WEBVTT

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Ịdọ aka ná ntị: Ụfọdụ onyonyo nwere ike ọ
gaghị adabara ndị nwere afọ adịghị ike.

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Dị ka e kwuru na mmemme gbasara akwụkwọ WPATH fọdụrụ
n'èzí , òtù ndị dọkịta niile na-arụ ọrụ ịkpụ akụkụ akpụkpọ

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ahụ n'ahụ ndị na-arịa ihe a na-akpọ 'gender dysphoria'.

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Ndị mmadụ a na-enwe mmetụta na ahụ ha adịghị ha mma ma
na-arịa ọrịa uche ọtụtụ mgbe – nke a bụ otú ndị dọkịta na ndị

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na-enye ọgwụgwọ nke WPATH si kọwaa ya dabere na ahụmịhe ha.

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Ma ngwa ngwa, ha na-akwado ndị ọrịa ha site n'ịnye ha ọgwụgwọ
ịgbanwe okike nwoke na nwanyị, gụnyere imepụta

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akụrụngwa mmekọahụ site n'aka , iwepụ afọ ime
, na "ọgwụgwọ elu," ya bụ, iwepụ ara nwanyị .

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Ma ọ̀ bụ na n'eziokwu, ntinye aka dị oke njọ dị otú a
bara uru ma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma maka ndị na-arịa ọrịa uche?

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Ma ọ bụ e nwere ihe kpatara nchegbu siri
ike? Ka anyị mụta site na ihe atụ ndị gara aga:

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Banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke lobotomy

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N'etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ụwa ọgwụ
kwenyere n'ụzọ sara mbara na lobotomy bụ ọgwụgwọ

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kacha dị irè ma dịkwa obiọma maka ọrịa uche.

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Site n'ụzọ ọdịnala, a na-egbutu oghere n'isi n'akụkụ abụọ,
mgbe ahụ a na-etinye ngwá na-enweghị mma ma jiri ya mee

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mmegharị gbara okirikiri, na-ebibi nnukwu akụkụ nke ụbụrụ.

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Ụzọ ọzọ gụnyere itinye ngwaọrụ ọgwụ n'ime oghere
anya ruo n'ime ụbụrụ site n'akụkụ akpụkpọ dị nro nke

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na-ekewa anya na ụbụrụ, yana ịkwaga ya n'ụdị okirikiri.

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Heiko Schöning kpọrọ Davison na
Neale okwu n'akwụkwọ ya Game Over.

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N'afọ 1941, New York Times kọwara otú e si wepụ n'isi ndị ọrịa
lobotomy n'eziokwu nchekasị, echiche na-eche na a na-emegbu ha,

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agụụ igbu onwe ha, echiche na-apụghị ịhapụ, enweghị ike ime mkpebi
na nrụgide akwara site n'iji mma n'ọrụ ọhụụ nke ịrụ ọrụ ụbụrụ.

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A naghị ekwu maka ịdị egwu nke mmebi ahụ n'ọrụ ịwa ahụ.

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Maka "(...) lobotomy n'mbido mere ka ndị nọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ
uche dị jụụ (...)", Schöning gara n'ihu, na-ekwupụta ihe

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n'mbido mere ka usoro ọgwụ ike ahụ pụta dịka ọgwụ ebube.

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N'agbanyeghị ihe ize ndụ doro anya na mmetụta ndị na-emebi ahụ,
ndị ọkachamara n'ahụike nabatara ngwa ngwa usoro lobotomy

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dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka ọtụtụ ọrịa uche, gụnyere ọnwụnwa obi, ọrịa
ime ihe ugboro ugboro, ọrịa akpịrị ịkpọ, na schizophrenia.

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Ndị lobotomist, ya bụ ndị dọkịta mere ọrụ a, a naghị
atụ ha asị, kama ha nwere aha ọma n'etiti ọtụtụ mmadụ.

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Antonio Moniz, onye chepụtara lobotomy,
nwetara nrite Nobel na 1949 maka onyinye ya na ọgwụ.

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Walter Freeman na James Watts, ndị mere ka usoro ahụ bụrụ ewu ewu
na United States, natara nnọọ nnabata n'ọgbakọ kwa afọ

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nke American Medical Association (AMA) , ebe ha gosipụtara
ozi gbasara usoro ha nke na-emebi ụbụrụ site na ngosi.

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Dị ka Peter Breggin si kwuo, a na-ewetara okwu Freeman sị:

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"Ịwa uche na-enweta ihe ịga nke ọma ya site n'ịkụda
echiche, ime ka mmetụta daa mbà, bibie echiche

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apụtaghị apụ, ma mepụta onye yiri robot nke a pụrụ ijikwa."

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N'ihi na n'oge ahụ a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe na-ezighị ezi
ịkọwa ndị dọkịta ibe ha, akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị a ma ama New

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England Journal of Medicine nyere usoro ahụ ikike sayensị:

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Ọ bipụtara otu edemede na-ekwu na ọrụ ahụ dabere
"(...) na nleba anya siri ike gbasara arụ ọrụ ahụ mmadụ".

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Mgbasa ozi akwụkwọ akụkọ tabloid nwekwara ọrụ kpebiri.

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N'ime afọ ise na-abịa, a na-ekpuchi lobotomy ugboro ugboro na
mbipụta ama ama nke US dịka Reader's Digest, Time na Newsweek.

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Akụkọ mgbasa ozi ahụ n'ozuzu ya dị mma
ma belatara eziokwu ọjọọ nke usoro ahụ.

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Ọ dịghị otu n'ime nnukwu òtù ndị dọkịta America, gụnyere
American Psychiatric Association (APA) na American Medical

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Association (AMA), ekwuputala n'ụzọ gọọmentị megide usoro ahụ.

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Ndị ọrịa na-enweghị olileanya na ezinụlọ ha rịọrọ
ka e mee ha lobotomy mgbe ha gụsịrị edemede ndị a.

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Ọnọdụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ọrịa uche n'oge ahụ dị njọ nke ukwuu, na ụzọ
ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ dịka insulin coma therapy na electroconvulsive

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therapy bụkwa ihe siri ike ma na-emekarị ihe ike.

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Nke a butere ịda anya siri ike, nke e mere n'echiche,
banyere àgwà ọjọọ nke lobotomy na mmetụta ndị so ya.

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Usoro ahụ na-emekarị na-etinye ndị ọrịa n'ọnọdụ a
na-akpọ "nwata e kpalitere site na ọrụ ịwa ahụ".

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Freeman chepụtara "transorbital lobotomy,"
n'ime ya a na-eji ngwá ọrụ ọkpụkpọ dị ka ọkpọ oyi

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kụọ n'ime ụbụrụ onye ọrịa site na oghere anya.

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Ọ na-ewere ọgwụgwọ ya dịrị irè ma ọ bụrụ na ndị
ọrịa ya nwere ike ịpụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ ma lekọta ha

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n'ụlọ dịka onye ọrịa nọ n'ụlọ ma ọ bụ dịka anụ ụlọ.

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O kwukwara na ka a na-eme usoro ahụ ngwa ngwa, ka
nsonaazụ ya na-adịkwu mma, ma kwadoro ka a were ọrụ ahụ dị ka

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nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ndị nwere ọrịa uche dị ntakịrị.

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Otú ọ dị, usoro a na-ajụ ajụjụ maka ịtụle ihe ịga nke ọma
ahụ emeghị ka o pụta: ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa ka nọgide na-enwe nkwarụ

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ruo mgbe ebighị ebi, ma ihe dị ka pasentị iri na ise nwụrụ.

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Ndị ọrịa Freeman kacha nwee chioma nwere ike ibi ndụ
nnwere onwe nke ọma ma were ọrụ ndị na-achọghị nka

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dị elu, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ha enweghị chioma dị otú ahụ.

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Ọtụtụ n'ime ha merụrụ ncheta ha nke ogologo oge
ma na-enwe nsogbu ọbụna na ọrụ ndị dị mfe. Ọtụtụ

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n'ime ha nọgidere na-enwe nkwarụ ruo ndụ ha niile.

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Mmehie kacha njọ Freeman mere bụ na ọ mere ụmụaka lobotomi
transorbital, iri na itoolu n'ozuzu, iri na otu n'ime ha

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ka e kọwara na mbipụta 1950 nke akwụkwọ ya Psychosurgery.

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Nwa kacha nta dị naanị afọ anọ. Abụọ n'ime
ụmụaka iri na otu nwụrụ n'ihi ọbara na-awụpụ n'ụbụrụ.

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Ọ bụ naanị mgbe New York Times kwuru na akụkọ ya na "ndị dọkịta
na-eme ọgwụgwọ ugbu a enweghị nchegbu

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banyere ịkpụ ụbụrụ dịka ha si enwe maka iwepụ
apendiks" ka mmegide siri ike malitere ịmalite.

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Maka ndị ọrịa nọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ uche, ndị mbụ jiri jụụ, "(...) mgbe
ahụ ghọrọ ndị nwere uche dara ụda, na-enweghị mmasị, wee nwụọ" .

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N'ikpeazụ, ndị na-enyocha ihe gosiri mmetụta ndị dị njọ nke ọtụtụ
ndị ọrịa nwere, gosipụtara nchegbu gbasara ụkpụrụ eji

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tụọ ihe ịga nke ọma, ma kọrọ ndị dọkịta na-eme
opereshọn na ha mere usoro ndị ahụ n'enweghị nyocha uche tupu.

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Otú ọ dị, enweghị nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ mmadụ nwere ebere – ma ọ bụ
n'eziokwu, ileghara anya kpamkpam na ịdị egwu nke

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usoro ahụ – kpalitere ndị dọkịta uche na ezinụlọ ha iji
usoro ndị dị otú ahụ nke ịda mbà n'obi n'agbanyeghị.

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Ọ bụ naanị nchọpụta ọgwụ chlorpromazine n'afọ
1950s kpatara mbelata mberede nke lobotomy.

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N'akwụkwọ ya, Heiko Schöning gara n'ihu
ruo n'ịkọwa mbibi àgwà site n'iji mma oyi.

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Dị ka Schöning si kwuo, ihe dị ka mmadụ 35,000 ka e
bibiri ahụ́ site na lobotomy na USA n'etiti afọ 1936 na 1978.

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N'ụwa niile, a na-atụ anya na ọnụọgụ
ndị merụrụ ahụ dị ihe dịka otu nde.

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Ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụghị mgbe niile ka eji ụdị usoro
ndị a emebi mgbochi, ma n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma megide mmegide

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ọha, ya bụ, ndị na-akọwa ọghọm usoro ọchịchị dị ugbu a.

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Na mgbakwunye na ojiji ya n'ịgwọ ndị nwere ọrịa uche, e nwere
mbọ kemgbe mmalite iji dozie nsogbu ọha site n'ọrụ ịkpụ ụbụrụ.

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Nke a bụ ebe eji psychosurgery
n'eziokwu maka mpụ haziri ahazi malite.

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Na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ, otu dọkịta
Britain ewebatala aro iwepụ ọchịchọ ndị

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na-egwu ala ịkwụsị ọrụ site n'ọrụ ọpụpụ ụbụrụ (...).

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Na mgbakwunye na usoro ice pick (...), e nwere
ugbu a ọtụtụ usoro psychosurgical ndị ka dị elu.

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(…) A ka na-arụzi mmepe ndị a ma na-eji ha n'ụwa niile taa.

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Ụzọ niile nwere otu ihe jikọrọ ha ọnụ: ha
na-ebibi akụkụ ụbụrụ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi.

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Ịwa uche ka na-ewu ewu nke ukwuu, n'agbanyeghị na e
gosiri ugbu a na ọ bara efu maka ebumnuche ọgwụgwọ ọha.

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Ọnọdụ ugbu a nke ọgwụgwọ ịwa akụkụ mmekọahụ

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Naanị eziokwu na òtù ndị ọkachamara n'ahụike
kwupụtara na usoro ọjọọ Freeman bụ nke sayensị kwadoro

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gosiri ọkwa kacha elu nke nlekọta efu mpụ na ike mpụ.

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Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke usoro ịwa ahụ ike a na-akpọ
lobotomy kwesịrị ịbụ ihe atụ na-adịghị ebere iji

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gbochie ihe ọjọọ n'ụwa ọgwụ. Ma ọ dị anya na nke ahụ!

08:02.396 --> 08:06.103
Naanị ihe dị ka afọ iri asaa gachara, ọdachi ọzọ na-apụta.

08:06.103 --> 08:13.222
Onye na-enye ọgwụgwọ uche si California gwara ndị ọrụ ibe ya na
forum WPATH gbasara "ike ịtụnanya nke mgbake" nke ịkpụ akpụkpọ

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nwoke n'ọrụ maka ndị ọrịa ya nwere ọrịa uche,
ndị e tinyeere ha "n'ụzọ mgbake mmetụta uche"

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ma o yiri ka ha biri n'ọṅụ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi.

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Dị ka ndị lobotomists nọ n'ihu ha, ndị dọkịta na-eme ọrụ gbanwere
okike n'WPATH na-agbaghara ihe achọrọ n'ihe gbasara

08:28.758 --> 08:36.416
omume ọma nke na-ekwu na a ga-egosi na usoro ọgwụgwọ ahụ dị
nchebe ma baa uru tupu ewebata ya n'ọrụ ọgwụgwọ izugbe.

08:36.416 --> 08:42.758
Ọmụmụ ole na ole dị ogologo oge gbasara ịwa ahụ akụkụ mmekọahụ
na-egosi nnukwu nsogbu n'omume mmekọrịta mmadụ na

08:42.758 --> 08:49.010
ibe ya, ọnụego dị elu nke ọrịa uche mgbe e
mesịrị, na ihe ize ndụ ịgbapụ ndụ onwe onye ka ukwuu.

08:49.010 --> 08:57.458
Otú ọ dị, otu òtù ndị ahụ dị ka mbụ, ya bụ, òtù dịka APA
na AMA , na-akwado ịkpụ akụkụ akpụkpọ ahụ n'ahụ ụmụaka

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na ndị okenye nwere ọrịa uche site n'aka ndị dọkịta WPATH.

09:01.470 --> 09:08.440
N'ime mmejọ akụkọ ihe mere eme abụọ ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị merụrụ
ahụ bụ ụmụaka ma ọ bụ ndị ọrịa uche, ma ọ bụ ma ha abụọ, na

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ọrụ ndị e mere na-eduga n'ịkpụ ahụ na-adịgide adịgide na nkwarụ.

09:12.790 --> 09:20.117
N'ọnọdụ kacha mma, ndị ọrịa nwoke ndị e mere ha ọgwụgwọ ịrụgharị
afọ (vaginoplasty) na-ahapụ oghere nke a ga-eme ka ọ gbasaa

09:20.117 --> 09:24.556
ruo ndụ ha niile, yana arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ ha belatara nke ukwuu.

09:24.556 --> 09:32.352
Ndị dara ogbenye na-arịa nsogbu dị ize ndụ dịka akpa
afọ jupụtara n'ọbara, nsogbu ịkpụ mmiri n'ahụ na fistula.

09:32.352 --> 09:38.686
Ritchie Herron, nwoke kwụsịrị ịgbanwe nwoke-nwanyị ma
gara ime vaginoplasty n'oge nsogbu ahụike uche,

09:38.686 --> 09:42.590
kọwara ndụ ya mgbe emechara ọrụ ahụ dịka nrọ ọjọọ dị ndụ.

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"Ị pụghị ibi ndụ n'otu nsọpụrụ dị otú a," ka onye merụrụ ahụ
dị afọ iri atọ na abụọ nke mpụ ọgwụ taa kwuru, onye na-arịa

09:49.640 --> 09:54.676
mgbu na-adịgide adịgide, ịnwụ akwara na nsogbu usoro ịmị mmiri.

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Ntụnyere lobotomy na ịwa ahụ akụkụ mmekọahụ

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Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa nsogbu ma na-enwe nnukwu
nsogbu uche na nke mmekọrịta, a na-agwa ha ụgha n'ihu ọha ma

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na-agwa ha na ha juo afọ na nsonaazụ ọgwụgwọ akụkụ mmekọahụ ha.

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N'ịtụnyere ya, ọtụtụ ezinụlọ gara aga ji obi ha niile
ekele Dọkịta Freeman maka inyere ndị ikwu ha aka,

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n'agbanyeghị nnukwu mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọgwụgwọ ahụ kpatara.

10:23.712 --> 10:29.489
Dị ka ọ dị mgbe ahụ, otu a ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ na-egosi ogo
ụfọdụ nke ịghọ onwe gị ụgha ma ọ bụ, dịka ndị nchọpụta

10:29.489 --> 10:33.248
Dutch si egwu, "ọṅụ gbagwojuru site n'echiche olileanya."

10:33.248 --> 10:38.995
Ezinụlọ ndị kwetara ka e mee lobotomy n'ahụ
onye ha hụrụ n'anya n'ezie nwere ihe na-akpali

10:38.995 --> 10:42.556
ha ka ha jide okwukwe na ọ bụ mkpebi ziri ezi.

10:42.556 --> 10:48.636
N'ime nke a, a na-eleghara anya n'echiche
ihe àmà doro anya na nke a abụghị eziokwu.

10:48.636 --> 10:56.256
Ọtụtụ ntorobịa ma ọ bụ ndị nne na nna ha, tinyere ndị okenye
metụtara, nwere ike na-eche ihu otu mgba ime obi yiri nke a taa.

10:56.256 --> 11:01.784
Ihe akaebe niile dị tupu "mkpọtụ gbasara okike nwoke na nwanyị"
ghọọ nke ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị nke ukwuu na-egosi na

11:01.784 --> 11:07.236
ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ntorobịa na-eme udo na okike
nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ha mgbe ha gafere afọ iri na ụma.

11:07.236 --> 11:13.416
Ọ dị mwute, mana mmepe eke nke ndị ntorobịa
dabere na ntọala mmekọrịta mmadụ mebiri emebi.

11:13.416 --> 11:19.893
N'ihi na ọchụchọ kpamkpam eke maka ịchọpụta onwe onye,
nke na-esonyere afọ ojuju na obi abụọ n'onwe ya, a

11:19.893 --> 11:24.136
na-etinye ya n'okpuru ikike nkọwa agbụrụ nwoke na nwanyị.

11:24.136 --> 11:27.940
A na-etinye ụmụaka nke oge anyị n'ime. Site na ụlọ
akwụkwọ mmalite ruo n'ihu, a na-akwalite ha ka

11:27.940 --> 11:30.473
ha jụọ ajụjụ gbasara okike nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ha.

11:30.473 --> 11:36.258
N'ime nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ, a na-akọwa usoro mmepe nke afọ ntorobịa
nke bụ nke eke kpamkpam n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi. Ya

11:36.258 --> 11:42.236
bụ, na mmadụ nwere ike ịmụ n'ahụ ezighi ezi, na ịhọrọ
okike nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị dị iche abụghị nsogbu.

11:42.236 --> 11:46.216
Nke a na-eme ka echiche gbasara
okike nwoke na nwanyị na WPATH nwee uru.

11:46.216 --> 11:51.022
Mmebi na mbibi ezinụlọ na-emekarị ibute mwute ọzọ.

11:51.022 --> 11:59.113
Kama ichere nwayọọ na n'udo ka ọgbọ ntorobịa rute njedebe mmepe
ha, ndị òtù WPATH na-akwado ntinye ọgwụgwọ ịwa

11:59.113 --> 12:06.673
ahụ n'enweghị nlezianya dịka naanị nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ,
ọbụna maka ụmụaka na ndị nwere ọrịa uche siri ike.

12:06.673 --> 12:12.256
Dị ka Freeman na ndị ọrụ ibe ya siri kwuo n'oge
ahụ, lobotomy bụ naanị olileanya maka ndị

12:12.256 --> 12:16.023
ogbenye, ndị na-adịghị afọ ojuju nọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ uche.

12:16.023 --> 12:20.596
Mgbe ahụ dịka ugbu a: mmebi ahụ na-apụghị idozi!

12:20.596 --> 12:26.853
Nkwubi okwu Mgbe onye ọrịa ikpeazụ ya nwụrụ n'ihi
ọbara mgbawa n'ụbụrụ na 1967, e wepụrụ Walter

12:26.853 --> 12:31.030
Freeman, onye dara n'ala aha ọjọọ, ikike ụlọ ọgwụ ya.

12:31.030 --> 12:38.777
O jiri ụbọchị ndị fọdụrụ ya na-eme njem gafee United
States, na-achụso ndị ọrịa ya na ezinụlọ ha, na-achọ ihe

12:38.777 --> 12:43.163
àmà na usoro ọ hụrụ n'anya nyere ha aka kama imerụ ha.

12:43.163 --> 12:47.176
Freeman hụrụ onwe ya dịka "onye nzọpụta" nke
ndị ọrịa uche dị oke njọ ma kwenyere na ọ

12:47.176 --> 12:49.850
na-enye olileanya nye ndị na-enweghị olileanya.

12:49.850 --> 12:54.952
Mgbe ọ nọ n'elu ọrụ ya, ọ gaghị ekwe omume
ka o chee na mgbake ebube ya ga-abụ otu

12:54.952 --> 12:58.543
ụbọchị ihe a ga-asịrị ma were ya dị ka ihe ọjọọ.

12:58.543 --> 13:02.209
Ihe ahụ metụtara WPATH na ndị òtù ya.

13:02.209 --> 13:09.917
Kpalitere site n'echiche ịbụ ndị dike maka ikike mmadụ na-alụ
ọgụ maka ndị a na-emegbu, ha na-ahụ onwe ha dịka ndị mbido

13:09.917 --> 13:14.510
n'ọgwụ, na-enye nlekọta ahụike dị mkpa nye ndị ọrịa chọrọ ya.

13:14.510 --> 13:21.530
Otú ọ dị, anyị kwenyere na imebi akụrụngwa mmekọahụ dị mma site
n'ọrụ ọgwụ ga-edebe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka mpụ nke

13:21.530 --> 13:28.250
nha yiri lobotomy ma ọ bụ ọbụna buru ibu karịa ya. Ma
ndị na-egbu ahụ agaghị apụ n'aka ntaramahụhụ ziri ezi ha!