WEBVTT

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Izincwadi zezikole zisitshela ukuthi i-smallpox
yahlulwa kanjani okokuqala, kwalandela olunye isifo

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ngemuva kolunye, ngenxa yokugoma okuphephile nokusebenzayo.

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Kodwa ngabe lokhu kuyiqiniso ngempela?

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Lo mbuzo uhlaziywa ngumfundisi wasenyuvesi uDkt Gerd Reuther,
onguchwepheshe wezithombe zomsakazo kanye nomlando wezokwelapha.

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UDkt. Reuther usaziwa isikhathi eside ngokugxeka kwakhe imithi
ebuswa izinkampani zemithi, futhi ukwazisile lokhu

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encwadini yakhe ethi "Der betrogene Patient"
(Isiguli Esikhohlisiwe), eyaba yibestseller ye-Spiegel.

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Esifundweni sakhe, uDkt Gerd Reuter usebenzisa isibonelo
sokugonywa kwe-smallpox nemithombo yomlando

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wezokwelapha ukukhombisa imiphumela eyaba nayo
ukugonywa okuphoqelekile kwe-smallpox kubantu.

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NgokukaDkt. Reuther, i-smallpox kwakuyisifo
esingabi yingozi, kodwa ukugoma i-smallpox

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kuholele ekufeni kwabantu abayizinkulungwane eziningi.

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Ngenxa yokugoma, ngokuthi, kwaba nokufa ngenxa yesifo sempuphu.

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NgokukaDkt Reuther, umlando weminyaka engu-300
yokugoma ungafaniswa necala elilodwa elibhekiswe empilweni.

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Zizwe ngokwakho ukuthi uDkt. Reuter uthini
mayelana nokugoma, ikakhulukazi ukugoma kwe-smallpox.

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Inkulumo yanikezwa njengengxenye yesimposiyamu se-MWGFD
ngesihloko esithi "Ukuvunywa kwemijovo yokugoma, izincomo

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zokugoma, ukugoma okuphoqelekile – ingabe idatha iyanele?"

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Dkt Ronald Weikl: Ngiyacela nijabulele. Hlanganyela nami manje
kulesi sikhombiso esizokujabulisa kakhulu esizethulwa

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ngumlingani wethu ohloniphekile, uDkt Gerd Reuther,
esinesihloko esithi 'Ukugoma – indaba yempumelelo?'.

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Dkt Gerd Reuther: Yebo, René othandekayo,
ngiyabonga kakhulu, izivakashi ezithandekayo.

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Imijovo yokugoma ye-Covid-19, eyayingeyona imijovo yokugoma,
yayingeyona icala lokuqala lobugebengu kwezempilo kwezokwelapha.

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Empeleni, umlando weminyaka engu-300 yokugoma
uyicala elikhulu kwezempilo, kodwa ngenxa yokuntuleka

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kwesikhathi ngizokhuluma ngokugoma okukodwa kuphela.

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Nokho, lokho kungeminyaka engu-200 yomlando
wokugoma, njengoba iminyaka yokuqala engu-200

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yayinikezelwe ngokuphelele ekugomeni i-smallpox.

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Futhi lolu hlelo lokugoma i-smallpox lwenzelwa
ngendlela efanayo ngqo nalolu hlelo lwamanje lwe-Covid-19.

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Kwakungokuphoqelelwa, ngezijeziso, ngenani elikhulu
lemali, kwezinye izimo ngisho nemali engaphezu kwale yanamuhla.

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Futhi kwakungokwenza into eyayinganabo ubufakazi.

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Futhi umonakalo usufihlwe.

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Abanye bangathi, ingabe
i-smallpox ne-Covid zingafaniswa ngempela?

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I-Covid, kwakuyiflu nje.

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Kodwa i-smallpox kwakuyisifo esesabekayo ngempela.

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Ngiletile lo mfanekiso owodwa ngawe, owuzowubona kaningi.

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Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uhlale ubona izithombe
ezifanayo zesifo se-smallpox ku-inthanethi nakwizincwadi.

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Bekungekho abaguli abaningi be-smallpox ngesikhathi
sokuthwebula izithombe namafilimu ukuze uqhubeke uletha abasha.

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Kodwa sekuyikhulu le-19, umdwebi wamahlaya waba nesibindi
sokukhombisa ukuthi umkhuhlane wamaphuphu

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wawungeyona ngempela isifo esesabekayo kangako
futhi awusolokothe waba mbi kakhulu kune-Covid.

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Kungenxa yokuthi babukeka kabi nje.

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Ngakho wathatha inkululeko lapha, njengendlela yokukhangisa,
singasho kanjalo, kochwepheshe bezokwelapha abagibela izinkomo

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namahhashi lapha, futhi njengesikhuthazo, singasho kanjalo, ukuze

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Ukugoma kuthwala i-nymph egcwele isifo
sempuphu, okuhloswe ngakho ukwesabisa abantu.

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Futhi ungabona ukuthi izingane zenza ini ohlangothini lwesokudla.

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Izingane ziyabaleka.

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Kodwa nidinga lesi simo sokwesaba, njengoba manje nidinga
izidumbu ezazizolala ekhoneni ngalinye lomgwaqo ngenxa ye-Covid.

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Ngakho-ke babonise lapha
intombazane encane enamaqhuzu esikhumbeni.

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Futhi ukwesaba kube yingxenye
ebalulekile yebhizinisi kusukela ekuqaleni.

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Kodwa lokho nakho kwakungekho ngqondo esimweni se-smallpox.

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Kungani? I-smallpox yaziwa ukuthi ikhona okungenani iminyaka
eyinkulungwane, mhlawumbe iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziningi.

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Zazikhona futhi eNtshonalanga, kodwa njengesifo
sobuntwana esingelakhohlisa esasingakhulunywa ngaso.

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Futhi lapha ngiletha ezinye izibalo ezivela eNgilandi.

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Futhi njengoba ubona, iqala cishe ngo-1630.

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Lena yicala lokuqala elibhalwe phansi
lomuntu omdala okungenzeka ukuthi wayenepox.

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Kuze kube yilapho, kukhona kuphela izinto ezingabazekayo
ezibonisa ukuthi umuntu omdala angase athole umkhuhlane wamanzi.

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Lokho kwaqala kuphela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-17.

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Futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, inhlekelele yegwala yenzeka
ngekhulu le-18, ngesikhathi imijovo yokugoma isivele ikhona.

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Ngoba ngaphambi kwalokho, uma ubheka futhi,
kwakukhona ukufa okungaphansi kwamakhulu

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ngenxa yesifo se-smallpox eLondon minyaka yonke.

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Abaningi baphile ezimweni zomphakathi ezimbi kakhulu.

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Futhi kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-18 lapho kwaba
nezinkulungwane ezingamakhulu zamacala abulalayo e-smallpox.

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Futhi masicabange nje nge-Covid.

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Abantu abazange bafe ngo-2020, kodwa
kwaba nje ngemva kokuqalwa kokugoma.

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Futhi lapha, mhlawumbe, kunophawu lokuqala.

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Ingabe lokhu kungaba nokuthile
okuhlobene nezinye izintuthuko zomphakathi?

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Yebo, i-smallpox yaba yinhlekelele eYurophu
kuphela lapho i-Counter-Reformation yathola amandla

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ngemva kweMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu.

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Izincwadi eziningi zisathi, futhi lokhu kuhlala kubhalwa phansi
ngokucophelela, ukuthi ukufakwa kwegcoba elivela ezigulini

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ze-smallpox kuyindlela yakudala yokwelapha yomphakathi.

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Abantu baseShayina, baseNdiya nabase-Afrika sebekwenzile
lokhu, yingakho ukugoma kuyinto yemvelo kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

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Uma ubheka amaqiniso, lokho akulona iqiniso nhlobo.

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Azikho izincwadi ngaphambi konyaka ka-1700 ezikhombisa
ukuthi kukhona umuntu owake wasika i-pus wangena komunye umuntu.

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Ukugonywa kwabhalwa okokuqala cishe ngo-1700
ngababikezeli beziphetho ababili baseGrisi eConstantinople.

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Maduzane kwalokho, izifo zesibazi nazo zaqhamuka lapho.

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Futhi ngonyaka ka-1713 kwavela umbiko wokuqala
odokotela waseGrisi mayelana nokugonywa okunjalo.

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Kodwa hhayi isiko lemithi yendabuko yabantu asebekhulile.

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Futhi kuyindaba yakudala yabomakoti mayelana nomlando we-smallpox
ukuthi lo wesifazane lapha, uLady Wortley Montagu, wayengumuntu

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omkhulu owethule umjovo wokugoma we-smallpox onenzuzo.

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Wabona lokhu eConstantinople, wabe esebenza njengomlobi
wokugoma eYurophu yaseNtshonalanga kusukela ngo-1721 kuqhubeke.

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Futhi ivamile kakhulu phakathi kwesigaba esiphezulu.

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Kodwa ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, abantu
abaphilile bashona ngenxa yokugonywa.

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Ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zenhlalo ezihamba phambili.

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Ngisho phakathi kwabakhuthazi bokugoma,
kuyavunywa ukuthi izinga lokufa lingaba okungenani u-2%.

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Akekho owaziyo ukuthi bekuphakeme kangakanani ngempela.

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Kodwa empeleni ungakwazi ukususa uNkk. Wortley
Montagu endabeni, ngoba akazange adlale indima ngempela.

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Emuva kweminyaka eyishumi eqala ukukhuthaza ukugoma,
abantu abangadluli ku-1 000 babe begomelwe eNgilandi.

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Okubaluleke kakhulu kwakungu-Abbe Conti
othile, ngaye okufunda kancane kakhulu emlandweni.

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uJesuiti owayesekela kakhulu lezi zokugoma.

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Futhi isizathu sokuthi ukugonywa kuthole ukuthandwa
kwakungoba kwakukhona imali eningi ebandakanyekile.

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Nansi isibonelo.

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Udokotela waseNgilandi wabizwa kuTsarina yaseRussia
uKatherine Omkhulu ukuze amvikele yena nezingane zakhe.

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Futhi ngalomsebenzi, owathatha, masithi, imizuzu
emihlanu, wathola inkokhelo engu-£10,000. Ngokulingana

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kwanamuhla, lokho cishe kungayizigidi eziyisodwa zama-euro.

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Umhlalaphansi wokuphila konke
wama-£500 ngonyaka nesihloko sobaRon.

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Yena nezizukulwane zakhe bahlelelwe impilo yonke.

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Namuhla, ama-Porsche okuhlolwa kwezinto
ezisebenzayo zokugoma ambalwa kakhulu emagaraji.

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Ngo-1721, lezi zinqubo ezingaziwa
zokuthelelisa umkhuhlane wamanzi ngokusebenzisa

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Kwashaya emanzini echibini.

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Kuthiwa amacala e-smallpox angeniswa e-USA ngesikebhe.

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Kanti umfundisi nodokotela baphinde bagcizelela
ukuthi kwakubalulekile ukuvikela umphakathi ngokugonywa.

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Futhi lokhu kuhlolwa, abakwenzile ngaleso
sikhathi, kubhekwa njengokokuqala kwezibalo zezokwelapha.

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Izinga lokufa le-smallpox belizokwehliswa
lisuka ku-15% liye ku-2.5%. Impumelelo.

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Nokho, abantu abayicabangeli ukuthi lokhu
kwakungeyona incwadi yocwaningo efanele eyenziwe

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nguMnu. Cotton Mather, iPuritani onothando oludlulele.

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Amaqembu awazange afaneleke nhlobo.
Akuzange kube nokusatshalaliswa okungahleliwe.

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Labo ababegonyelwe nalabo abangakagonyelwa
babengamaqembu ahlukene kakhulu ngokusobala.

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Futhi impumelelo nayo bekufanele ibe nemingcele ngoba uMnu.
Cotton Mather kwadingeka azifihle endlini yakhe izinsuku

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eziyishumi nane ngesikhathi somkhankaso wokugoma, njengoba umkakhe
wayesaba ukuthi ngaphandle kwalokho wayezobulawa ngabantu.

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Ngakho-ke kumele kube nezigameko ezinzima zezempilo kanye nokufa.

09:34.776 --> 09:40.080
UMnu. Cotton Mather naye wenza
izilingo zobuthakathi lapho, ngendlela.

09:40.080 --> 09:44.880
Yebo. Futhi izinto zazibukeka zimbi eYurophu ngokwempumelelo.

09:44.880 --> 09:50.476
Uma ubheka lapha, lezi yizibalo ezivela eCopenhagen
ezikhombisa izinga lokufa lonyaka ngenxa yesifo se-smallpox.

09:50.476 --> 09:57.216
Futhi lapha kuphawulwe lapho isibhedlela
sokugonywa savulwa futhi savalwa futhi.

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Awuboni lutho ezibalo
olungakhombisa ukuthi kukhona okushintshile.

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Yilokho nje impumelelo.

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Futhi uma ungazingenanga eCopenhagen
nakwezinye izindawo, cishe nakuBoston akwenzekanga.

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Futhi okungakhulunywa ngakho ezincwadini eziningi zomlando
wezokwelapha wukuthi ngo-1729, eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili

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ngemuva kokuthi uLady Wadley Montagu ekhuthaze lo mqondo wonke,
iPhalamende laseBrithani selivele livimbe ukufakwa kwamagciwane.

10:24.596 --> 10:30.860
Futhi kwaze kwaba ngemva konyaka
ka-1743 lapho ezinye zenziwa futhi.

10:30.860 --> 10:38.780
Futhi udokotela wakhe siqu, uMaria Theresa, eVienna,
wathi ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi ama-aristokhrasi

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nabantu abacebile ngokuvamile bafa ngenxa yesifo sempuphu.

10:44.256 --> 10:48.600
Ikholoni engelashwanga iyaphila ngaphandle kokwelashwa.

10:48.600 --> 10:53.220
Lokhu futhi kukhombisa ukuthi
i-smallpox yayingeyona ngempela isifo esinzima.

10:53.220 --> 11:00.956
Kwakungokufakwa kwalokhu kuphela lapho
umkhuhlane wamanzi waba yisifo esiyingozi.

11:00.956 --> 11:02.763
Futhi lokho sekuthinte umlando.

11:02.763 --> 11:06.590
Akuyona i-smallpox, kodwa i-vaccinia.

11:06.590 --> 11:09.556
Lapha ngizokukhombisa izigameko ezimbili ezivelele zokufa.

11:09.556 --> 11:14.997
Ngakwesobunxele, uLouis XV; ngakwesokudla,
umndeni wokugcina wamaWittelsbach waseBavaria.

11:14.997 --> 11:22.836
Umlando wakhe wancishwa ngokufa kwakhe okucatshangwayo
ngenxa yesifo se-smallpox, uMaximilian III Joseph.

11:22.836 --> 11:31.263
Kuthiwa bobabili bashona ngenxa yesibazi, omunye
eneminyaka engu-64, omunye eneminyaka engu-50.

11:31.263 --> 11:36.210
Futhi ababengababusi ababathandwa kakhulu bobabili.

11:36.210 --> 11:39.899
Abantu baphumelela ngaphansi kobukhosi babo.

11:39.899 --> 11:47.055
Siyazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi uLouis XV wayengeke athole isifo
sempuphu eneminyaka engu-64, ngoba wayesephile sona esemncane

11:47.055 --> 11:51.103
futhi isifo sempuphu sinikeza ukumelana naso impilo yonke.

11:51.103 --> 11:57.448
ULouis XV wazibuka eneminyaka engu-64 wathi,
"Ukube bengingazi ukuthi ngangine-smallpox

11:57.448 --> 12:01.976
ngisemncane, bengizothi manje ngine-smallpox."

12:01.976 --> 12:06.356
Akasindanga. Kumele ukuthi kwakuyomjovo wokugoma i-smallpox.

12:06.356 --> 12:14.860
UMax III Joseph usolwa ngokuyalela abantu bakhe ukuba
bagonywe, kodwa yena uqobo ehlala enqaba ukugonywa.

12:14.860 --> 12:22.020
Umuntu angabaza ukuthi kungenzeka ukufa ngesifo
se-smallpox eneminyaka engu-50 lapho esempilweni ephelele.

12:22.020 --> 12:24.030
Futhi kukhona abaningi abanye.

12:24.030 --> 12:29.200
Ababusi ababili bama-Habsburg eVienna
nabo bashona ngenxa yesifo sempuphu.

12:29.200 --> 12:33.523
Futhi kunezinto ezimbalwa okufanele zisibangele ukuba sicabange.

12:33.523 --> 12:40.103
Izikhulu ezashona zaziyizakhamuzi
ezaziphila izinga lokuphila eliphezulu kakhulu.

12:40.103 --> 12:45.303
Kodwa i-smallpox empeleni
kwakuyisifo sezindlu ezingaphansi, sabampofu.

12:45.303 --> 12:47.036
Kungaba kanjani lokho?

12:47.036 --> 12:51.069
Futhi kwakuhlale kuyisifo sobuntwana.

12:51.069 --> 12:58.476
Kungani abantu asebekhulile bengathola
umkhuhlane wamanzi uma besempilweni ephelele?

12:58.476 --> 13:02.363
Kwase kungekho odokotela abaningi ababebone
i-smallpox kubantu abadala ngaleso sikhathi.

13:02.363 --> 13:09.176
Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, wonke umuntu
uyazi ukuthi i-smallpox iyasabalala kakhulu.

13:09.176 --> 13:14.198
Kodwa lapho ababusi nabanye izikhulu bafa
khona, kwakungekho ezinye izigameko zesifo futhi

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kwakungekho ezinye izifo ezibulala ngenxa yesibazi.

13:17.643 --> 13:23.096
Abezithathelani futhi ngokusobala
abazange bathelele abanye abantu.

13:23.096 --> 13:26.050
Kodwa kukhona enye into ababelana ngayo.

13:26.050 --> 13:31.070
Bonke ababusi babe neSonto njengositha lwabo.

13:31.070 --> 13:35.923
Babefuna ukususa iSonto esimweni saso sokungakhokhi intela.

13:35.923 --> 13:41.890
Okungazange kwenzeke ngemva kokushona kwakhe.

13:41.890 --> 13:45.449
Futhi nginomunye umfakazi walokhu okwenzekile.

13:45.449 --> 13:50.950
Lona ngumonki, u-Abraham A. Santa
Clara, owayephila ngaleso sikhathi.

13:50.950 --> 13:53.816
Igama lakhe langempela kwakunguJohann Ulrich Megerle.

13:53.816 --> 14:02.316
Futhi ngisho ngaleso sikhathi, wathi ilungelo elikhethekile
lama-Medi Corum lords kwakuwukubulala ngaphandle kokubekwa icala.

14:02.316 --> 14:10.349
Ngakho-ke uJames Bond akazange abe ngumuntu wokuqala emlandweni
wabantu onikezwe ilayisensi yokubulala; empeleni,

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njengoba uMnu Megerle esho, lo mkhuba wethulwa empeleni
ngekhulu le-13 ngokusungulwa kobungcweti bezokwelapha.

14:20.603 --> 14:28.633
Kulabo abakholelwa ukuthi konke lokhu kuyadlula umda,
ngoba ukugoma akunakuba kubi kangako, ngiletha isisho

14:28.633 --> 14:32.960
esithathwe encwadini kaHervé Bovin ngomlando wokugoma.

14:32.960 --> 14:38.176
Ungusolwazi osephumile emsebenzini eLeuven.

14:38.176 --> 14:40.876
Futhi ungumsekeli oqinile wokugoma.

14:40.876 --> 14:43.640
Futhi ihlobene ne-Pasteur Institute.

14:43.640 --> 14:53.123
Futhi ubhala encwadini yakhe yango-2011 ukuthi ukugoma, njengoba
kwenziwa eYurophu phakathi kuka-1721 nokwethulwa kwendlela

14:53.123 --> 14:57.583
kaSutton, esizoxoxa ngayo maduze, kwakuyingozi kakhulu.

14:57.583 --> 15:03.890
Bekungabazeki ukuthi
bekusemkhawulweni walokho okwakungabekezelelwa.

15:03.890 --> 15:14.450
Ngakho-ke naye ngokungaqondile uveza ngokusobala
ukuthi lezi zokugoma kwakungaba yithuluzi lokubulala.

15:14.450 --> 15:18.943
Futhi konke lokhu bekungeke
kudingeke uma abantu bebelalele lo mnumzane.

15:18.943 --> 15:23.588
UDaniel Sutton akayena udokotela wezemfundo,
kodwa unguchwepheshe wokuhlinza onamakhono.

15:23.588 --> 15:26.383
Wavela emndenini wabachwepheshe bokuhlinza.

15:26.383 --> 15:33.960
Wenza ukugonywa kusukela ngo-1750
kuqhubeke, kodwa esebenzisa indlela entsha.

15:33.960 --> 15:36.943
Futhi, ngokungeqondile, wazuza imali eningi kakhulu kule nqubo.

15:36.943 --> 15:43.736
Ukugoma kubiza ama-£10 kubantu
abavamile kanye nama-£25 kwabacebile.

15:43.736 --> 15:47.570
Wenza cishe ama-500 kuya kwama-1000 ngosuku.

15:47.570 --> 15:52.435
Ngaleso sikhathi, indlu ezimele yayibiza
ama-£500. Lokho kusho ukuthi ngaleyo ndlela

15:52.435 --> 15:57.936
wayezithola izindlu eziningi ezimele ngosuku olulodwa.

15:57.936 --> 16:08.810
Noma kunjalo, uthole inhlonipho ngoba ekupheleni kwempilo
yakhe wathi, "Angikakalahli ngisho nomuntu oyedwa ogulayo."

16:08.810 --> 16:15.052
Okokuqala, wazithiba ekuthatheni ezinye izinyathelo ezinobuthi.
Lokhu kuvame ukukhohlwa emlandweni wokugoma, njengoba

16:15.052 --> 16:18.430
ama-adjuvant emajabeni okuvikelwa ezifo evame ukunganakwa.

16:18.430 --> 16:24.997
Ngoba ngaleso sikhathi, lapho wawugonyelwa,
imithi esemthethweni nayo yakunika i-adalas,

16:24.997 --> 16:29.950
i-antimony, i-mercury nezinye izinto ezinobuthi ezimnandi.

16:29.950 --> 16:31.843
Akazange enze lutho kwalokho.

16:31.843 --> 16:38.963
Usanda kumgonyela wathi akukho okunye ngaphandle komoya omusha.

16:38.963 --> 16:44.235
Kodwa wenza into eyodwa ngaphezu kwazo zonke.
Futhi abantu ababeyamlalela uMnu. Sutton,

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ingozi yokugoma i-Covid nayo bekungeke yenzeke.

16:47.523 --> 16:50.476
Wenze isivivinyo esiyisisekelo.

16:50.476 --> 16:56.716
Wake wancija nje umphunga esikhumbeni ngaphandle kokudonsa igazi.

16:56.716 --> 17:03.558
Wake wahlaba isikhumba, wawufaka lo mchomo
ngaphansi kwesikhumba ezintanjeni zamafutha, wabe

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esewufaka nasemithanjeni ukuze abone ukuthi kwenzekani.

17:07.843 --> 17:15.452
Futhi wathola ukuthi umcimbi okuhloswe nawo kwakuwamaphutshuzi
okuhlangana nokugonywa esikhumbeni, okungukuthi uhlobo olungenabo

17:15.452 --> 17:19.696
ubungozi lwesifo se-smallpox olwenzeka ngemva kwalokhu kugonywa.

17:19.696 --> 17:31.436
Lokhu kwenzeka kuphela lapho efaka umuthi esikhumbeni, hhayi
ezicubeni zamafutha ezingaphansi kwesikhumba noma emisipheni.

17:31.436 --> 17:32.230
Kungani?

17:32.230 --> 17:33.900
Empeleni kucace kakhulu.

17:33.900 --> 17:37.896
Ngoba uhlelo lwethu lokuzivikela
lomzimba lusebenza ngaphakathi kwesikhumba.

17:37.896 --> 17:41.130
Konke esikufaka ejulile kuyinhlekelele.

17:41.130 --> 17:47.910
Futhi ngeshwa, imithi ayikakwazi ukuqaphela lokhu
kusukela ngesikhathi sikaMnu. Sutton, iminyaka engu-250.

17:47.910 --> 17:54.268
Ngeshwa, umsebenzi wakhe "The Inoculator"
awushicilelwanga kuze kube ngo-1796, ngesikhathi umjovo

17:54.268 --> 17:58.356
wokugoma kaJenner wawusuyizilungiselela ukuqala.

17:58.356 --> 18:06.761
Kodwa okufundiswe uSutton kithi wukuthi uhlelo lwethu lokuzivikela
komzimba, uma ufuna ukulufundisa ngendlela ethile ngemijovo

18:06.761 --> 18:11.650
yokugoma, lusebenza kuphela ngesikhumba nangemembrane zoketshezi.

18:11.650 --> 18:19.516
Lena iyindlela yokuziphendukela kwezinto. Nokho,
lokhu akwenzeki uma into ifakwa ejulile ezicubeni.

18:19.516 --> 18:29.210
Isikhumba kuphela, ikhala, umqala, imiphaphu nomgudu wokugaya
ukudla kungaba nomthelela ekukhumbuleni komzimba wokuzivikela.

18:29.210 --> 18:34.656
Noma yini enye ibhekwa
njengokulimala komzimba okungaholela ekulimaleni.

18:34.656 --> 18:37.820
Lokho bekungaba ukuphumelela okukhulu kukaSutton.

18:37.820 --> 18:39.823
Kodwa uMnu Jenner wafika.

18:39.823 --> 18:45.952
Futhi uMnu. Jenner wayecabanga, hhayi yena wokuqala kodwa kanye
nodokotela abanye ngaphambi kwakhe, ukuthi

18:45.952 --> 18:52.263
i-cowpox engenabo ubungozi, eyayiholele ekutheni
abasebenzi bokuchoboza ubisi bangabi nezibazi ze-smallpox,

18:52.263 --> 18:57.191
kodwa zigcine isikhumba esimhlophe esihle,
zingasebenza njengesithatho esihle sekhwe lomuntu

18:57.191 --> 19:01.510
lesifo se-smallpox lapho zisetshenziselwa ukugoma.

19:01.510 --> 19:08.028
Kodwa abasebenzi bokubamba ubisi empeleni babephilile futhi
babe nesikhumba esihle ngoba bebephuza ubisi lwenkomo

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olusha, olungaphasturizwanga. Lokho kwakungahlangene ne-cowpox.

19:11.813 --> 19:14.980
Kungani? Ngoba zaziyinqaba kakhulu.

19:14.980 --> 19:20.481
UJenner uqobo akazange anikeze ubufakazi
bokuthi umjovo wakhe wokugoma usebenza kahle,

19:20.481 --> 19:23.590
futhi wenza izivivinyo ezingekho emthethweni.

19:23.590 --> 19:29.133
Isibonelo, wamjova indodana yomgadi wakhe ngaleli jovo
le-cowpox wabe esethumela lo mntwana ebuthweni

19:29.133 --> 19:34.263
le-smallpox ukuze abone ukuthi ngabe kuzokwenzeka yini okuthile.

19:34.263 --> 19:41.620
Futhi akazange acabange kabili ngokugonyela
indodana yakhe. Awuvamile ukufunda ngalokho futhi.

19:41.620 --> 19:46.490
Indodana yakhe yaba nokukhubazeka kwengqondo
ngemva kwalokhu kugonywa futhi yafa eneminyaka engu-21.

19:46.490 --> 19:49.583
Lo nguye uJenner, iqhawe lokugoma.

19:49.583 --> 19:58.323
Futhi eminyakeni embalwa edlule, amathubhu amadala
uMnu Jenner ayewathumele ngaleso sikhathi nawo ahlolwe.

19:58.323 --> 20:01.163
Bekungekho nhlobo igovu yenkomo kuyo.

20:01.163 --> 20:08.560
Kwakukhona khona izifo zehhashi, noma
mhlawumbe kwakuyinto eyomile nje, into eyayithunyelwe

20:08.560 --> 20:13.576
emhlabeni wonke, into eyayingeke isize nhlobo.

20:13.576 --> 20:20.466
Futhi izibalo ezimbalwa ezikhona eNgilandi ngemva
kokwethulwa kukaJenner zikukhombisa lapha ohlangothini

20:20.466 --> 20:24.416
lwesobunxele; lezi zazingokufa kwe-smallpox eNgilandi.

20:24.416 --> 20:28.216
Sasivele sinokugonywa okuphoqelekile kusukela ngo-1853.

20:28.216 --> 20:36.130
14 000, 20 000, bese kwaba nobhubhane lapho kwafa
abantu abangu-44 000 ngenxa yesifo se-smallpox.

20:36.130 --> 20:44.010
Abantu baqaphela kancane kancane ukuthi umjovo
empeleni wawubangela ukufa ngenxa ye-smallpox.

20:44.010 --> 20:50.836
Kwathi-ke kwaba khona idolobha elalenza lesi sivivinyo,
singasho kanjalo. Ungakubona lapha. Leli idolobha laseLeicester.

20:50.836 --> 20:52.036
Ngizobuyela futhi.

20:52.036 --> 20:58.187
Idolobha laseLeicester, elithe nje ngomkhandlu
wedolobha ukuthi ukugonywa okuphoqelekile ngeke

20:58.187 --> 21:02.600
kusasebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele yedolobha.

21:07.630 --> 21:10.930
Ukwephuza okusemthethweni manje sekuyekile.

21:10.930 --> 21:16.809
Futhi idolobha laseLeicester ngaleso sikhathi lalinalo inani
eliphansi kakhulu lamacala e-smallpox kanye nenani eliphansi

21:16.809 --> 21:23.070
kakhulu lokufa ngenxa ye-smallpox uma liqhathaniswa namanye
amadolobha lapho ukugoma okuphoqelekile kwakusebenza khona.

21:23.070 --> 21:27.883
Lokhu kwaphinde kwabonakala ekuqhubekeni kwezehlakalo
ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-20.

21:27.883 --> 21:37.270
Lapha ungabona inani lamacala okufa ngenxa ye-smallpox
kanye nokufa okubangelwa umjovo wokugoma i-smallpox.

21:37.270 --> 21:41.296
Imigqa egobile ngokuyisisekelo
ikhombisa amanani anobude obulinganayo.

21:41.296 --> 21:50.256
Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nabavikeli abaqinile
bokugoma abakwazi ukusho ukuthi kunciphisa ukufa.

21:50.256 --> 21:54.510
Kodwa kwakungeyona nje ukufa kuphela;
kwakukhona futhi ukukhubazeka okukhulu.

21:54.510 --> 21:58.256
Kube nokwenzeka kwe-meningitis ngemva
kokwenziwa kwezinguquko ekugonyweni kwe-smallpox.

21:58.256 --> 22:06.410
Futhi ngo-1924, udokotela wezifo ePrague wasungula
uxhumano ocacile okokuqala ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa komzimba.

22:06.410 --> 22:13.122
Ungabona ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani. Ngakho-ke,
iminyaka engu-125. Eminyakeni engu-25 emva kokwethulwa kokugoma.

22:13.122 --> 22:17.676
Okokuqala, kwatholakala ukuthi
konke lokhu kubangela i-meningitis.

22:17.676 --> 22:19.810
Nakuba kunjalo, impela lokhu sekwenzekile ngaphambilini.

22:19.810 --> 22:27.370
Kwathatha enye impilo yomuntu, okungukuthi
isizukulwane, iminyaka engu-30, ukuze umonakalo

22:27.370 --> 22:31.236
womjovo wokugoma waziwe eKarlsruhe ngo-1953.

22:31.236 --> 22:35.518
Kuze kube yilapho, kwakungekho mibiko
esemthethweni yokulimala okubangelwa umuthi

22:35.518 --> 22:38.895
wokugoma, nakuba ukugoma kwenziwa iminyaka engu-250.

22:38.895 --> 22:45.781
Futhi eRiphabhulikhi Yezwe yaseJalimane, nakuba kwakungekho
ezinye izimo zesibungu, kwaba nezimo eziyisikhombisa

22:45.781 --> 22:53.282
eziqinisekisiwe zesibungu phakathi kuka-1949 no-1979, ukufa
okungu-360 okuhlobene nomjovo okuvunywe yi-RKI ne-Paul Ehrlich

22:53.282 --> 22:57.520
Institute, kanye nezimo ezingaba ngu-984 zokulimala okungapheli.

22:57.520 --> 23:03.324
Futhi yingakho i-smallpox kwadingeka imenywe
njengeyapheliswa ngo-1979, ngoba kwakuyilapho kuphela

23:03.324 --> 23:07.503
lapho ukugoma i-smallpox kwakungasuswa kancane kancane.

23:07.503 --> 23:10.300
Kungenjalo, bekuzodingeka ukuqhubeka nokugonywa kwe-smallpox.

23:10.300 --> 23:12.560
Kodwa lokho kwakungeke kwenzeke.

23:12.560 --> 23:19.711
Futhi ngithanda ukuqeda ngesisho esivela kudokotela
waseMelika, ongumvikeli wokugoma futhi

23:19.711 --> 23:25.116
owayengumqondisi wezokwelapha kokuvimbela ebuthweni laseMelika.

23:25.116 --> 23:34.955
Ngo-1940, ngemva kweminyaka cishe engu-250
yomlando wokugoma, wathi yonke indaba yokugoma, kokubili

23:34.955 --> 23:41.063
okusebenzayo nokungasebenzi, isesigabeni sokuhlola.

23:41.063 --> 23:46.190
Futhi manje sesiphinde sabona
ukuthi konke lokhu kusigaba sokuhlola.

23:46.190 --> 23:56.288
Futhi uma kunjalo ngemva kwalesi sikhathi, umuntu
angabuza kuphela ukuthi kungani ukugoma kusengumqoka.