WEBVTT 00:00.001 --> 00:07.599 Faduwar babban bankin Switzerland Credit Suisse da bankunan Amurka Signature, Silvergate da Silicon Valley 00:07.599 --> 00:11.780 Bank (SVB) sun girgiza kasuwannin kudi a shekarar 2023. 00:11.780 --> 00:15.939 Babban abin da ya jawo wannan shi ne manufofin kudi na Babban Bankin Tarayyar Amurka . 00:15.939 --> 00:22.947 A ƙarshen shekarar 2021, ECB ta ƙara matuƙar ƙimar ruwa, wanda ya jawo faduwar farashin takardun bashi na gwamnati, asara 00:22.947 --> 00:30.430 mai yawa a harkokin ba da rance da haya na bankuna, kuma a ƙarshe ya kai ga rushewar bankunan da aka ambata a sama. 00:30.430 --> 00:36.578 Saboda haka, manufofin kudi na Fed sun kawar da babban adadin kusan dala biliyan 1.9 na 00:36.578 --> 00:40.700 Amurka a duk faɗin tsarin bankuna na Amurka. 00:40.700 --> 00:47.355 A matsayin martani ga rikicin tsarin kuɗi da ta jawo wa kanta da kuma barazanar ƙarin faduwar bankunan Amurka, Fed ta 00:47.355 --> 00:51.717 ƙaddamar da Shirin Tallafin Kuɗi na Lokaci ga Bankuna (BTFP). 00:51.717 --> 00:58.069 Wannan shirin ya ba bankunan Amurka damar samun kudin Fed kai tsaye ta hanyar lamuni, ta haka ne suka 00:58.069 --> 01:02.293 warware matsalolinsu na karancin kudi cikin nutsuwa. 01:02.293 --> 01:09.189 Wannan ya kwantar da rikicin kuma ya ba Fed damar sake gabatar da kanta a matsayin mai ceto mai ƙwazo na tsarin kuɗi. 01:09.189 --> 01:13.924 Duk da haka, wannan ba ya magance matsalolin bangaren bankuna na Amurka ba. 01:13.924 --> 01:17.851 A halin yanzu, har ma yana fuskantar rikici na tarihi! 01:17.851 --> 01:27.927 Duba ƙasa don samun taƙaitaccen bayani game da yaduwa da girman wannan rikici, rawar da Fed ta taka, da dalilai da tarihin sa. 01:27.927 --> 01:32.940 I. Matsalar tarihi a bangaren bankuna na Amurka 01:32.940 --> 01:37.526 1. Matsalar kasuwar kadarorin kasuwanci a Amurka 01:37.526 --> 01:44.784 A yau, akwai bankuna sama da 4,000 a Amurka, amma kaɗan ne kawai daga cikinsu ake ɗauka suna cikin koshin lafiya. 01:44.784 --> 01:48.205 Yawancinsu kuwa, a gefe guda, suna tsaye a bakin halaka. 01:48.205 --> 01:54.600 Babban dalili na wannan shi ne faduwar farashin kadarorin kasuwanci a matakin tarihi. 01:54.600 --> 02:02.181 Misalan da ke gaba suna nuna yadda wannan raguwar daraja ta yi girma: Ginin Ofis na Prime Manhattan mai hawa 23 a New York, 02:02.181 --> 02:09.639 wanda aka kimanta da dala miliyan 1,234,321 a shekarar 2019, yanzu darajarsa ta rage zuwa dala miliyan 104 kawai – asarar 02:09.639 --> 02:14.100 daraja ta kashi 51.6 cikin ɗari a cikin shekaru biyar kacal. 02:14.100 --> 02:22.873 A St. Louis, an sayar da ginin ofis mafi tsawo – hasumiyar AT&T mai hawa 44 – a kan fam miliyan 3.5. 02:22.873 --> 02:29.005 A shekarar 2006, wannan muhimmin dukiya har yanzu ta kai dala miliyan 1,234,321,205, wanda ke 02:29.005 --> 02:33.271 nuna asarar daraja mai ban mamaki na kashi 98%! 02:33.271 --> 02:40.730 Barry Sternlicht, wani attajirin mai zuba jari a harkar kadarori, ya hango asarar dala tiriliyan 1 a kadarorin 02:40.730 --> 02:44.849 ofis na Amurka kadai sakamakon wannan faduwar farashi. 02:44.849 --> 02:51.016 Waɗannan asarorin galibi ana samun su ne a littattafan bankunan Amurka ƙanana da matsakaita, waɗanda yanzu ke zaune a kan duwatsu 02:51.016 --> 02:56.228 na basussuka marasa kyau, inda kashi 30% zuwa 50% na su ke cikin haɗarin gaggawa na kasa biyan bashi, a cewar 02:56.228 --> 02:59.848 ƙwararren masanin ƙananan ƙarfe masu daraja Dominik Kettner. 02:59.848 --> 03:07.526 Bugu da ƙari, rancen kadarorin kasuwanci na dala biliyan 560 na Amurka zai ƙare kafin ƙarshen shekarar 2025, 03:07.526 --> 03:14.820 kuma kafin ƙarshen shekarar 2028, wannan adadi zai tashi sama da dala tiriliyan 2.8 na Amurka. 03:14.820 --> 03:21.705 Wannan yana nufin cewa cibiyoyin ba da lamuni a Amurka ma suna fuskantar guguwa ta sake samun lamuni a matakin tarihi. 03:21.705 --> 03:29.270 Wannan yana nufin cewa za a sake ba da rance ga kadarorin da abin ya shafa a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗa masu matuƙar muni. Idan hakan ba 03:29.270 --> 03:34.529 zai yiwu ba, za a sayar da su da babban rangwame, wanda zai haifar da asarori ga bankuna, 03:34.529 --> 03:37.846 kuma hakan na iya jawo rushewar tsarin banki. 03:37.846 --> 03:42.823 Ba a taɓa samun irin wannan yanayi a kasuwar kuɗi ba a da. 03:42.823 --> 03:47.533 2. Matsalar kasuwar takardun bashi ta Amurka 03:47.533 --> 03:54.961 Baya ga rikicin kasuwar kadarorin kasuwanci a Amurka, akwai wani bam na lokaci da ke ƙara ƙara a kasuwar bashi. 03:54.961 --> 04:03.183 Karuwa a cikin ƙimar ruwa ta haifar da wani yanayi a nan wanda kuma zai iya girgiza dukkan tsarin banki. 04:03.183 --> 04:11.456 Sun buɗe sabbin damar zuba jari masu jan hankali, wanda ya sa ba a ƙara buƙatar takardun bashi na gwamnatin Amurka ba. 04:11.456 --> 04:19.047 Sakamakon haka, darajarsu ta ragu matuƙa, inda bankunan Amurka suka tsaya da dutsen asarar da ba a 04:19.047 --> 04:25.127 bayyana ba wadda ta kai sama da dala biliyan 516. 04:25.127 --> 04:30.666 Muddin bankuna suna riƙe da waɗannan takardun bashi, asarar tana nan a kan takarda. 04:30.666 --> 04:38.468 Sai dai, idan, misali, kwastomomi sun cire ajiyarsu ko bankuna suka tilasta sayar da waɗannan takardun bashi 04:38.468 --> 04:46.178 saboda wasu dalilai, asarar za ta zama ta gaske kuma hakan na iya haifar da rushewar banki. 04:46.178 --> 04:50.194 3. Fed ta kawo ƙarshen Shirin Tallafin Tsawon Lokaci na Banki 04:50.194 --> 04:55.887 Da rikicin banki da na kuɗi na tarihi ke ƙara matsowa, Babban Bankin Tarayyar Amurka ya kawo ƙarshen Shirin 04:55.887 --> 04:59.733 Tallafin Tsawon Lokaci ga Bankuna (BTFP) a ranar 11 ga Maris. 04:59.733 --> 05:06.422 Ta wannan shirin, Fed ta kashe sama da dala biliyan 160 na Amurka kan bankunan da suka nema a cikin 05:06.422 --> 05:10.429 shekara guda kawai, tana ba su kayan kuɗi a ɓoye. 05:10.429 --> 05:15.504 Bankuna sun sami damar amfani da takardun bashin su a matsayin jingina, waɗanda aka ƙima su bisa 05:15.504 --> 05:18.440 ƙimar fuskoki maimakon bisa ƙimar kasuwa ta yanzu. 05:18.440 --> 05:25.731 Ta wannan hanyar, an daidaita gaba ɗaya mummunan sakamakon ƙarin ribar bashi, kuma fiye da komai, raguwar darajar kasuwar takardun 05:25.731 --> 05:29.725 bashi ta Amurka ga bankuna, inda hakan ya ceci su daga rushewa. 05:29.725 --> 05:37.528 Da ƙarewar BTFP, bankuna sun rasa ba wai kawai damar samun kuɗi cikin sauƙi ba, misali don hana fashewar kumfar 05:37.528 --> 05:44.722 kasuwar kadarorin kasuwanci ta Amurka, har ma sun yi asara a kasuwar takardun bashi ta Amurka. 05:44.722 --> 05:50.827 Bugu da ƙari, ƙimar ruwa, wadda har yanzu take ƙololuwa, yanzu tana yin cikakken tasiri ga bankuna, wanda zai iya 05:50.827 --> 05:54.801 zama abin da zai jawo ƙarin kuma mafi girman rikicin bankuna. 05:54.801 --> 06:00.810 Idan aka yi la'akari da halin tashin hankali a tsarin bankuna na Amurka, masanin nazari na Kanada-Irelands, 06:00.810 --> 06:06.660 Kevin O'Leary, yana da yakinin cewa dubban bankuna za su rushe a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. 06:06.660 --> 06:15.640 Tun da bankuna a duk faɗin duniya suna da alaƙa sosai, hakan na iya haifar da guguwar kuɗi ta duniya mai girma da rikicin tattalin 06:15.640 --> 06:20.675 arziki na duniya wanda zai rinjayi duk waɗanda suka gabata. 06:20.675 --> 06:27.138 II. Fed – mai ƙonawa a tsarin kuɗi da dalilan sa 06:27.138 --> 06:31.138 A waje, Babban Bankin Tarayyar Amurka yana gabatar da kansa a matsayin jarumi mai 06:31.138 --> 06:33.980 tsanani kuma mai ƙwazo na tsarin kuɗi mai ɗorewa. 06:33.980 --> 06:41.744 Amma ya bayyana a matsayin babban mai tada husuma a tsarin kuɗi, wanda, a cewar ƙwararren masanin kuɗi Ernst 06:41.744 --> 06:48.825 Wolff, da gangan ya jawo rikicin bankuna na 2023 da kuma rikicin da ke tafe a halin yanzu. 06:48.825 --> 06:54.800 Ernst Wolff ya ga haɗin kai masu zuwa da ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa Fed ke yin haka: 06:54.800 --> 07:04.097 1. Yayin da muke cikin matakin ƙarshe na tsarin kuɗi na duniya, bankunan tsakiya a duk faɗin duniya suna shirin sabon tsarin 07:04.097 --> 07:10.160 kuɗi da gabatar da kuɗaɗen dijital na bankin tsakiya (CBDCs). 07:10.160 --> 07:16.816 2. Tare da gabatar da CBDC, za a janye ba da rance daga bankunan kasuwanci kuma ana sa ran za a 07:16.816 --> 07:21.836 gudanar da shi ne kawai ta bankin tsakiya a nan gaba. 07:21.836 --> 07:28.501 Wannan yana nufin cewa babu wuri a cikin sabon tsarin kudi, musamman ga kananan da matsakaitan bankuna. 07:28.501 --> 07:38.012 Shi ya sa ake ƙara tsananta rikicin bankuna da ake da shi a yanzu da gangan, domin hanzarta ci gaban tsarin haɗakar bankuna. 07:38.012 --> 07:44.313 3. Manyan masu amfana daga faɗuwar bankuna da ke tafe za su kasance manyan bankunan 07:44.313 --> 07:48.986 Amurka kamar Goldman Sachs da JP Morgan Chase. 07:48.986 --> 07:56.469 Wannan na ƙarshe ya riga ya sayi First Republic Bank a shekarar 2023 a kan ƙaramin kaso na darajarta. 07:56.469 --> 08:05.825 Waɗannan manyan bankuna za su yi amfani da rikicin da ke tafe ta iri ɗaya, suna kwace manyan dukiyoyi a farashi mai rahusa. 08:05.825 --> 08:12.251 Wannan kuma yana amfani wa manyan masu gudanar da dukiya kamar BlackRock, Vanguard da State Street, waɗanda su 08:12.251 --> 08:19.118 ne manyan masu hannun jari a manyan bankunan Amurka kuma ke kula da dukiyar matuƙar attajirai. 08:19.118 --> 08:28.537 4. Tun da babu wani asusun tabbatar da banki da ke da isassun kudaden kuɗi don ceto masu asusu da masu ajiya da ke fuskantar 08:28.537 --> 08:39.430 halaka a abin da zai iya zama mafi girman rikicin banki a tarihi, wannan na iya zama cikakkiyar mataki na fara gabatar da CBDC. 08:39.430 --> 08:49.777 Ta amfani da wannan sabon kudi don biyan tallafi nan take, za a iya gabatar da shi da kyakkyawan hoto a matsayin mai ceto tsarin. 08:49.777 --> 08:56.810 Gaskiya ga taken Winston Churchill: "Kada a bar rikici ya tafi ba tare da an yi amfani da shi ba!" 08:56.810 --> 09:00.736 III. Bayanin baya game da Ajiyar Tarayya ta Amurka 09:00.736 --> 09:07.618 A cewar Ernst Wolff, CBN ba za ta tsaya ga kome ba wajen tilasta sabon tsarin kuɗi na dijital. 09:07.618 --> 09:15.845 An shirya shi don jefa bankuna dubu cikin rushewar kudi da halaka tiriliyoyin daloli na dukiya domin jan 09:15.845 --> 09:21.234 hankali ko tilasta wa al'umma shiga wannan sabon tsarin kudi. 09:21.234 --> 09:25.566 Sukaɗai waɗanda za su amfana sosai daga wannan sune matuƙar attajirai. 09:25.566 --> 09:33.792 Don fahimtar zurfi dalilin da ya sa Fed ba ta aiki don amfanin gama gari ba, sai dai tana goyon bayan wannan ƙaramin rukuni, yana 09:33.792 --> 09:37.385 da muhimmanci a san cewa Fed ba wata hukuma ta gwamnati ba ce. 09:37.385 --> 09:46.305 A cewar Stephen Goodson, tsohon daraktan Babban Bankin Ajiya na Afirka ta Kudu kuma cikakken masani a tsarin kuɗi, Fed, kamar 09:46.305 --> 09:54.939 kusan dukkan bankunan tsakiya a duniya, da IMF da Bankin Duniya, bankuna ne da cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke gudanar da 09:54.939 --> 10:00.033 harkokinsu ne kawai don amfanin masu hannun jari da masu kafa su. 10:00.033 --> 10:07.660 A cikin littafinsa "Tarihin Bankunan Tsakiya", ya kuma ambaci manyan masu hannun jarin Fed, misali. 10:07.660 --> 10:17.267 Biyayye bankuna ne ke da hannu, tare da manyan gidajen banki da ke bayansu: - JP Morgan Chase Bank - Goldman Sachs Bank na New 10:17.267 --> 10:27.026 York - Lazard Brothers Bank na Paris - Israel Moses Sieff Bank na Italiya - Shearson American Express Bank - Bankunan Rothschild 10:27.026 --> 10:32.255 na London da Paris - Bankunan Warburg na Hamburg da Amsterdam 10:32.255 --> 10:37.360 Don haka ƙungiya ce ƙanana ta mutanen matuƙar arziki waɗanda ke ƙara tsananta rikicin bankuna na yanzu. 10:37.360 --> 10:44.843 Suna son cika aljihunsu da jan mu cikin sabon tsarin kudi na dijital ɗinsu, wataƙila a ɓoye a matsayin kunshin ceto. 10:44.843 --> 10:52.787 Kamar yadda Kla.TV ta riga ta nuna a cikin shirin "Ernst Wolff: Kudin bankin tsakiya na dijital – ƙarshen 10:52.787 --> 11:00.339 'yanci!" , ana yin hakan ne da nufin kawai cikakken sarrafa mu da kwace dukkan 'yancinmu. 11:00.339 --> 11:07.933 Tsarin kuɗi na sake fuskantar rushewa, kuma sabuwar rage ƙimar ruwa ta Fed ba za ta canza hakan ba. 11:07.933 --> 11:15.154 Yana da wahala a hango lokacin da rushewar za ta faru, amma abu ɗaya ne tabbatacce: bankstoci, waɗanda ke cin zarafin ikon su da 11:15.154 --> 11:21.754 ƙarfin laifi marar misaltuwa domin tara dukiya da iko fiye da kima, za su yi duk mai yiwuwa don kauce wa a fallasa su 11:21.754 --> 11:25.865 a matsayin sanadin rushewar tattalin arzikin da suka jawo. 11:25.865 --> 11:33.040 Ta yin haka, suna iya haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikice su tsananta – ciki har da rikice-rikicen soja da 11:33.040 --> 11:36.563 ake da su a yanzu, waɗanda ke ƙara tsananta sosai. 11:36.563 --> 11:42.112 Ko da yadda suka yi ƙoƙarin sanya sabon kuɗin dijital ɗinsu ya zama abin jan hankali a gare mu, tabbas wata 11:42.112 --> 11:45.860 dokar Trojan ce kuma ba za ta taɓa warware matsalolin ba. 11:45.860 --> 11:53.629 Maganin shi ne a ɗaure waɗannan bankstoci alhakin haifar da rikice-rikice kuma a kwace musu iko. 11:53.629 --> 12:00.756 A cewar tsohon shugaban bankin tsakiya Stephen Goodson, tasirinsu ya ta'allaka ne kan gaskiyar cewa sun kwace 12:00.756 --> 12:05.639 hakkin ƙirƙirar kuɗi daga babu komai sannan su aro shi da riba. 12:05.639 --> 12:11.745 Sun samu damar yin hakan ta hanyar karɓar iko da bankunan tsakiya na duniya. 12:11.745 --> 12:19.074 Shi ya sa ake buƙatar "soke dukkan bashi na duniya", wato soke dukkan bashin da ƙasashe suka yi, waɗanda aka zalunta, aka saci 12:19.074 --> 12:24.250 dukiyoyinsu, kuma a zahiri aka kwace su ta hannun bankunan tsakiya, IMF da Bankin Duniya, 12:24.250 --> 12:27.575 da kuma mayar da duk albarkatun da aka kwace. 12:27.575 --> 12:34.280 Kamar yadda aka ƙirƙiri basussukan daga babu komai, dole ne basussukan su ɓace cikin babu komai. 12:34.280 --> 12:42.944 Idan aka mayar da hakkin ƙirƙirar kuɗi ga mutane da jihohi masu cin gashin kansu, duk wannan mafarki mai ban tsoro zai ƙare. 12:42.944 --> 12:49.181 Musamman a cikin wannan rikicin duniya, lokaci ya yi da za mu bukaci wannan – idan ba yanzu ba, to yaushe?