enamaqhuzu esikhumbeni.

45
00:03:52,816 --> 00:03:57,103
Futhi ukwesaba kube yingxenye
ebalulekile yebhizinisi kusukela ekuqaleni.

46
00:03:57,103 --> 00:04:01,170
Kodwa lokho nakho kwakungekho ngqondo esimweni se-smallpox.

47
00:04:01,170 --> 00:04:07,380
Kungani? I-smallpox yaziwa ukuthi ikhona okungenani iminyaka
eyinkulungwane, mhlawumbe iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziningi.

48
00:04:07,380 --> 00:04:15,070
Zazikhona futhi eNtshonalanga, kodwa njengesifo
sobuntwana esingelakhohlisa esasingakhulunywa ngaso.

49
00:04:15,070 --> 00:04:18,203
Futhi lapha ngiletha ezinye izibalo ezivela eNgilandi.

50
00:04:18,203 --> 00:04:22,496
Futhi njengoba ubona, iqala cishe ngo-1630.

51
00:04:22,496 --> 00:04:29,150
Lena yicala lokuqala elibhalwe phansi
lomuntu omdala okungenzeka ukuthi wayenepox.

52
00:04:29,150 --> 00:04:36,076
Kuze kube yilapho, kukhona kuphela izinto ezingabazekayo
ezibonisa ukuthi umuntu omdala angase athole umkhuhlane wamanzi.

53
00:04:36,076 --> 00:04:41,176
Lokho kwaqala kuphela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-17.

54
00:04:41,176 --> 00:04:49,576
Futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, inhlekelele yegwala yenzeka
ngekhulu le-18, ngesikhathi imijovo yokugoma isivele ikhona.

55
00:04:49,576 --> 00:04:53,378
Ngoba ngaphambi kwalokho, uma ubheka futhi,
kwakukhona ukufa okungaphansi kwamakhulu

56
00:04:53,378 --> 00:04:55,823
ngenxa yesifo se-smallpox eLondon minyaka yonke.

57
00:04:55,823 --> 00:04:59,650
Abaningi baphile ezimweni zomphakathi ezimbi kakhulu.

58
00:04:59,650 --> 00:05:06,100
Futhi kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-18 lapho kwaba
nezinkulungwane ezingamakhulu zamacala abulalayo e-smallpox.

59
00:05:06,100 --> 00:05:08,230
Futhi masicabange nje nge-Covid.

60
00:05:08,230 --> 00:05:15,430
Abantu abazange bafe ngo-2020, kodwa
kwaba nje ngemva kokuqalwa kokugoma.

61
00:05:15,430 --> 00:05:18,430
Futhi lapha, mhlawumbe, kunophawu lokuqala.

62
00:05:18,430 --> 00:05:22,520
Ingabe lokhu kungaba nokuthile
okuhlobene nezinye izintuthuko zomphakathi?

63
00:05:22,520 --> 00:05:29,197
Yebo, i-smallpox yaba yinhlekelele eYurophu
kuphela lapho i-Counter-Reformation yathola amandla

64
00:05:29,197 --> 00:05:34,336
ngemva kweMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu.

65
00:05:34,336 --> 00:05:41,250
Izincwadi eziningi zisathi, futhi lokhu kuhlala kubhalwa phansi
ngokucophelela, ukuthi ukufakwa kwegcoba elivela ezigulini

66
00:05:41,250 --> 00:05:44,563
ze-smallpox kuyindlela yakudala yokwelapha yomphakathi.

67
00:05:44,563 --> 00:05:52,250
Abantu baseShayina, baseNdiya nabase-Afrika sebekwenzile
lokhu, yingakho ukugoma kuyinto yemvelo kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

68
00:05:52,250 --> 00:05:55,563
Uma ubheka amaqiniso, lokho akulona iqiniso nhlobo.

69
00:05:55,563 --> 00:06:04,383
Azikho izincwadi ngaphambi konyaka ka-1700 ezikhombisa
ukuthi kukhona umuntu owake wasika i-pus wangena komunye umuntu.

70
00:06:04,383 --> 00:06:12,500
Ukugonywa kwabhalwa okokuqala cishe ngo-1700
ngababikezeli beziphetho ababili baseGrisi eConstantinople.

71
00:06:12,500 --> 00:06:16,900
Maduzane kwalokho, izifo zesibazi nazo zaqhamuka lapho.

72
00:06:16,900 --> 00:06:21,980
Futhi ngonyaka ka-1713 kwavela umbiko wokuqala
odokotela waseGrisi mayelana nokugonywa okunjalo.

73
00:06:21,980 --> 00:06:26,080
Kodwa hhayi isiko lemithi yendabuko yabantu asebekhulile.

74
00:06:26,080 --> 00:06:35,451
Futhi kuyindaba yakudala yabomakoti mayelana nomlando we-smallpox
ukuthi lo wesifazane lapha, uLady Wortley Montagu, wayengumuntu

75
00:06:35,451 --> 00:06:39,880
omkhulu owethule umjovo wokugoma we-smallpox onenzuzo.

76
00:06:39,880 --> 00:06:47,276
Wabona lokhu eConstantinople, wabe esebenza njengomlobi
wokugoma eYurophu yaseNtshonalanga kusukela ngo-1721 kuqhubeke.

77
00:06:47,276 --> 00:06:50,730
Futhi ivamile kakhulu phakathi kwesigaba esiphezulu.

78
00:06:50,730 --> 00:06:56,930
Kodwa ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, abantu
abaphilile bashona ngenxa yokugonywa.

79
00:06:56,930 --> 00:07:00,530
Ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zenhlalo ezihamba phambili.

80
00:07:00,530 --> 00:07:07,116
Ngisho phakathi kwabakhuthazi bokugoma,
kuyavunywa ukuthi izinga lokufa lingaba okungenani u-2%.

81
00:07:07,116 --> 00:07:09,952
Akekho owaziyo ukuthi bekuphakeme kangakanani ngempela.

82
00:07:09,952 --> 00:07:17,300
Kodwa empeleni ungakwazi ukususa uNkk. Wortley
Montagu endabeni, ngoba akazange adlale indima ngempela.

83
00:07:17,300 --> 00:07:26,696
Emuva kweminyaka eyishumi eqala ukukhuthaza ukugoma,
abantu abangadluli ku-1 000 babe begomelwe eNgilandi.

84
00:07:26,696 --> 00:07:32,900
Okubaluleke kakhulu kwakungu-Abbe Conti
othile, ngaye okufunda kancane kakhulu emlandweni.

85
00:07:32,900 --> 00:07:38,303
uJesuiti owayesekela kakhulu lezi zokugoma.

86
00:07:38,303 --> 00:07:44,630
Futhi isizathu sokuthi ukugonywa kuthole ukuthandwa
kwakungoba kwakukhona imali eningi ebandakanyekile.

87
00:07:44,630 --> 00:07:46,180
Nansi isibonelo.

88
00:07:46,180 --> 00:07:55,063
Udokotela waseNgilandi wabizwa kuTsarina yaseRussia
uKatherine Omkhulu ukuze amvikele yena nezingane zakhe.

89
00:07:55,063 --> 00:08:01,393
Futhi ngalomsebenzi, owathatha, masithi, imizuzu
emihlanu, wathola inkokhelo engu-£10,000. Ngokulingana

90
00:08:01,393 --> 00:08:05,510
kwanamuhla, lokho cishe kungayizigidi eziyisodwa zama-euro.

91
00:08:05,510 --> 00:08:10,323
Umhlalaphansi wokuphila konke
wama-£500 ngonyaka nesihloko sobaRon.

92
00:08:10,323 --> 00:08:14,863
Yena nezizukulwane zakhe bahlelelwe impilo yonke.

93
00:08:14,863 --> 00:08:20,863
Namuhla, ama-Porsche okuhlolwa kwezinto
ezisebenzayo zokugoma ambalwa kakhulu emagaraji.

94
00:08:20,863 --> 00:08:27,920
Ngo-1721, lezi zinqubo ezingaziwa
zokuthelelisa umkhuhlane wamanzi ngokusebenzisa

95
00:08:27,920 --> 00:08:29,676
Kwashaya emanzini echibini.

96
00:08:29,676 --> 00:08:35,250
Kuthiwa amacala e-smallpox angeniswa e-USA ngesikebhe.

97
00:08:35,250 --> 00:08:42,320
Kanti umfundisi nodokotela baphinde bagcizelela
ukuthi kwakubalulekile ukuvikela umphakathi ngokugonywa.

98
00:08:42,320 --> 00:08:48,330
Futhi lokhu kuhlolwa, abakwenzile ngaleso
sikhathi, kubhekwa njengokokuqala kwezibalo zezokwelapha.

99
00:08:48,330 --> 00:08:55,424
Izinga lokufa le-smallpox belizokwehliswa
lisuka ku-15% liye ku-2.5%. Impumelelo.

100
00:08:55,424 --> 00:09:01,440
Nokho, abantu abayicabangeli ukuthi lokhu
kwakungeyona incwadi yocwaningo efanele eyenziwe

101
00:09:01,440 --> 00:09:05,363
nguMnu. Cotton Mather, iPuritani onothando oludlulele.

102
00:09:05,363 --> 00:09:09,960
Amaqembu awazange afaneleke nhlobo.
Akuzange kube nokusatshalaliswa okungahleliwe.

103
00:09:09,960 --> 00:09:15,760
Labo ababegonyelwe nalabo abangakagonyelwa
babengamaqembu ahlukene kakhulu ngokusobala.

104
00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:22,383
Futhi impumelelo nayo bekufanele ibe nemingcele ngoba uMnu.
Cotton Mather kwadingeka azifihle endlini yakhe izinsuku

105
00:09:22,383 --> 00:09:29,663
eziyishumi nane ngesikhathi somkhankaso wokugoma, njengoba umkakhe
wayesaba ukuthi ngaphandle kwalokho wayezobulawa ngabantu.

106
00:09:29,663 --> 00:09:34,776
Ngakho-ke kumele kube nezigameko ezinzima zezempilo kanye nokufa.

107
00:09:34,776 --> 00:09:40,080
UMnu. Cotton Mather naye wenza
izilingo zobuthakathi lapho, ngendlela.

108
00:09:40,080 --> 00:09:44,880
Yebo. Futhi izinto zazibukeka zimbi eYurophu ngokwempumelelo.

109
00:09:44,880 --> 00:09:50,476
Uma ubheka lapha, lezi yizibalo ezivela eCopenhagen
ezikhombisa izinga lokufa lonyaka ngenxa yesifo se-smallpox.

110
00:09:50,476 --> 00:09:57,216
Futhi lapha kuphawulwe lapho isibhedlela
sokugonywa savulwa futhi savalwa futhi.

111
00:09:57,216 --> 00:10:01,543
Awuboni lutho ezibalo
olungakhombisa ukuthi kukhona okushintshile.

112
00:10:01,543 --> 00:10:03,416
Yilokho nje impumelelo.

113
00:10:03,416 --> 00:10:10,316
Futhi uma ungazingenanga eCopenhagen
nakwezinye izindawo, cishe nakuBoston akwenzekanga.

114
00:10:10,316 --> 00:10:17,157
Futhi okungakhulunywa ngakho ezincwadini eziningi zomlando
wezokwelapha wukuthi ngo-1729, eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili

115
00:10:17,157 --> 00:10:24,596
ngemuva kokuthi uLady Wadley Montagu ekhuthaze lo mqondo wonke,
iPhalamende laseBrithani selivele livimbe ukufakwa kwamagciwane.

116
00:10:24,596 --> 00:10:30,860
Futhi kwaze kwaba ngemva konyaka
ka-1743 lapho ezinye zenziwa futhi.

117
00:10:30,860 --> 00:10:38,780
Futhi udokotela wakhe siqu, uMaria Theresa, eVienna,
wathi ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi ama-aristokhrasi

118
00:10:38,780 --> 00:10:44,256
nabantu abacebile ngokuvamile bafa ngenxa yesifo sempuphu.

119
00:10:44,256 --> 00:10:48,600
Ikholoni engelashwanga iyaphila ngaphandle kokwelashwa.

120
00:10:48,600 --> 00:10:53,220
Lokhu futhi kukhombisa ukuthi
i-smallpox yayingeyona ngempela isifo esinzima.

121
00:10:53,220 --> 00:11:00,956
Kwakungokufakwa kwalokhu kuphela lapho
umkhuhlane wamanzi waba yisifo esiyingozi.

122
00:11:00,956 --> 00:11:02,763
Futhi lokho sekuthinte umlando.

123
00:11:02,763 --> 00:11:06,590
Akuyona i-smallpox, kodwa i-vaccinia.

124
00:11:06,590 --> 00:11:09,556
Lapha ngizokukhombisa izigameko ezimbili ezivelele zokufa.

125
00:11:09,556 --> 00:11:14,997
Ngakwesobunxele, uLouis XV; ngakwesokudla,
umndeni wokugcina wamaWittelsbach waseBavaria.

126
00:11:14,997 --> 00:11:22,836
Umlando wakhe wancishwa ngokufa kwakhe okucatshangwayo
ngenxa yesifo se-smallpox, uMaximilian III Joseph.

127
00:11:22,836 --> 00:11:31,263
Kuthiwa bobabili bashona ngenxa yesibazi, omunye
eneminyaka engu-64, omunye eneminyaka engu-50.

128
00:11:31,263 --> 00:11:36,210
Futhi ababengababusi ababathandwa kakhulu bobabili.

129
00:11:36,210 --> 00:11:39,899
Abantu baphumelela ngaphansi kobukhosi babo.

130
00:11:39,899 --> 00:11:47,055
Siyazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi uLouis XV wayengeke athole isifo
sempuphu eneminyaka engu-64, ngoba wayesephile sona esemncane

131
00:11:47,055 --> 00:11:51,103
futhi isifo sempuphu sinikeza ukumelana naso impilo yonke.

132
00:11:51,103 --> 00:11:57,448
ULouis XV wazibuka eneminyaka engu-64 wathi,
"Ukube bengingazi ukuthi ngangine-smallpox

133
00:11:57,448 --> 00:12:01,976
ngisemncane, bengizothi manje ngine-smallpox."

134
00:12:01,976 --> 00:12:06,356
Akasindanga. Kumele ukuthi kwakuyomjovo wokugoma i-smallpox.

135
00:12:06,356 --> 00:12:14,860
UMax III Joseph usolwa ngokuyalela abantu bakhe ukuba
bagonywe, kodwa yena uqobo ehlala enqaba ukugonywa.

136
00:12:14,860 --> 00:12:22,020
Umuntu angabaza ukuthi kungenzeka ukufa ngesifo
se-smallpox eneminyaka engu-50 lapho esempilweni ephelele.

137
00:12:22,020 --> 00:12:24,030
Futhi kukhona abaningi abanye.

138
00:12:24,030 --> 00:12:29,200
Ababusi ababili bama-Habsburg eVienna
nabo bashona ngenxa yesifo sempuphu.

139
00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:33,523
Futhi kunezinto ezimbalwa okufanele zisibangele ukuba sicabange.

140
00:12:33,523 --> 00:12:40,103
Izikhulu ezashona zaziyizakhamuzi
ezaziphila izinga lokuphila eliphezulu kakhulu.

141
00:12:40,103 --> 00:12:45,303
Kodwa i-smallpox empeleni
kwakuyisifo sezindlu ezingaphansi, sabampofu.

142
00:12:45,303 --> 00:12:47,036
Kungaba kanjani lokho?

143
00:12:47,036 --> 00:12:51,069
Futhi kwakuhlale kuyisifo sobuntwana.

144
00:12:51,069 --> 00:12:58,476
Kungani abantu asebekhulile bengathola
umkhuhlane wamanzi uma besempilweni ephelele?

145
00:12:58,476 --> 00:13:02,363
Kwase kungekho odokotela abaningi ababebone
i-smallpox kubantu abadala ngaleso sikhathi.

146
00:13:02,363 --> 00:13:09,176
Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, wonke umuntu
uyazi ukuthi i-smallpox iyasabalala kakhulu.

147
00:13:09,176 --> 00:13:14,198
Kodwa lapho ababusi nabanye izikhulu bafa
khona, kwakungekho ezinye izigameko zesifo futhi

148
00:13:14,198 --> 00:13:17,643
kwakungekho ezinye izifo ezibulala ngenxa yesibazi.

149
00:13:17,643 --> 00:13:23,096
Abezithathelani futhi ngokusobala
abazange bathelele abanye abantu.

150
00:13:23,096 --> 00:13:26,050
Kodwa kukhona enye into ababelana ngayo.

151
00:13:26,050 --> 00:13:31,070
Bonke ababusi babe neSonto njengositha lwabo.

152
00:13:31,070 --> 00:13:35,923
Babefuna ukususa iSonto esimweni saso sokungakhokhi intela.

153
00:13:35,923 --> 00:13:41,890
Okungazange kwenzeke ngemva kokushona kwakhe.

154
00:13:41,890 --> 00:13:45,449
Futhi nginomunye umfakazi walokhu okwenzekile.

155
00:13:45,449 --> 00:13:50,950
Lona ngumonki, u-Abraham A. Santa
Clara, owayephila ngaleso sikhathi.

156
00:13:50,950 --> 00:13:53,816
Igama lakhe langempela kwakunguJohann Ulrich Megerle.

157
00:13:53,816 --> 00:14:02,316
Futhi ngisho ngaleso sikhathi, wathi ilungelo elikhethekile
lama-Medi Corum lords kwakuwukubulala ngaphandle kokubekwa icala.

158
00:14:02,316 --> 00:14:10,349
Ngakho-ke uJames Bond akazange abe ngumuntu wokuqala emlandweni
wabantu onikezwe ilayisensi yokubulala; empeleni,

159
00:14:10,349 --> 00:14:20,603
njengoba uMnu Megerle esho, lo mkhuba wethulwa empeleni
ngekhulu le-13 ngokusungulwa kobungcweti bezokwelapha.

160
00:14:20,603 --> 00:14:28,633
Kulabo abakholelwa ukuthi konke lokhu kuyadlula umda,
ngoba ukugoma akunakuba kubi kangako, ngiletha isisho

161
00:14:28,633 --> 00:14:32,960
esithathwe encwadini kaHervé Bovin ngomlando wokugoma.

162
00:14:32,960 --> 00:14:38,176
Ungusolwazi osephumile emsebenzini eLeuven.

163
00:14:38,176 --> 00:14:40,876
Futhi ungumsekeli oqinile wokugoma.

164
00:14:40,876 --> 00:14:43,640
Futhi ihlobene ne-Pasteur Institute.

165
00:14:43,640 --> 00:14:53,123
Futhi ubhala encwadini yakhe yango-2011 ukuthi ukugoma, njengoba
kwenziwa eYurophu phakathi kuka-1721 nokwethulwa kwendlela

166
00:14:53,123 --> 00:14:57,583
kaSutton, esizoxoxa ngayo maduze, kwakuyingozi kakhulu.

167
00:14:57,583 --> 00:15:03,890
Bekungabazeki ukuthi
bekusemkhawulweni walokho okwakungabekezelelwa.

168
00:15:03,890 --> 00:15:14,450
Ngakho-ke naye ngokungaqondile uveza ngokusobala
ukuthi lezi zokugoma kwakungaba yithuluzi lokubulala.

169
00:15:14,450 --> 00:15:18,943
Futhi konke lokhu bekungeke
kudingeke uma abantu bebelalele lo mnumzane.

170
00:15:18,943 --> 00:15:23,588
UDaniel Sutton akayena udokotela wezemfundo,
kodwa unguchwepheshe wokuhlinza onamakhono.

171
00:15:23,588 --> 00:15:26,383
Wavela emndenini wabachwepheshe bokuhlinza.

172
00:15:26,383 --> 00:15:33,960
Wenza ukugonywa kusukela ngo-1750
kuqhubeke, kodwa esebenzisa indlela entsha.

173
00:15:33,960 --> 00:15:36,943
Futhi, ngokungeqondile, wazuza imali eningi kakhulu kule nqubo.

174
00:15:36,943 --> 00:15:43,736
Ukugoma kubiza ama-£10 kubantu
abavamile kanye nama-£25 kwabacebile.

175
00:15:43,736 --> 00:15:47,570
Wenza cishe ama-500 kuya kwama-1000 ngosuku.

176
00:15:47,570 --> 00:15:52,435
Ngaleso sikhathi, indlu ezimele yayibiza
ama-£500. Lokho kusho ukuthi ngaleyo ndlela

177
00:15:52,435 --> 00:15:57,936
wayezithola izindlu eziningi ezimele ngosuku olulodwa.

178
00:15:57,936 --> 00:16:08,810
Noma kunjalo, uthole inhlonipho ngoba ekupheleni kwempilo
yakhe wathi, "Angikakalahli ngisho nomuntu oyedwa ogulayo."

179
00:16:08,810 --> 00:16:15,052
Okokuqala, wazithiba ekuthatheni ezinye izinyathelo ezinobuthi.
Lokhu kuvame ukukhohlwa emlandweni wokugoma, njengoba

180
00:16:15,052 --> 00:16:18,430
ama-adjuvant emajabeni okuvikelwa ezifo evame ukunganakwa.

181
00:16:18,430 --> 00:16:24,997
Ngoba ngaleso sikhathi, lapho wawugonyelwa,
imithi esemthethweni nayo yakunika i-adalas,

182
00:16:24,997 --> 00:16:29,950
i-antimony, i-mercury nezinye izinto ezinobuthi ezimnandi.

183
00:16:29,950 --> 00:16:31,843
Akazange enze lutho kwalokho.

184
00:16:31,843 --> 00:16:38,963
Usanda kumgonyela wathi akukho okunye ngaphandle komoya omusha.

185
00:16:38,963 --> 00:16:44,235
Kodwa wenza into eyodwa ngaphezu kwazo zonke.
Futhi abantu ababeyamlalela uMnu. Sutton,

186
00:16:44,235 --> 00:16:47,523
ingozi yokugoma i-Covid nayo bekungeke yenzeke.

187
00:16:47,523 --> 00:16:50,476
Wenze isivivinyo esiyisisekelo.

188
00:16:50,476 --> 00:16:56,716
Wake wancija nje umphunga esikhumbeni ngaphandle kokudonsa igazi.

189
00:16:56,716 --> 00:17:03,558
Wake wahlaba isikhumba, wawufaka lo mchomo
ngaphansi kwesikhumba ezintanjeni zamafutha, wabe

190
00:17:03,558 --> 00:17:07,843
esewufaka nasemithanjeni ukuze abone ukuthi kwenzekani.

191
00:17:07,843 --> 00:17:15,452
Futhi wathola ukuthi umcimbi okuhloswe nawo kwakuwamaphutshuzi
okuhlangana nokugonywa esikhumbeni, okungukuthi uhlobo olungenabo

192
00:17:15,452 --> 00:17:19,696
ubungozi lwesifo se-smallpox olwenzeka ngemva kwalokhu kugonywa.

193
00:17:19,696 --> 00:17:31,436
Lokhu kwenzeka kuphela lapho efaka umuthi esikhumbeni, hhayi
ezicubeni zamafutha ezingaphansi kwesikhumba noma emisipheni.

194
00:17:31,436 --> 00:17:32,230
Kungani?

195
00:17:32,230 --> 00:17:33,900
Empeleni kucace kakhulu.

196
00:17:33,900 --> 00:17:37,896
Ngoba uhlelo lwethu lokuzivikela
lomzimba lusebenza ngaphakathi kwesikhumba.

197
00:17:37,896 --> 00:17:41,130
Konke esikufaka ejulile kuyinhlekelele.

198
00:17:41,130 --> 00:17:47,910
Futhi ngeshwa, imithi ayikakwazi ukuqaphela lokhu
kusukela ngesikhathi sikaMnu. Sutton, iminyaka engu-250.

199
00:17:47,910 --> 00:17:54,268
Ngeshwa, umsebenzi wakhe "The Inoculator"
awushicilelwanga kuze kube ngo-1796, ngesikhathi umjovo

200
00:17:54,268 --> 00:17:58,356
wokugoma kaJenner wawusuyizilungiselela ukuqala.

201
00:17:58,356 --> 00:18:06,761
Kodwa okufundiswe uSutton kithi wukuthi uhlelo lwethu lokuzivikela
komzimba, uma ufuna ukulufundisa ngendlela ethile ngemijovo

202
00:18:06,761 --> 00:18:11,650
yokugoma, lusebenza kuphela ngesikhumba nangemembrane zoketshezi.

203
00:18:11,650 --> 00:18:19,516
Lena iyindlela yokuziphendukela kwezinto. Nokho,
lokhu akwenzeki uma into ifakwa ejulile ezicubeni.

204
00:18:19,516 --> 00:18:29,210
Isikhumba kuphela, ikhala, umqala, imiphaphu nomgudu wokugaya
ukudla kungaba nomthelela ekukhumbuleni komzimba wokuzivikela.

205
00:18:29,210 --> 00:18:34,656
Noma yini enye ibhekwa
njengokulimala komzimba okungaholela ekulimaleni.

206
00:18:34,656 --> 00:18:37,820
Lokho bekungaba ukuphumelela okukhulu kukaSutton.

207
00:18:37,820 --> 00:18:39,823
Kodwa uMnu Jenner wafika.

208
00:18:39,823 --> 00:18:45,952
Futhi uMnu. Jenner wayecabanga, hhayi yena wokuqala kodwa kanye
nodokotela abanye ngaphambi kwakhe, ukuthi

209
00:18:45,952 --> 00:18:52,263
i-cowpox engenabo ubungozi, eyayiholele ekutheni
abasebenzi bokuchoboza ubisi bangabi nezibazi ze-smallpox,

210
00:18:52,263 --> 00:18:57,191
kodwa zigcine isikhumba esimhlophe esihle,
zingasebenza njengesithatho esihle sekhwe lomuntu

211
00:18:57,191 --> 00:19:01,510
lesifo se-smallpox lapho zisetshenziselwa ukugoma.

212
00:19:01,510 --> 00:19:08,028
Kodwa abasebenzi bokubamba ubisi empeleni babephilile futhi
babe nesikhumba esihle ngoba bebephuza ubisi lwenkomo

213
00:19:08,028 --> 00:19:11,813
olusha, olungaphasturizwanga. Lokho kwakungahlangene ne-cowpox.

214
00:19:11,813 --> 00:19:14,980
Kungani? Ngoba zaziyinqaba kakhulu.

215
00:19:14,980 --> 00:19:20,481
UJenner uqobo akazange anikeze ubufakazi
bokuthi umjovo wakhe wokugoma usebenza kahle,

216
00:19:20,481 --> 00:19:23,590
futhi wenza izivivinyo ezingekho emthethweni.

217
00:19:23,590 --> 00:19:29,133
Isibonelo, wamjova indodana yomgadi wakhe ngaleli jovo
le-cowpox wabe esethumela lo mntwana ebuthweni

218
00:19:29,133 --> 00:19:34,263
le-smallpox ukuze abone ukuthi ngabe kuzokwenzeka yini okuthile.

219
00:19:34,263 --> 00:19:41,620
Futhi akazange acabange kabili ngokugonyela
indodana yakhe. Awuvamile ukufunda ngalokho futhi.

220
00:19:41,620 --> 00:19:46,490
Indodana yakhe yaba nokukhubazeka kwengqondo
ngemva kwalokhu kugonywa futhi yafa eneminyaka engu-21.

221
00:19:46,490 --> 00:19:49,583
Lo nguye uJenner, iqhawe lokugoma.

222
00:19:49,583 --> 00:19:58,323
Futhi eminyakeni embalwa edlule, amathubhu amadala
uMnu Jenner ayewathumele ngaleso sikhathi nawo ahlolwe.

223
00:19:58,323 --> 00:20:01,163
Bekungekho nhlobo igovu yenkomo kuyo.

224
00:20:01,163 --> 00:20:08,560
Kwakukhona khona izifo zehhashi, noma
mhlawumbe kwakuyinto eyomile nje, into eyayithunyelwe

225
00:20:08,560 --> 00:20:13,576
emhlabeni wonke, into eyayingeke isize nhlobo.

226
00:20:13,576 --> 00:20:20,466
Futhi izibalo ezimbalwa ezikhona eNgilandi ngemva
kokwethulwa kukaJenner zikukhombisa lapha ohlangothini

227
00:20:20,466 --> 00:20:24,416
lwesobunxele; lezi zazingokufa kwe-smallpox eNgilandi.

228
00:20:24,416 --> 00:20:28,216
Sasivele sinokugonywa okuphoqelekile kusukela ngo-1853.

229
00:20:28,216 --> 00:20:36,130
14 000, 20 000, bese kwaba nobhubhane lapho kwafa
abantu abangu-44 000 ngenxa yesifo se-smallpox.

230
00:20:36,130 --> 00:20:44,010
Abantu baqaphela kancane kancane ukuthi umjovo
empeleni wawubangela ukufa ngenxa ye-smallpox.

231
00:20:44,010 --> 00:20:50,836
Kwathi-ke kwaba khona idolobha elalenza lesi sivivinyo,
singasho kanjalo. Ungakubona lapha. Leli idolobha laseLeicester.

232
00:20:50,836 --> 00:20:52,036
Ngizobuyela futhi.

233
00:20:52,036 --> 00:20:58,187
Idolobha laseLeicester, elithe nje ngomkhandlu
wedolobha ukuthi ukugonywa okuphoqelekile ngeke

234
00:20:58,187 --> 00:21:02,600
kusasebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele yedolobha.

235
00:21:07,630 --> 00:21:10,930
Ukwephuza okusemthethweni manje sekuyekile.

236
00:21:10,930 --> 00:21:16,809
Futhi idolobha laseLeicester ngaleso sikhathi lalinalo inani
eliphansi kakhulu lamacala e-smallpox kanye nenani eliphansi

237
00:21:16,809 --> 00:21:23,070
kakhulu lokufa ngenxa ye-smallpox uma liqhathaniswa namanye
amadolobha lapho ukugoma okuphoqelekile kwakusebenza khona.

238
00:21:23,070 --> 00:21:27,883
Lokhu kwaphinde kwabonakala ekuqhubekeni kwezehlakalo
ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-20.

239
00:21:27,883 --> 00:21:37,270
Lapha ungabona inani lamacala okufa ngenxa ye-smallpox
kanye nokufa okubangelwa umjovo wokugoma i-smallpox.

240
00:21:37,270 --> 00:21:41,296
Imigqa egobile ngokuyisisekelo
ikhombisa amanani anobude obulinganayo.

241
00:21:41,296 --> 00:21:50,256
Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nabavikeli abaqinile
bokugoma abakwazi ukusho ukuthi kunciphisa ukufa.

242
00:21:50,256 --> 00:21:54,510
Kodwa kwakungeyona nje ukufa kuphela;
kwakukhona futhi ukukhubazeka okukhulu.

243
00:21:54,510 --> 00:21:58,256
Kube nokwenzeka kwe-meningitis ngemva
kokwenziwa kwezinguquko ekugonyweni kwe-smallpox.

244
00:21:58,256 --> 00:22:06,410
Futhi ngo-1924, udokotela wezifo ePrague wasungula
uxhumano ocacile okokuqala ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa komzimba.

245
00:22:06,410 --> 00:22:13,122
Ungabona ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani. Ngakho-ke,
iminyaka engu-125. Eminyakeni engu-25 emva kokwethulwa kokugoma.

246
00:22:13,122 --> 00:22:17,676
Okokuqala, kwatholakala ukuthi
konke lokhu kubangela i-meningitis.

247
00:22:17,676 --> 00:22:19,810
Nakuba kunjalo, impela lokhu sekwenzekile ngaphambilini.

248
00:22:19,810 --> 00:22:27,370
Kwathatha enye impilo yomuntu, okungukuthi
isizukulwane, iminyaka engu-30, ukuze umonakalo

249
00:22:27,370 --> 00:22:31,236
womjovo wokugoma waziwe eKarlsruhe ngo-1953.

250
00:22:31,236 --> 00:22:35,518
Kuze kube yilapho, kwakungekho mibiko
esemthethweni yokulimala okubangelwa umuthi

251
00:22:35,518 --> 00:22:38,895
wokugoma, nakuba ukugoma kwenziwa iminyaka engu-250.

252
00:22:38,895 --> 00:22:45,781
Futhi eRiphabhulikhi Yezwe yaseJalimane, nakuba kwakungekho
ezinye izimo zesibungu, kwaba nezimo eziyisikhombisa

253
00:22:45,781 --> 00:22:53,282
eziqinisekisiwe zesibungu phakathi kuka-1949 no-1979, ukufa
okungu-360 okuhlobene nomjovo okuvunywe yi-RKI ne-Paul Ehrlich

254
00:22:53,282 --> 00:22:57,520
Institute, kanye nezimo ezingaba ngu-984 zokulimala okungapheli.

255
00:22:57,520 --> 00:23:03,324
Futhi yingakho i-smallpox kwadingeka imenywe
njengeyapheliswa ngo-1979, ngoba kwakuyilapho kuphela

256
00:23:03,324 --> 00:23:07,503
lapho ukugoma i-smallpox kwakungasuswa kancane kancane.

257
00:23:07,503 --> 00:23:10,300
Kungenjalo, bekuzodingeka ukuqhubeka nokugonywa kwe-smallpox.

258
00:23:10,300 --> 00:23:12,560
Kodwa lokho kwakungeke kwenzeke.

259
00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:19,711
Futhi ngithanda ukuqeda ngesisho esivela kudokotela
waseMelika, ongumvikeli wokugoma futhi

260
00:23:19,711 --> 00:23:25,116
owayengumqondisi wezokwelapha kokuvimbela ebuthweni laseMelika.

261
00:23:25,116 --> 00:23:34,955
Ngo-1940, ngemva kweminyaka cishe engu-250
yomlando wokugoma, wathi yonke indaba yokugoma, kokubili

262
00:23:34,955 --> 00:23:41,063
okusebenzayo nokungasebenzi, isesigabeni sokuhlola.

263
00:23:41,063 --> 00:23:46,190
Futhi manje sesiphinde sabona
ukuthi konke lokhu kusigaba sokuhlola.

264
00:23:46,190 --> 00:23:56,288
Futhi uma kunjalo ngemva kwalesi sikhathi, umuntu
angabuza kuphela ukuthi kungani ukugoma kusengumqoka.