1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:00,666 2 00:00:00,666 --> 00:00:05,955 Ukuwa koMdibaniso waseBerlin ngomhla we-9 kuNovemba 1989 kwangena emlandweni njengesiphumo sezibhikisho 3 00:00:05,955 --> 00:00:09,062 zoluntu ezithe qhubeka ixesha elide nezazizolileyo. 4 00:00:09,062 --> 00:00:14,080 Noko ke, umntu obone ngokwakhe wale mihla uMichael Wolski uchaza ukuwa koDonga njengenyathelo elicwangcisiweyo lobuchule 5 00:00:14,080 --> 00:00:16,708 elathathwa ngamabutho abesemva 'kwesigqubuthelo sentlantsi'. 6 00:00:16,708 --> 00:00:23,286 Esebenzisa amava akhe kunye nophando olunzulu, uMichael Wolski uchaza inguqu ecwangcisiweyo yoluntu ukusukela 7 00:00:23,286 --> 00:00:28,083 ekuqaleni koVukelo lwango-Okthobha ngo-1917 kude kube namhlanje. 8 00:00:28,083 --> 00:00:34,053 Wasebenza kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwe-GDR ngeminyaka yoo-1980, nto leyo eyamnika abaqhagamshelwano 9 00:00:34,053 --> 00:00:37,708 bamazwe ngamazwe kwinqanaba lolawulo eMpuma naseNtshona. 10 00:00:37,708 --> 00:00:41,790 Nantsi indlela awafumanisa ngayo ukungangqinelani okungqonge ibali lokuwa koMdonga waseBerlin. 11 00:00:41,790 --> 00:00:48,103 Ekuhambeni kophando lwakhe, uWolski wamangaliswa kukufumanisa ukuba iinkokeli ezikhethiweyo, zombini 12 00:00:48,103 --> 00:00:52,875 zaseNtshona naseMpuma, zazisazi kwangaphambili ngokuwa koDonga. 13 00:00:52,875 --> 00:00:58,041 Uphando lwakhe lutyhile umfanekiso owahluke ngokupheleleyo kwento efundiswa ziincwadi zembali. 14 00:00:58,041 --> 00:01:03,662 UMichael Wolski ukhankanya iziganeko ezininzi ezityhila isenzo esihlangeneyo seenkokeli ze-Eastern Bloc 15 00:01:03,662 --> 00:01:07,916 neze-Western Bloc, esikhokelele ekubuweni koDonga lwaseBerlin. 16 00:01:07,916 --> 00:01:15,398 Isiganeko 1: Ekupheleni kukaMeyi 1987, uMongameli waseSoviet uMikhail Gorbachev kunye noMphathiswa wakhe weMicimbi 17 00:01:15,398 --> 00:01:24,333 yezaNgaphandle uEduard Shevardnadze bafuna ukuba intloko yelizwe laseGDR uErich Honecker avule uDonga. UHonecker wala. 18 00:01:24,333 --> 00:01:30,894 Isiganeko 2: Kwiintsuku ezilishumi elinesine kamva, owayesakuba nguMongameli wase-US uRonald Reagan wathetha kwicala 19 00:01:30,894 --> 00:01:35,208 elisentshona leBrandenburg Gate waza wabizela nokuwa koMdonga. 20 00:01:35,208 --> 00:01:38,583 Mnu Gorbachev, dilizisa le ndonga! 21 00:01:38,583 --> 00:01:45,203 Isiganeko 3: Ngo-1989, izibambiso zomda eHungary zadilizwa, nto leyo eyenza kwaba lula kubemi 22 00:01:45,203 --> 00:01:49,791 be-GDR ukuba babaleke baye eNtshona ngase-Austria. 23 00:01:49,791 --> 00:01:58,773 Isiganeko 4: Ngomhla we-9 kaJanuwari 1990, inkampani yase-US egunyaziswe liSebe lezoRhwebo lwaNgaphandle laseMpuma 24 00:01:58,773 --> 00:02:03,958 Berlin irhoxise iodolo eyayenziwe kuWolski ngoDisemba 1989. 25 00:02:03,958 --> 00:02:11,112 Lo msebenzi wawukulungiselela ukusekwa kwenkampani entsha yokusasaza iimveliso zeQela kwi-GDR. 26 00:02:11,112 --> 00:02:15,416 Isizathu: Akusayi kubakho mGDR ngakumbi. 27 00:02:15,416 --> 00:02:20,684 Kudliwano-ndlebe oluneenkcukacha , uMichael Wolski ungena kwiinkcukacha ezingakumbi malunga 'nokuwa 28 00:02:20,684 --> 00:02:27,583 koMdibaniso', etyhila indlela ecwangcisiweyo eneenjongo ezifihlakeleyo kwicala lobunkokeli baseMpuma naseNtshona. 29 00:02:27,583 --> 00:02:32,986 UWolski ukwachaza nendlela imibhikisho yoxolo eyayikhuthazwa kwaye isetyenziswe kakubi 30 00:02:32,986 --> 00:02:36,250 ziinkonzo ezimfihlo zaseSoviet naseNtshona. 31 00:02:36,250 --> 00:02:42,416 Isizathu: I-GDR yayifike kwinqanaba lokungalawuleki nokudilika koqoqosho. 32 00:02:42,416 --> 00:02:47,833 Kwakucacile ukuba uqoqosho olucwangcisiweyo lwasesoshalist alusebenzanga. 33 00:02:47,833 --> 00:02:52,699 Ngenxa yokuwohloka okukhawulezileyo kwe-GDR, imikhosi eyayisebenza ngasemva yanyanzeleka ukuba 34 00:02:52,699 --> 00:02:56,061 itshintshe isicwangciso sayo. Kodwa zeziphi ezi mikhosi? 35 00:02:56,061 --> 00:02:58,291 Mamela uMichael Wolski: 36 00:02:58,291 --> 00:03:10,912 "Kwakukho iNguquko ka-Okthobha ngo-1917, kwaye kubekho iincwadi ezininzi, ingakumbi ezivela eUnited States, ezichaza 37 00:03:10,912 --> 00:03:25,166 ngokweenkcukacha ezipheleleyo unxulumano phakathi kweWall Street neNguquko yamaBolshevik, umzekelo leyo ibhalwe nguAnthony Sutton. 38 00:03:25,166 --> 00:03:38,620 Kwakhona ichaza indlela uTrotsky noLenin, ababenemali, omnye evela kwabaseki beFederal Reserve omnye evela kwi-Abwehr 39 00:03:38,620 --> 00:03:45,750 yaseJamani, abahambela ePetrograd ukuze bavuse inguquko apho. 40 00:03:45,750 --> 00:03:53,176 Abanye, kuba babona ilizwe lilungele utshintsho, ingakumbi oosomali baseMelika, 41 00:03:53,176 --> 00:03:58,125 ukuze balifake phantsi kweliso labo, masithi. 42 00:03:58,125 --> 00:04:07,796 "Kwaye ngelo xesha, amaMelika amisa indoda eyayisele iyamazi uLenin yaza yenza izivumelwano 43 00:04:07,796 --> 00:04:13,250 zokuqala naye. Loo mntu yayingu-Armand Hammer. 44 00:04:13,250 --> 00:04:20,127 Kwaye kude kube sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1990, kamsinya phambi kokusweleka kwakhe, wayengunxibelelanisi 45 00:04:20,127 --> 00:04:25,346 phakathi kweNtloko-dolophu yase-US kunye nePolitburo. 46 00:04:25,346 --> 00:04:35,538 Kwaye zonke ezi projekthi zinkulu zokungenisa izinto zaseSoviet Union ezibandakanya iifektri, izikhululo zombane wamanzi, kodwa 47 00:04:35,538 --> 00:04:42,359 kwakunye nesivumelwano esithi "Land and Lease" ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, 48 00:04:42,359 --> 00:04:48,458 zagqitywa phantsi kolwalathiso lwakhe, masithi. 49 00:04:48,458 --> 00:04:53,333 Ewe, kwaye ke, uArmand Hammer wayeyibhiliyoneya, kule minyaka idlulileyo. 50 00:04:53,333 --> 00:05:00,166 Utata wakhe wayengumsunguli weQela lamaKhomanisi, engomnye wabasunguli beQela lamaKhomanisi laseUnited States. 51 00:05:00,166 --> 00:05:07,458 Kwaye, ewe, wayekwangomnye wabamkeli be-Order of Lenin. 52 00:05:07,458 --> 00:05:13,583 br] Baphulaphuli abathandekayo: Kufuneka niyivumele yenze ingqiqo okomzuzwana. 53 00:05:13,583 --> 00:05:20,392 Oosomali abaseka iFederal Reserve ngo-1913 baxhasa ngemali uVukelo lwango-Okthobha kwiminyaka 54 00:05:20,392 --> 00:05:24,583 emine kamva kunye nokusekwa kwe-USSR ngo-1922. 55 00:05:24,583 --> 00:05:30,583 Isiphumo saba ngumgqubo omkhulu wokusasazwa kwakhona kwepropathi yaseRashiya ezandleni zabhanki zase-US abathandabuzekayo! 56 00:05:30,583 --> 00:05:35,250 Okokuqala, amaSoviet athimba impahla yezidwangube, yecawa, i-bourgeoisie kunye namagosa aphezulu. 57 00:05:35,250 --> 00:05:40,537 Ngokwenza njalo, benza le nto isaziwa njengepropati yoluntu, bahlawula inzala kubarhwebi-mali base-US 58 00:05:40,537 --> 00:05:43,708 baza benza izivumelwano zoshishino naba barhwebi-mali. 59 00:05:43,708 --> 00:05:48,291 IBhanki yeLizwe yaseSoviet yayingekaRothschild ngoko, njengoko injalo nanamhlanje. 60 00:05:48,291 --> 00:05:54,000 UWolski usishwankathela isithuba esisusela kwiNguquko ka-Okthobha ukuya ekubuweni kweDini yaseBerlin ngolu hlobo: 61 00:05:54,000 --> 00:06:01,089 "Akukho mntu obengacinga ukuba aba makomanisi aseRashiya ekugqibeleni baxhaswa ngemali 62 00:06:01,089 --> 00:06:06,466 yiNtshona kwisigaba sokuqala, baza kamva balawulwa." 63 00:06:06,466 --> 00:06:16,000 Seso kwakhona isizathu sokuba abantu abaninzi bangaqondi ukuba iSoviet Union yadiliza eyayo inkqubo. 64 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:21,653 Xa isoshalizim, ekhokelwa yiSoviet Union namazwe oMmandla waseMpuma afana neGDR, yaba luthuli 65 00:06:21,653 --> 00:06:25,322 yaza yema, kwanyanzeleka ukuba kutshintshwe inkqubo. 66 00:06:25,322 --> 00:06:29,794 Ukuba bebelinde ixesha elide kakhulu, inkqubo ibiya kuwa ngokungenakuzibamba. 67 00:06:29,794 --> 00:06:34,736 Kuphela ngokuwa okulawulwayo kunye neqalo elitsha elinobubele nabantu abatsha apho 68 00:06:34,736 --> 00:06:38,916 imikhosi engabonakaliyo yakwazi ukugcina ulawulo. 69 00:06:38,916 --> 00:06:43,291 Emva kokuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin, iSoviet Union yahlulwa ngo-1991. 70 00:06:43,291 --> 00:06:49,751 Olu tshintsho lulawulwayo lwamaqhinga ngamandla angaphakathi emfihlakalweni lwalungiselelwa kwi-Institute for 71 00:06:49,751 --> 00:06:57,291 Systems Analysis eVienna, apho iinkonzo eziyimfihlo zaseMpuma naseNtshona bezisebenzisana kunye ukusukela ngo-1972. 72 00:06:57,291 --> 00:07:02,750 Kwakukule ndawo apho kwacwangciswa ukudilizwa kweSoviet Union, kunye nayo yonke i-Eastern Bloc. 73 00:07:02,750 --> 00:07:08,583 Eli ziko laqeqesha abasebenzi abaselula abakhethiweyo bexesha elalandela ukuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin. 74 00:07:08,583 --> 00:07:17,821 "Kwaye enye ingongoma yeyokuba, ukuze kujongwane neSoviet Union, kwasekwa iziko elidibeneyo kufuphi neVienna kunye 75 00:07:17,821 --> 00:07:27,916 namaMelika, apho, ukususela ngo-1982 ukuza phambili, kwaqeqeshwa abasebenzi bezopolitiko bexesha lasemva kwe-perestroika. 76 00:07:27,916 --> 00:07:38,839 Oko kuthetha ukuba kukho amagama afana noTschubais, Wechselberg, Arwen njalo njalo, abaqeqeshwa apho baza ke, 77 00:07:38,839 --> 00:07:50,617 ekupheleni kwe-perestroika, bathatha inxaxheba ekwenzeni ibe yeyabucala ipropathi yoluntu, ipropathi karhulumente. 78 00:07:50,617 --> 00:07:56,644 Kwaye yiloo ndlela abaye baba ngabatyebi abangamabhiliyoni okanye ooligarqui esithetha ngabo. 79 00:07:56,644 --> 00:08:02,675 "Kwaye nee-oligarch zaseNtshona, ii-oligarch zezemali, nazo zazibandakanyekile. 80 00:08:02,675 --> 00:08:07,544 Kwaye babezukhethe ezona ndawo zibalaseleyo kwishishini lezinto zokuqala. 81 00:08:07,544 --> 00:08:15,326 UKhodorkovsky ngomnye umzekelo onjalo, uAbramovich ngomnye umzekelo, ababefumana iimali-mboleko kwiLizwe laseNtshona, 82 00:08:15,326 --> 00:08:21,043 ababenikwe izibophelelo zemali-mboleko ukususela ngo-1988. 83 00:08:21,043 --> 00:08:28,083 Amandla angasemva kwemigubasi ke ngoko asebenzisa abaselula abasakhulayo abakhethiweyo ababeqeqeshwe kwiZiko laseVienna. 84 00:08:28,083 --> 00:08:34,892 Ngencedo yabatyali-mali baseNtshona, bakwazi ukuthimba ubutyebi besizwe saseSoviet Union. 85 00:08:34,892 --> 00:08:42,291 Amadoda afana noRoman Abramovich akwazile ukuguqula i-$100 yezigidi ibe yinzuzo emangalisayo ye-$13.5 86 00:08:42,291 --> 00:08:47,591 yeebhiliyoni ngokwabiwa ngokutsha kobutyebi besizwe eRashiya. 87 00:08:47,591 --> 00:08:55,210 "Yaye ke into esayifumanayo yaba yeyokuba kwavela eli qela labaphathi abaphezulu, kwaza iPolitburo 88 00:08:55,210 --> 00:09:00,500 neqela, nazo zonke izakhiwo zayo, zanyamalala ngequbuliso." 89 00:09:00,500 --> 00:09:06,458 Kwaye umzabalazo wamaklasi esasinawo ngelo xesha waguquka waba ngumzabalazo wemozulu. 90 00:09:06,458 --> 00:09:13,567 Kwaye into esasigutyungelwe yona de kwangowe-1990 kwi-Eastern Bloc yayikukuthi: iqela lekhaya elisebenzayo, umzabalazo 91 00:09:13,567 --> 00:09:20,616 wamakala, niphume ndawonye maqabane asebenzayo azo zonke iilizwe – zonke ezi yayizintetho ezingenantsingiselo, ezithe 92 00:09:20,616 --> 00:09:25,583 ngoku zathathelwa indawo ngamanye amazwi angenantsingiselo. 93 00:09:25,583 --> 00:09:30,682 Isigqibo sexeshana: Ukuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin nokupheliswa koManyano lwaseSoviet kwacwangciswa 94 00:09:30,682 --> 00:09:34,468 ngononophelo kwaye kwenziwa ngokulawulwa okucwangcisiweyo. 95 00:09:34,468 --> 00:09:40,393 I-Vienna Institute yabonelela ngobuchule, oko kukuthi, ingcinga entsha yezibonelelo ezinqabileyo nokhuseleko 96 00:09:40,393 --> 00:09:44,083 lwemozulu, kwaye iibhanki ezinkulu zabonelela ngemali. 97 00:09:44,083 --> 00:09:49,083 Oku kuthathwa kwempahla karhulumente kusiya ezipokothweni zabambalwa kuyaqhubeka nanamhlanje. 98 00:09:49,083 --> 00:09:54,498 Zitshintshile kuphela izibhengezo. Umzabalazo wamaqela asekuhlaleni uye waba ngumzabalazo wokulwela imozulu. 99 00:09:54,498 --> 00:09:58,785 NgokukaWolski kule dliwano-ndlebe, la maqela abantu afanayo kwakhona azuzisa kumanyathelo 100 00:09:58,785 --> 00:10:01,282 amaninzi athathwe ngenxa yokukhusela imozulu. 101 00:10:01,282 --> 00:10:12,357 "Ewe, kwaye oko kusizisa kwiinjongo ezabekwa kwiSoviet Union ngo-1966. 102 00:10:12,357 --> 00:10:16,394 Injongo yokuqala yayikukuvumela iNtshona ukuba ikhule kuyo. 103 00:10:16,394 --> 00:10:23,291 Kwaye injongo yesibini yayikukwenza imali ngemozulu. Yiloo nto eyenzekileyo. 104 00:10:23,291 --> 00:10:31,506 Ngoku ke sithetha ngezi zintela ze-CO2, iinkqubo ezintsha zokufudumeza – i-40% yabantu baseJamani bengabanini-makhaya, 105 00:10:31,506 --> 00:10:39,790 kwaye andazi ukuba bangaphi kubo abaya kukwazi ukukhokhela inkqubo entsha yokufudumeza – kwaye ke ezo nkampani zaziwayo 106 00:10:39,790 --> 00:10:48,143 njengeBlack Rocks nezinye ezifanayo mhlawumbi ziya kubakho zisithi, kulungile, siza kuyithenga kwimpahla yobhujiso-mali, 107 00:10:48,143 --> 00:10:52,951 kwi-auction yokuthengiswa kwepropathi ebambe-mali. 108 00:10:52,951 --> 00:10:59,655 Isiphelo: Ngokushwankathela, kunokuthiwa amaqela ezemali aphezulu asemva kwesigqubuthelo andisa ubutyebi 109 00:10:59,655 --> 00:11:03,609 nempembelelo yawo ngalo lonke ukuvukela-mali kwembali. 110 00:11:03,609 --> 00:11:10,505 Xa kujongwe ngokungathathi cala, iziganeko ezibalaseleyo ezifana noVukelo lwango-Okthobha, ukuvela kwenkqubo yomzabalazo wamaqela, 111 00:11:10,505 --> 00:11:18,304 kunye nokuwa kwe-Eastern Bloc zingqineka ziyimodeli yoshishino kunye namanyathelo okuseka ulawulo olubanzi lwehlabathi jikelele. 112 00:11:18,304 --> 00:11:25,458 Namhlanje, phantsi kwegama elithi "umzabalazo wezemozulu okanye ukhuseleko lwemozulu", kususelwa kule ajenda inye. 113 00:11:25,458 --> 00:11:31,500 Ukhuselo lwendalo luyadingeka ngokungxamisekileyo, kodwa alunakulindelwa kwabo bazuza kwezi ngxaki. 114 00:11:31,500 --> 00:11:36,265 Ngenxa yokuzibandakanya kwabantu ngokwabo, abantu abaninzi ngakumbi bayazazisa ngemiba enjalo. 115 00:11:36,265 --> 00:11:38,875 Intweni iyaphakama, kwaye izikali ziyathambeka.