WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:03.216 Gargaɗi: Wasu hotuna na iya zama ba su dace da masu raunon ciki ba. 00:06.453 --> 00:12.531 Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata a cikin shirin game da takardun WPATH da suka zube , ƙungiyoyin likitoci gaba ɗaya 00:12.531 --> 00:18.476 suna aiki wajen yin tiyatar gabobin jima'i ga mutanen da ake kira suna fama da 'gender dysphoria'. 00:18.476 --> 00:24.902 Wadannan mutane suna jin rashin jin daɗi a cikin jikinsu kuma sau da yawa suna fama da matsalolin tunani – haka likitoci da masu 00:24.902 --> 00:28.696 ba da shawara na WPATH ke bayyana shi bisa ga ƙwarewarsu ta aiki. 00:28.696 --> 00:37.328 Kuma nan da nan, suna "tallafawa" marasa lafiyarsu ta hanyar nau'ikan tiyatar sauya jinsi, ciki har da ƙirƙirar gabobin jima'i 00:37.328 --> 00:42.630 na roba , cire mahaifa , da "top surgery," wato cire nonon mata . 00:42.630 --> 00:49.006 Amma shin irin waɗannan matakan tsanani na gaske suna da amfani kuma suna aiki ga mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya na hankali? 00:49.006 --> 00:55.540 Ko akwai dalilin damuwa mai tsanani? Mu koyi darasi daga misalan da suka gabata: 00:55.540 --> 00:57.643 Game da tarihin lobotomi 00:57.643 --> 01:02.997 A tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, duniyar likitanci ta yi imani sosai cewa lobotomy ita ce magani 01:02.997 --> 01:06.210 mafi tasiri kuma mafi jinƙai ga cutar hankali. 01:06.210 --> 01:12.421 Ta hanyar gargajiya, ana tono rami a kan kai a bangarori biyu, sannan a saka wata na'ura marar kaifi a ciki, a 01:12.421 --> 01:18.570 yi amfani da ita wajen yin juyawa mai siffar karko, wanda ke lalata babban adadin nama na kwakwalwa. 01:18.570 --> 01:25.694 Wani wata hanya ita ce saka na'urar tiyata ta ramar ido zuwa cikin kwakwalwa ta hanyar siririn tsarin da ke raba 01:25.694 --> 01:29.936 ido da kwakwalwa, sannan a motsa ta cikin siffar karko. 01:29.936 --> 01:34.270 An ambaci Davison da Neale a cikin littafin Heiko Schöning mai suna Game Over. 01:34.270 --> 01:42.786 A shekarar 1941, jaridar New York Times ta bayyana yadda a ke yankan damuwa, tunanin tsangwama, sha'awar kashe kai, tunani 01:42.786 --> 01:51.584 mai tsanani, rashin yanke shawara da tashin hankali a kai da wuƙa a cikin kai, godiya ga sabon aikin tiyatar kwakwalwa. 01:51.584 --> 01:54.863 Ba a ambaci zaluncin yankan jiki na tiyata ba. 01:54.863 --> 02:01.261 Domin "(...) lobotomy a farko ya sa mutane a cibiyoyin kwakwalwa su fi nutsuwa (...)", in ji Schöning, yana ambaton abin 02:01.261 --> 02:05.120 da ya sa wannan aikin zalunci ya yi kama da maganin mu'ujiza. 02:05.120 --> 02:11.779 Duk da bayyanar haɗarorin da mummunan tasirin gefe, al'ummar likitoci sun hanzarta karɓar aikin lobotomy a matsayin magani 02:11.779 --> 02:18.656 ga nau'o'in matsalolin hankali da dama, ciki har da damuwa, cutar tunani mai tilastawa, ciwon daji, da schizophrenia. 02:18.656 --> 02:22.774 Masu lobotomi, wato likitocin da suka gudanar da wannan aikin, ba a raina su ba, sai dai sun 02:22.774 --> 02:25.303 sami suna mai daraja a tsakanin mutane da dama. 02:25.303 --> 02:32.583 Antonio Moniz, wanda ya ƙirƙiri lobotomy, an ba shi Kyautar Nobel a shekarar 1949 saboda gudummawarsa ga fannin likitanci. 02:32.583 --> 02:38.777 Walter Freeman da James Watts, waɗanda suka shahara da wannan tsari a Amurka, an tarbe su da armashi a tarukan shekara-shekara 02:38.777 --> 02:45.613 na American Medical Association (AMA) , inda suka bayar da bayanai game da hanyoyin yankan kwakwalwa ta hanyar baje kolin. 02:45.613 --> 02:48.646 A cewar Peter Breggin, an nakalto Freeman yana cewa: 02:48.646 --> 02:55.886 "Psychosurgery tana samun nasararta ne ta hanyar tarwatsa tunanin kirkira, raunana motsin rai, hallaka tunanin almara, da 02:55.886 --> 02:59.883 ƙirƙirar mutum mai kama da robot wanda za a iya sarrafawa." 02:59.883 --> 03:05.510 Tun da a wancan lokacin ake ɗaukar sukar likitoci abokan aiki a matsayin rashin ɗabi'a, fitaccen mujallar New England 03:05.510 --> 03:08.796 Journal of Medicine ta ba wannan tsarin ingancin kimiyya: 03:08.796 --> 03:15.570 Ya wallafa wani labari da ke cewa an gudanar da aikin ne "(...) bisa ga ƙwararrun lura na ilimin halittar jiki". 03:15.570 --> 03:18.583 Jaridun tabloid ma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa. 03:18.583 --> 03:23.197 A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, ana yawan bayyana lobotomy a cikin fitattun mujallu na 03:23.197 --> 03:27.056 Amurka kamar Reader's Digest, Time da Newsweek. 03:27.056 --> 03:32.950 Rahotannin gabaɗaya sun kasance masu kyau kuma sun rage muhimmancin zaluncin hakikanin aikin. 03:32.950 --> 03:38.497 Babu ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin likitanci na Amurka, ciki har da Ƙungiyar Masana Harkokin Tunani ta Amurka 03:38.497 --> 03:44.256 (APA) da Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka (AMA), da ta yi magana a hukumance don sukar wannan tsari. 03:44.256 --> 03:50.223 Marasa lafiya masu tsanani da iyalansu sun nemi a yi musu lobotomi bayan sun karanta waɗannan labarai. 03:50.223 --> 03:55.463 Yanayin asibitocin kwakwalwa a wancan lokacin abin takaici ne, kuma hanyoyin magani na daban kamar maganin koma 03:55.463 --> 04:01.143 na insulin da maganin girgizar lantarki shima mai tsauri ne kuma sau da yawa cike da tashin hankali. 04:01.143 --> 04:08.923 Wannan ya haifar da makanta mai ƙarfi da aka yi gangan ga dabi'ar zalunci ta lobotomy da illolin gefe da ke tattare da ita. 04:08.923 --> 04:14.944 Hanyar tana yawan sanya marasa lafiya cikin yanayin "yara da aka haifar da tiyata". 04:14.944 --> 04:20.598 Freeman ya ƙirƙiri "transorbital lobotomy," inda aka buga wata na'urar tiyata mai kama da sanda mai 04:20.598 --> 04:24.196 kaifi a cikin kwakwalwar majinyaci ta ramar ido. 04:24.196 --> 04:29.956 Ya ɗauki maganin da ya yi nasara ne idan marasa lafiyarsa za su iya barin cibiyar kuma a kula da su a 04:29.956 --> 04:34.083 gida "a matakin mara lafiya na gida ko dabba mai ciki". 04:34.083 --> 04:41.458 Ya kuma yi imani cewa da wuri aka yi wannan tsari, sakamakon zai fi kyau, kuma ya yi kira a ɗauki aikin a matsayin zaɓin magani 04:41.458 --> 04:46.076 na farko ga mutanen da ke da matsalolin hankali masu sauƙi kawai. 04:46.076 --> 04:50.993 Duk da haka, ma'aunin nasara mai cike da shakku bai tabbata ba: wasu marasa lafiya sun kasance 04:50.993 --> 04:54.164 nakasassu har abada kuma kusan kashi 15% sun mutu. 04:54.164 --> 04:59.952 Mafi sa'ar daga cikin marasa lafiya na Freeman sun sami damar rayuwa cikin 'yanci kaɗan kuma su ɗauki ayyuka masu ƙarancin 04:59.952 --> 05:03.563 ƙwarewa, amma mafi yawan su ba su yi irin wannan sa'a ba. 05:03.563 --> 05:08.304 Da yawa sun ji rauni a ƙwaƙwalwar tunawarsu ta dogon lokaci kuma sun sha wahala har da mafi sauƙin 05:08.304 --> 05:11.836 ayyuka. Wasu da dama sun kasance nakasassu har abada. 05:11.836 --> 05:20.149 Babban laifin Freeman shi ne ya yi wa yara lobotomi ta gefen ido, guda 19 gaba ɗaya, daga cikinsu 11 an bayyana 05:20.149 --> 05:25.016 su a bugu na 1950 na littafinsa mai suna Psychosurgery. 05:25.016 --> 05:31.840 Ɗan ƙarshe ya kai shekaru huɗu kacal. Biyu daga cikin yara goma sha ɗaya sun mutu sakamakon zubar jini a kwakwalwa. 05:31.840 --> 05:37.462 Sai lokacin da jaridar New York Times ta bayyana a rahotonta cewa "likitocin tiyata yanzu ba sa damuwa da tiyatar 05:37.462 --> 05:44.203 kwakwalwa kamar yadda suke damuwa da cire ƙaramar hanji" ne kawai aka fara samun adawa mai tsanani ga wannan hanyar. 05:44.203 --> 05:48.442 Ga marasa lafiya a cibiyoyin kwakwalwa, waɗanda a farko suka yi natsuwa, "(...) sai suka zama 05:48.442 --> 05:51.996 masu raunin tunani, marasa sha'awa, suka mutu" . 05:51.996 --> 05:58.241 Masu suka a ƙarshe sun nuna munanan tasirin da yawancin marasa lafiya suka fuskanta, sun nuna damuwa game da ƙa'idodin da ake 05:58.241 --> 06:03.088 amfani da su wajen auna nasara, kuma sun zargi likitocin tiyata da gudanar da waɗannan matakan ba 06:03.088 --> 06:06.956 tare da yin binciken lafiyar kwakwalwa ba a gaba. 06:06.956 --> 06:12.483 Duk da haka, rashin wasu zaɓuɓɓuka na magani masu jinƙai – ko mafi dacewa, watsi da zaluncin wannan hanyar – 06:12.483 --> 06:19.960 ya tilasta wa likitocin kwakwalwa da iyalai su koma ga irin waɗannan matakan ƙunci duk da haka. 06:19.960 --> 06:26.616 An samo maganin chlorpromazine a shekarun 1950, kuma shi ne ya jawo saurin raguwar lobotomy. 06:26.616 --> 06:32.360 A cikin littafinsa, Heiko Schöning har ya kai ga magana game da rushe halayyar mutum da alburus na kankara. 06:32.360 --> 06:40.832 A cewar Schöning, kusan mutane 35,000 ne aka yi musu lalata ta hanyar lobotomy a Amurka tsakanin 1936 da 1978. 06:40.832 --> 06:44.390 A duk faɗin duniya, ana kiyasta adadin waɗanda abin ya shafa ya kai kusan miliyan ɗaya. 06:44.390 --> 06:49.835 Kuma ba abin mamaki ba ne a yi amfani da irin waɗannan hanyoyi don karya juriya, ko a cikin gidajen yari ko 06:49.835 --> 06:54.800 kuma a kan masu kin biyayya ga dokokin gwamnati, wato masu suka ga tsarin da ke akwai. 06:54.800 --> 06:59.503 Baya ga amfani da shi wajen maganin mutanen da ke da matsalolin kwakwalwa, tun farko an yi ƙoƙarin 06:59.503 --> 07:02.890 warware matsalolin zamantakewa ta hanyar tiyatar kwakwalwa. 07:02.890 --> 07:08.130 Anan ne ainihin amfani da tiyatar kwakwalwa don laifukan tsari ke farawa. 07:08.130 --> 07:13.237 A farkon ƙarni na ashirin, wani likita ɗan Birtaniya ya riga ya ba da shawarar cire sha'awar yajin 07:13.237 --> 07:17.003 aiki daga ma'adinai ta hanyar tiyatar kwakwalwa (...). 07:17.003 --> 07:23.030 Baya ga hanyar ice pick (...), yanzu akwai nau'ikan hanyoyin tiyatar kwakwalwa na zamani da suka fi rikitarwa. 07:23.030 --> 07:27.090 (…) Ana ci gaba da aiki kan waɗannan ci gaban kuma ana amfani da su a duk faɗin duniya har yanzu. 07:27.090 --> 07:32.236 Duk hanyoyin suna da abu guda ɗaya da suke da shi: suna halaka wasu sassan kwakwalwa har abada. 07:32.236 --> 07:36.921 Har yanzu ana matuƙar shan sha'awar tiyatar kwakwalwa, duk da cewa yanzu an tabbatar da cewa ba 07:36.921 --> 07:40.343 ta da amfani wajen maganin matsalolin zamantakewa. 07:40.343 --> 07:43.463 Matsayin yanzu na tiyatar gabobin jima'i 07:43.463 --> 07:49.583 Gaskiyar cewa ƙungiyoyin likitanci sun bayyana hanyar zalunci ta Freeman a matsayin ingantacciyar kimiyya tana nuna 07:49.583 --> 07:53.190 babban matakin rashin hankali na laifi da kuzarin laifi. 07:53.190 --> 07:58.791 Tarihin waɗannan mummunan hanyoyin tiyata da ake kira lobotomy ya kamata ya zama gargaɗi 07:58.791 --> 08:02.396 marar jinƙai ga duniyar likitanci. Amma ba haka ba! 08:02.396 --> 08:06.103 Bayan kusan shekaru 70 kacal, wata masifa tana karatowa. 08:06.103 --> 08:12.115 Wata masanin halayyar mutane daga California ta shaida wa abokan aikinta a dandalin WPATH game da "ikon warkarwa mai ban mamaki" 08:12.115 --> 08:18.220 na cire azzakari ta hanyar tiyata ga marasa lafiya masu matsalolin hankali, waɗanda hakan ya sa su shiga "hanyar murmurewar motsin 08:18.220 --> 08:21.816 rai" kuma ana tsammanin sun rayu cikin farin ciki har abada. 08:21.816 --> 08:28.901 Likitocin tiyatar jinsi na WPATH, kamar masu yin lobotomi kafin su, suna kauce wa buƙatar ɗabi'a cewa dole ne a tabbatar da 08:28.901 --> 08:36.416 cewa wata hanyar tiyata tana da aminci kuma tana da amfani kafin a fara amfani da ita a aikin likitanci na gabaɗaya. 08:36.416 --> 08:42.479 Kaɗan daga cikin dogon lokaci nazarin tiyatar gabobin jima'i da ake da su sun nuna matsaloli masu yawa a 08:42.479 --> 08:49.010 rayuwar zamantakewa, yawan kamuwa da cututtukan hankali bayan haka, da ƙaruwa a haɗarin kashe kai. 08:49.010 --> 08:55.384 Duk da haka, kungiyoyi iri ɗaya kamar yadda aka saba, wato ƙungiyoyi kamar APA da AMA , har yanzu suna goyon 08:55.384 --> 09:01.470 bayan yankan gabobin jima'i na yara ƙanana da manyan masu rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa ta hannun likitocin WPATH. 09:01.470 --> 09:06.894 A cikin dukkanin skandalolin tarihi, mafi yawan waɗanda abin ya shafa ko dai ƙanana ne ko masu rashin lafiya na 09:06.894 --> 09:12.790 hankali, ko duka biyun, kuma ayyukan da aka yi sun haifar da lalacewar siffar jiki ta dindindin da nakasa. 09:12.790 --> 09:20.137 A mafi kyawun yanayi, marasa lafiya maza da suka yi tiyatar sake gina farji (vaginoplasty) suna da ramuka da dole ne a faɗaɗa 09:20.137 --> 09:24.556 su har tsawon rayuwarsu, tare da matuƙar raguwar aikin jima'i. 09:24.556 --> 09:29.038 Masu ƙarancin sa'a suna fama da matsaloli masu tsanani kamar kwaryar mahaifa cike da jini, matsalolin yin 09:29.038 --> 09:32.352 fitsari da ramukan haɗin mahaifa da bututun fitsari. 09:32.352 --> 09:37.490 Ritchie Herron, wani namiji da ya janye daga canjin jinsi bayan ya yi tiyatar sauya mahaifa a lokacin 09:37.490 --> 09:42.590 rikicin lafiyar hankali, ya bayyana rayuwarsa bayan aikin a matsayin mummunan mafarki mai rai. 09:42.590 --> 09:48.149 "Ba za ka iya rayuwa da mutunci irin wannan ba," in ji wanda abin ya shafa mai shekaru 32, wanda ya fuskanci 09:48.149 --> 09:54.676 laifin likitanci na yau, yana fama da ciwo mai ɗorewa, rashin jin motsi da matsalolin hanyar fitsari. 09:54.676 --> 09:59.296 Kwatantrin lobotomy da tiyatar gabobin jima'i 09:59.296 --> 10:05.531 Ko da yake marasa lafiya da yawa suna fama da matsaloli kuma suna fuskantar matsaloli masu yawa na tunani da na 10:05.531 --> 10:12.676 dangantaka, ana yaudare su a bainar jama'a ana gaya musu cewa sun gamsu da sakamakon tiyatar gabobin jima'insu. 10:12.676 --> 10:19.597 A kwatance, iyalai da dama a da sun kasance masu matuƙar godiya ga Dr. Freeman saboda taimakon da ya yi wa 'yan uwansu, 10:19.597 --> 10:23.712 duk da mummunan sakamakon da ya biyo bayan aikin tiyatar. 10:23.712 --> 10:29.319 A wancan lokacin kamar yanzu, yana nuna wani matakin yaudara kai ko, kamar yadda masu binciken 10:29.319 --> 10:33.248 Dutch ke tsoro, "murna da tunanin bege ya karkatar". 10:33.248 --> 10:42.556 Iyalai da suka amince a yi wa masoyinsu lobotomi, tabbas suna da dalili na manne da imanin cewa wannan shawarar ta dace. 10:42.556 --> 10:48.636 Ta yin haka, ana gangan yin watsi da bayyanannun alamun cewa hakan ba haka yake ba. 10:48.636 --> 10:56.256 Da yawa daga cikin matasa ko iyayensu, da kuma manya da abin ya shafa, na iya fuskantar irin wannan gwagwarmayar ciki a yau. 10:56.256 --> 11:02.760 Duk hujjojin da ake da su kafin "hype" na jinsi ya zama mai siyasa sosai suna nuna cewa mafi yawan 11:02.760 --> 11:07.236 kananan yara suna daidaita kansu da jinsinsu bayan balaga. 11:07.236 --> 11:13.416 Abin takaici, duk da haka, ci gaban halitta na matasa yana dogara ne akan tubalin zamantakewa da ya lalace. 11:13.416 --> 11:19.973 Domin binciken halitta gaba ɗaya na gano ainihin kai, wanda rashin gamsuwa da shakkar kai ke tare da shi, 11:19.973 --> 11:24.136 an gangan miƙa shi ga wata hukuma mai fassara ta jinsi. 11:24.136 --> 11:30.473 Yaran zamaninmu ana kutsa musu. Tun daga makarantar rassa, ana ƙarfafa su su tambayi jinsinsu. 11:30.473 --> 11:36.477 A cikin darussan makaranta, ana kuskure fassara tsarin ci gaban balaga na halitta gaba ɗaya. Wato, ana ganin cewa 11:36.477 --> 11:42.236 mutum na iya kasancewa an haife shi a jiki da bai dace ba, kuma zaɓar jinsi daban ba matsala ce. 11:42.236 --> 11:46.216 Wannan ya yi daidai da manufar akidar jinsi da WPATH. 11:46.216 --> 11:51.022 Raguwa da rushewar iyalai sau da yawa suna haifar da ƙarin wahala. 11:51.022 --> 11:58.850 Maimakon su jira cikin haƙuri da natsuwa har matasa suka kai ga ƙarshen ci gaban su, mambobin WPATH ba tare da ɗaukar alhaki ba 11:58.850 --> 12:06.673 suna ba da shawarar yin tiyata a matsayin ita kaɗai magani, har ma ga ƙanana da masu matsanancin rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa. 12:06.673 --> 12:12.594 Kamar yadda Freeman da abokan aikinsa suka ikirari a wancan lokacin cewa lobotomy ita ce kaɗai bege ga matalauta, 12:12.594 --> 12:16.023 marasa farin ciki a cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa. 12:16.023 --> 12:20.596 A da kamar yanzu: raunana marar gyara! 12:20.596 --> 12:26.775 Karshe Bayan marasa lafiya na ƙarshe ya mutu sakamakon zubar jini a kwakwalwa a shekarar 1967, an soke 12:26.775 --> 12:31.030 lasisin asibitin Walter Freeman, wanda ya fadi cikin kunya. 12:31.030 --> 12:38.693 Ya yi sauran ranakunsa yana yawo a fadin Amurka, yana bibiyar marasa lafiyarsa da iyalansu, yana neman hujjoji cewa 12:38.693 --> 12:43.163 hanyar da ya ƙauna ta taimaka musu maimakon ta cutar da su. 12:43.163 --> 12:49.850 Freeman ya ga kansa a matsayin "mai ceto" ga masu tsananin rashin lafiya na hankali kuma ya yi imani yana ba wa marasa bege bege. 12:49.850 --> 12:55.160 A kololuwar aikinsa, bai taɓa tunanin cewa warkarwarsa ta mu'ujiza za a taɓa ƙyamar ta 12:55.160 --> 12:58.543 kuma a ɗauke ta a matsayin mummunar laifi ba. 12:58.543 --> 13:02.209 Haka nan ya shafi WPATH da mambobinta. 13:02.209 --> 13:08.178 An yi wahayi da ra'ayin zama jaruman kare hakkin ɗan adam da ke yaƙi domin waɗanda ake tauye haƙƙoƙinsu, suna ganin kansu 13:08.178 --> 13:14.510 a matsayin masu fafutuka a fannin likitanci, suna ba da kulawar lafiya mai muhimmanci ga marasa lafiya masu buƙata. 13:14.510 --> 13:21.351 Duk da haka, muna ganin cewa hallaka lafiyayyun gabobin jima'i ta hanyar tiyata za ta shiga tarihi a matsayin laifi mai 13:21.351 --> 13:28.250 girman da ya yi daidai ko ma ya fi na lobotomy. Kuma waɗannan masu yankan nama ba za su tserewa hukuncin da ya dace ba!