WEBVTT 00:00.001 --> 00:07.718 Ukuwa kwebhanki enkulu yaseSwitzerland iCredit Suisse kunye neebhanki zase-US iSignature, iSilvergate kunye neSilicon 00:07.718 --> 00:11.780 Valley Bank (SVB) kwashukumisa iimarike zezemali ngo-2023. 00:11.780 --> 00:15.939 Eyona nto iphambili ebangele oku yayingumgaqo-nkqubo wezemali we-US Federal Reserve . 00:15.939 --> 00:22.039 Ekupheleni kuka-2021, i-ECB yonyuse kakhulu iirhafu zenzala, nto leyo eyabangela ukuhla kwamaxabiso eebhondi zikarhulumente, 00:22.039 --> 00:26.516 iilahleko ezinkulu kwishishini leebhanki lokubolekisa imali nokuqeshisa, kwaye ekugqibeleni 00:26.516 --> 00:30.430 kwakhokelela ekuqukuqeleni kweebhanki ezikhankanywe ngasentla. 00:30.430 --> 00:36.423 Umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali we-Fed ngoko ke watshabalalisa isixa esingummangaliso esimalunga ne-1.9 yetriliyoni 00:36.423 --> 00:40.700 yeeDola zaseMelika kuyo yonke inkqubo yebhanki yaseMelika. 00:40.700 --> 00:46.103 Ukuphendula kwingxaki kwinkqubo yezemali eyayizenzele yona kunye nosongelo lokuqhubeka kokuwa kweebhanki 00:46.103 --> 00:51.717 zase-US, i-Fed yathi ke yasungula iNkqubo yoXhaso-mali lweXesha elithile lweeBhanki (BTFP). 00:51.717 --> 00:57.845 Le nkqubo yavumela iibhanki zase-US ukuba zifikelele kwimali ye-Fed ngokuthe ngqo ngemali-mboleko, ngaloo ndlela 00:57.845 --> 01:02.293 zisombulula ngokuzolileyo iingxaki zazo zokunqongophala kwemali. 01:02.293 --> 01:09.189 Oku kwanqumla le ngxaki kwaye kwavumela i-Fed ukuba iphinde iziveze njengomsindisi onamandla wenkqubo yezemali. 01:09.189 --> 01:13.924 Noko ke, oku akuzange, ewe, kuzise isisombululo kwiingxaki kwicandelo leebhanki lase-US. 01:13.924 --> 01:17.851 Okwangoku, ide ijongene nengxaki yembali! 01:17.851 --> 01:23.519 Jonga ngezantsi ukuze ufumane isishwankathelo sobubanzi nobukhulu bale ngxaki, indima 01:23.519 --> 01:27.927 edlalwe yi-Fed, kunye neenjongo nemvelaphi yayo. 01:27.927 --> 01:32.940 I. Ingxaki yembali kwicandelo leebhanki lase-US 01:32.940 --> 01:37.526 1. Ingxaki kwimarike yezakhiwo zorhwebo yase-US 01:37.526 --> 01:42.105 Namhlanje, kukho iibhanki ezingaphezu kwama-4,000 e-United States, kodwa zizigidi ezimbalwa 01:42.105 --> 01:44.784 kuphela kuzo ezinokuthathwa njengezempilweni. 01:44.784 --> 01:48.205 Uninzi olukhulu, kwelinye icala, lumi kanye emngciphekweni wentlekele. 01:48.205 --> 01:54.600 Esona sizathu siphambili soku kukudodobala kwamaxabiso ezakhiwo zorhwebo kumgangatho ongazange ubonwe ngaphambili. 01:54.600 --> 02:02.806 Ezi mizekelo zilandelayo zibonisa ukuba oku kwehla kubaluleke kangakanani na: I- 23-storey Prime Manhattan Office Tower eNew 02:02.806 --> 02:09.556 York, exabisa i- 215 yezigidi zeedola ngo-2019, ngoku ixabisa kuphela i-104 yezigidi zeedola zase-US – 02:09.556 --> 02:14.100 ilahleko exabiso le-51.6 pesenti kwiminyaka emihlanu nje. 02:14.100 --> 02:22.873 E-St. Louis, esona sakhiwo seeofisi side – i-AT&T Tower enemigangatho engama-44 – sathengiswa nge-3.5 yezigidi zeedola. 02:22.873 --> 02:33.271 Ngo-2006, le propathi iphambili ibisabiza i-$1,234,321,205, nto leyo emele ilahleko yexabiso eyothusayo eyi-98%! 02:33.271 --> 02:40.131 U-Barry Sternlicht, umtyali-mali wezindlu nomhlaba oyisibhiliyoni, uqikelele ilahleko ye-$1 yetriliyoni 02:40.131 --> 02:44.849 kwizakhiwo zeofisi zase-US zodwa ngenxa yoku kwehla kwamaxabiso. 02:44.849 --> 02:51.831 Ezi zilahleko zifumaneka kakhulu kwiincwadi zeebhanki ezincinci neziphakathi zase-US, ezingoku zihleli phezu kweentaba zeemboleko 02:51.831 --> 02:55.999 ezimbi, apho i-30% ukuya kwi-50% yazo isesichengeni esikhulu sokungahlawulwa, 02:55.999 --> 02:59.848 ngokweengcali yezimbiwa ezixabisekileyo uDominik Kettner. 02:59.848 --> 03:06.792 Ukongeza, iimali-mboleko zezakhiwo zorhwebo ezixabisa i-560 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika ziya kuphelelwa lixesha 03:06.792 --> 03:14.820 ekupheleni kuka-2025, kwaye ekupheleni kuka-2028, eli nani liya kunyuka lide lidlule i-2.8 yeetriliyoni zeedola zaseMelika. 03:14.820 --> 03:21.705 Oku kuthetha ukuba amaziko ezemali e-USA nawo ajongene nonyuko olukhulu lokuhlaziya iimali-mboleko kumlinganiselo wembali. 03:21.705 --> 03:27.874 Oku kuthetha ukuba iipropati ezichaphazelekileyo kufuneka ziphinde zifumane inkxaso-mali phantsi kweemeko ezimbi kakhulu. 03:27.874 --> 03:34.452 Ukuba oku akuphumeleli, kufuneka zithengiswe ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu, nto leyo ebangela iilahleko ezihambelanayo kwiibhanki, 03:34.452 --> 03:37.846 nto leyo enokukhokelela ekudiliken iinkqubo zeebhanki. 03:37.846 --> 03:42.823 Akukaze kubekho imeko efanayo nale kwimarike yezemali ngaphambili. 03:42.823 --> 03:47.533 2. Ingxaki kwimarike yee-bond zase-US 03:47.533 --> 03:54.961 Ukongeza kwingxaki ekwimarike yezakhiwo zorhwebo yase-US, kukho enye ibhombu yexesha eqhubeka nokuqhuba kwimarike yebhondi. 03:54.961 --> 04:03.183 Ukwanda kwamazinga enzala kudale imeko apha enokuthi ikwazi ukuzanyaza wonke umbutho weebhanki. 04:03.183 --> 04:07.843 Zavula amathuba amatsha anomtsalane otyalo-mali, nto leyo eyayithetha ukuba iibhondi 04:07.843 --> 04:11.456 zikarhulumente wase-US zazisafuneki kangako. 04:11.456 --> 04:18.621 Ngenxa yoko, ixabiso lazo lehla kakhulu, nto leyo eyashiya iibhanki zaseMelika zineentaba zeelahleko 04:18.621 --> 04:25.127 ezingekaboniweyo ezixabisa ngaphezulu kwe-$516 yebhiliyoni. 04:25.127 --> 04:30.666 Logama iibhanki zibambe ezi bonds, iilahleko zihlala "ziphepheni". 04:30.666 --> 04:37.822 Nangona kunjalo, ukuba, umzekelo, abathengi barhoxisa iidipozithi zabo okanye iibhanki zinyanzeleka ukuba 04:37.822 --> 04:46.178 zithengise ezi bonds ngenxa yezinye izizathu, iilahleko ziba yinyani kwaye zinokubangela ukuwa kweebhanki. 04:46.178 --> 04:50.194 3. I-Fed iphelisa iNkqubo yoXhaso-mali lweXesha elimisiweyo leeBhanki 04:50.194 --> 04:56.021 Kanye xa kwakusele kusenzeka ingxaki yebhanki neyezemali yembali, i-US Federal Reserve iphelise iNkqubo yoXhaso-mali 04:56.021 --> 04:59.733 lweXesha elimisiweyo lweeBhanki (BTFP) ngomhla we-11 kuMatshi. 04:59.733 --> 05:04.643 Ngale nkqubo, iBhange leSizwe laseMelika (i-Fed) belichithe ngaphezulu kwe-160 yeebhiliyoni zeedola 05:04.643 --> 05:10.429 zaseMelika kwiibhanki ezicelileyo kwisithuba sonyaka omnye kuphela, libabonelela ngemali ngokuzolileyo. 05:10.429 --> 05:15.610 Iibhanki zakwazi ukusebenzisa iibhondi zazo njengeqinisekiso, ezazixabisiwe ngexabiso elibhalwe kuzo 05:15.610 --> 05:18.440 kunokuba zixabisiwe ngexabiso langoku lasemarike. 05:18.440 --> 05:23.933 Ngale ndlela, iziphumo ezibi zokunyuswa kwamazinga enzala, kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke, ukuhla kwexabiso 05:23.933 --> 05:29.725 kwimarike yebhondi yase-US, zaxatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwiibhanki, nto leyo eyazisindisa ekuweni. 05:29.725 --> 05:36.509 Ngokuphela kwe-BTFP, iibhanki ngoko azikhange zithathelwe nje ithuba lokufikelela lula kwimali, umzekelo 05:36.509 --> 05:44.722 ukuthintela ukuqhushumba kweqamza lezindlu zorhwebo zase-US, kodwa zikwalahlekelwe yimali kwimarike yebhondi yase-US. 05:44.722 --> 05:49.969 Ukongeza, iireyithi zenzala, ezihleli ziphezulu, ngoku ziphinda ziba nefuthe elikhulu kwiibhanki, nto leyo 05:49.969 --> 05:54.801 enokuba sisizathu esigqibezelayo sengxaki yebhanki engakumbi nengaphatheke ngakumbi. 05:54.801 --> 06:02.200 Ngenxa yemeko ebaxiweyo kwinkqubo yebhanki yase-US, umhlalutyi waseKhanada-Ireland uKevin O'Leary uqinisekile 06:02.200 --> 06:06.660 ukuba amawaka eeebhanki ziya kuwa kule minyaka izayo. 06:06.660 --> 06:13.385 Ngenxa yokuba iibhanki kwihlabathi jikelele zinxibelelene kakhulu, oku kungakhokelela kwintsushu yemali 06:13.385 --> 06:20.675 yehlabathi enkulu kunye nengxaki yezoqoqosho yehlabathi eya kudlula zonke ebezikhona ngaphambili. 06:20.675 --> 06:27.138 II. I-Fed – umtshisi kwinkqubo yezemali neenjongo zayo 06:27.138 --> 06:33.980 Ngaphandle, i-US Federal Reserve izibonakalisa njengembangi enzulu nenamandla yenkqubo yezemali ezinzileyo. 06:33.980 --> 06:41.460 Kodwa ngoku iveza ukuba yintshatsheli yokwenene kwinkqubo yezemali, leyo, ngokutsho kweingcali yezemali 06:41.460 --> 06:48.825 u-Ernst Wolff, eyabangela ngabom ingxaki yebhanki ngo-2023 kunye nengxaki esisongelayo ngoku. 06:48.825 --> 06:54.800 U-Ernst Wolff ubona olu nxibelelwano lulandelayo olucacisa isizathu sokuba i-Fed isebenze ngolu hlobo: 06:54.800 --> 07:01.806 1. Njengoko sikwisigaba sokugqibela senkqubo yezemali yehlabathi, iibhanki ezingundoqo kwihlabathi jikelele 07:01.806 --> 07:10.160 zilungiselela inkqubo entsha yezemali kunye nokwaziswa kweemali zedijithali zebhanki engundoqo (ii-CBDC). 07:10.160 --> 07:16.842 2. Ngokwaziswa kwe-CBDC, ukubolekisa kuya kurhoxiswa kwiibhanki zorhwebo kwaye kulindeleke ukuba 07:16.842 --> 07:21.836 kwenziwe kuphela yibhanki engundoqo kwixesha elizayo. 07:21.836 --> 07:28.501 Oku kuthetha ukuba akusekho ndawo kwinkqubo yemali entsha, ingakumbi kwiibhanki ezincinci neziphakathi. 07:28.501 --> 07:33.927 Yiyo loo nto le ngxaki yebhanki ikhoyo ikhuthazwa ngabom ukuze kutyhutyhwe ngokukhawuleza 07:33.927 --> 07:38.012 inkqubo yokudityaniswa kwecandelo leebhanki. 07:38.012 --> 07:44.473 3. Abona bazuza kakhulu ekuqukuqeleni kweebhanki ezizayo ziya kuba ziibhanki ezinkulu zase-US 07:44.473 --> 07:48.986 ezifana neGoldman Sachs kunye neJP Morgan Chase. 07:48.986 --> 07:56.469 Le yokugqibela yayisele iyifumene i-First Republic Bank ngo-2023 ngexabiso elincinane kakhulu kunexabiso layo. 07:56.469 --> 08:05.825 La mabhanki makhulu aza kuxhaphaza le ngxaki izayo ngendlela efanayo, ethimba i-asethi ezinkulu ngamaxabiso aphantsi kakhulu. 08:05.825 --> 08:11.786 Oku, ke, kuxhamlisa abalawuli bezinto ezixabisekileyo abakhulu abanjengoBlackRock, Vanguard kunye neState Street, 08:11.786 --> 08:19.118 abangabanini-zabelo abaphambili kwiibhanki ezinkulu zase-US kwaye balawula iimpahla zabantu abazizityebi kakhulu. 08:19.118 --> 08:27.936 4. Ngenxa yokuba kungekho ngxowa-mali yesiqinisekiso sebhanki enemali eyaneleyo yokusindisa abanini-akhawunti nabafaki-mali 08:27.936 --> 08:34.245 abajongene nentshabalalo kwingxaki yebhanki enokuba yeyona inkulu kulo lonke ixesha, oku 08:34.245 --> 08:39.430 kunokuba sisiseko esifanelekileyo sokwaziswa kwe-CBDC. 08:39.430 --> 08:49.777 Ngokusebenzisa le mali intsha ukuhlawula uncedo kwangoko, ingaziswa nomfanekiso olungileyo njengomhlanguli wenkqubo. 08:49.777 --> 08:56.810 Unyanisile kumgaqo kaWinston Churchill: "Ungaze uvumele ingxaki iphelelwe lixesha!" 08:56.810 --> 09:00.736 III. Imvelaphi ye-US Federal Reserve 09:00.736 --> 09:07.618 Ngokuka-Ernst Wolff, i-Fed ngokubonakalayo ayizukuthandabuza nantoni na ukuze inyanzelise inkqubo entsha yezemali yedijithali. 09:07.618 --> 09:14.184 Ilungiselelwe ukwenza iibhanki ezingamawaka zibe sesichengeni sokungakwazi ukuhlawula amatyala azo, nokutshabalalisa 09:14.184 --> 09:21.234 iitriliyoni zeedola kwimpahla yazo, ukuze itsale okanye inyanzelele uluntu ukuba lungene kule nkqubo intsha yemali. 09:21.234 --> 09:25.566 Abo kuphela ababonakala bexhamla kakhulu koku ngabantu abazizityebi ezigqithisileyo. 09:25.566 --> 09:33.506 Ukuze siqonde nzulu isizathu sokuba i-Fed ingasebenzi kuluntu luphela kodwa isebenzela eli qelana lincinci, 09:33.506 --> 09:37.385 kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba i-Fed ayisosiko likarhulumente. 09:37.385 --> 09:45.236 NgokukaStephen Goodson, owayesakuba ngumlawuli weBhanka Engqongqo yaseMzantsi Afrika kwaye ke ngoko engumntu ongaphakathi kakhulu 09:45.236 --> 09:51.991 kwinkqubo yezemali, i-Fed, njengephantse zonke iibhanki ezingundoqo kwihlabathi jikelele, kunye ne-IMF neBhanka 09:51.991 --> 10:00.033 yeHlabathi, ziibhanki namaziko alawulwa ngabucala aqhuba ishishini lawo kuphela ukuze kuxhamle abaninzi-zabelo nabaseki bawo. 10:00.033 --> 10:07.660 Kwincwadi yakhe epapashiweyo, "The History of Central Banks," ukwachaza amagama abanini-zabelo abaphambili be-Fed, umzekelo. 10:07.660 --> 10:15.987 La mabhanki alandelayo ayabandakanyekile, kunye neentsapho ezilawulayo zamabhanki ezingemva kwawo: - JP Morgan Chase Bank - 10:15.987 --> 10:23.638 Goldman Sachs Bank yaseNew York - Lazard Brothers Bank yaseParis - Israel Moses Sieff Bank yaseItali - I-Shearson 10:23.638 --> 10:32.255 American Express Bank - IiBhanki zakwaRothschild zaseLondon naseParis - IiBhanki zakwaWarburg zaseHamburg naseAmsterdam 10:32.255 --> 10:37.360 Ngoko ke lulutsha oluncinci lwabantu abazizityebi ezigqithisileyo abaqhuba le ngxaki yebhanki ikhoyo ngoku. 10:37.360 --> 10:41.975 Bafuna ukuzalisa iipokotho zabo kwaye basitsalele kwinkqubo yabo entsha yemali yedijithali, 10:41.975 --> 10:44.843 mhlawumbi beyifihle njengephakheji yokuhlangula. 10:44.843 --> 10:52.612 Njengoko i-Kla.TV sele ibonise kwinkqubo ethi "Ernst Wolff: Digital central bank money – the end of freedom!" 10:52.612 --> 11:00.339 , oku kwenzeka ngenjongo kuphela yokusilawula ngokupheleleyo nokusibamba zonke iinkululeko zethu. 11:00.339 --> 11:07.933 Inkqubo yezemali iphinde ijongene nokuwa, kwaye ukuncitshiswa kwamva nje kwenzala yi-Fed akuyi kwenza nto ukutshintsha loo nto. 11:07.933 --> 11:14.677 Kunzima ukuxela ukuba ukuwa kuza kwenzeka nini, kodwa enye into iqinisekile: oosomali abakhohlakeleyo, abasebenzisa amandla abo 11:14.677 --> 11:20.253 ngendlela yobugebenga engathethekiyo ukuze baqokelele ubutyebi namandla angakumbi nangakumbi, baza kwenza 11:20.253 --> 11:25.865 konke okusemandleni abo ukuphepha ukutyhilwa njengabangela wokuwa kwezemali abakuzisileyo. 11:25.865 --> 11:33.066 Ngokwenza njalo, banokubangela ukuba ezinye iingxaki zikhule kakhulu – kuquka nemidibaniso yomkhosi ekhoyo, 11:33.066 --> 11:36.563 leyo ngoku eqhubeka nokuba mandundu ngokumangalisayo. 11:36.563 --> 11:41.865 Nokuba bazama kangakanani na ukwenza imali yabo entsha yedijithali yamkeleke kuthi, ngokuqinisekileyo 11:41.865 --> 11:45.860 yibhokisi yeTrojan kwaye ayisoze ibe sisisombululo seengxaki. 11:45.860 --> 11:53.629 Isisombululo kukuba aba bafebi-bhanki baphenduliswe njengabangela yezi ngxubakaxaka, baze bahluthelwe amandla abo. 11:53.629 --> 11:59.454 Ngokutsho komphathi owayesakuba yeyebhanki engundoqo uStephen Goodson, impembelelo yabo isekelwe kwinto 11:59.454 --> 12:05.639 yokuba baziphathele ilungelo lokwenza imali ngokuyiqamba nje emoyeni baze bayibolekise ngenzala. 12:05.639 --> 12:11.745 Bakwazile ukwenza oku ngokuthatha ulawulo lweebhanki ezingundoqo zehlabathi. 12:11.745 --> 12:18.321 Yiyo loo nto kufuneka "ukuncitshiswa kwamatyala ehlabathi", oko kukuthi, ukurhoxiswa kwawo onke amatyala amazwe athe atyhalwa, 12:18.321 --> 12:23.957 abhujiswa kwaye amathuba awo athathwa ngokupheleleyo ziibhanki ezingundoqo, i-IMF neBhanki yeHlabathi, kunye 12:23.957 --> 12:27.575 nokubuyiswa kwazo zonke izibonelelo ezithathwe ngenkani. 12:27.575 --> 12:34.280 Kuba njengoko iimali-mboleko zadalwa zivela nje emoyeni, neetyala nazo kufuneka zinyamalale ziye emoyeni. 12:34.280 --> 12:42.944 Ukuba ilungelo lokwenza imali libuyiselwa ebantwini nakumazwe azimeleyo, lonke eli phupha libi liya kuphela. 12:42.944 --> 12:49.181 Ingakumbi kule ngxaki yehlabathi, lifikile ixesha lokufuna oku – ukuba hayi ngoku, ke nini?