Whakatūpato: Tērā pea kāore ētahi whakaahua e hāngai ana mō te hunga ngoikore te puku.
E ai ki tā te hōtaka i kī ai mō ngā tuhinga WPATH i pakaru , kei te pukumahi ngā rōpū hauora katoa ki te whakahaere
pokanga ira tangata ki ngā tāngata e pangia ana e te mate pōraruraru ira, arā, te 'gender dysphoria'.
Ka rongo ēnei tāngata i te kore whakamarie i roto i ō rātou tinana, ā, he maha ngā wā ka pāngia rātou e ngā raruraru
hinengaro – koinei te whakamārama a ngā tākuta me ngā kaiāwhina hinengaro o WPATH i runga i ā rātou wheako ā-mahi.
Ā, ka tautoko tonu rātou i ā rātou tūroro mā ngā momo pokanga whakarerekē ira, tae atu ki te hanga hangarau o
ngā pūreirei , te tango i te whaea , me te pokanga 'top surgery', arā, te tango i ngā ū wāhine .
Engari, he tino kaha rawa ēnei rongoā ā-tinana, ā, he whai hua, he whai painga rānei mō
te hunga e pangia ana e te mate hinengaro?
He take rānei hei āwangawanga nui? Akohia tātou i ngā tauira o mua:
Mo te hītori o te lobotomi
I waenganui o te rautau rua tekau, i whakapono whānuitia e te ao rongoā ko te lobotomy te rongoā tino
whai hua, tino ātaahua hoki mō ngā mate hinengaro.
Mā te tikanga tuku iho, ka kōhua he kohao ki te upoko i ngā taha e rua, kātahi ka whakaurua he taputapu pōturi, ā,
ka whakamahia hei whakatārewatanga hurihuri āhua porohita, e whakangaro ana i te nui o ngā kiko roro.
Ko tētahi atu tikanga ko te whakauru i tētahi taputapu pokanga mā te poka karu kia tae ki te roro, mā te hanganga angiangi e wehe
ana i te karu me te roro, ā, ka nekehia hoki kia āhua porohita.
Kua whakahuatia a Davison rāua ko Neale e Heiko Schöning i tana pukapuka Game Over.
I te tau 1941, i whakamārama te New York Times me pēhea ngā tūroro lobotomy i tapahia tūturu i roto i ō rātou mahunga ngā
āwangawanga, ngā whakaaro whakawā, ngā hiahia whakamate, ngā whakaaro piri, te kore whakatau, me te manukanuka,
mā te tapahi ki te naipi, nā tētahi pokanga roro hou.
Kāore i whakahuatia te whakamatemate o te whakakoretanga ā-tinana.
Mo "(...) i te tuatahi, nā te lobotomi i whakamarie ai ngā tāngata i ngā whare hauora hinengaro (...)", ka haere tonu
a Schöning, e kī ana i ngā kupu i hoatu tuatahi ai ki tēnei maimoatanga whakamataku te āhua o tētahi rongoā mīharo.
Ahakoa ngā mōrearea mārama me ngā pānga tino kino, i tere te whakaae a te hapori hauora ki te tikanga lobotomy hei rongoā mō
ngā momo mate hinengaro, tae atu ki te pōuritanga, te mate āwangawanga me te whakahau
ā-tinana, te mate hīpīpī, me te schizophrenia.
Kāore i whakaitia ngā lobotomist, arā, ngā tākuta i mahi i tēnei pokanga, engari i whai ingoa nui rātou i waenga i te tokomaha.
Ko Antonio Moniz, te kaihanga o te lobotomy, i whakawhiwhia ki te Tohu Nobel i te tau 1949 mō tōna koha ki te rongoā.
Ko Walter Freeman rāua ko James Watts, nā rātou i rongonui ai tēnei tikanga i Amerika, i manaakitia ngākau mahana i ngā hui
ā-tau o te American Medical Association (AMA) , i reira i whakarato ai rātou i ngā mōhiohio mō ā rātou
tikanga whakangaromanga roro mā ngā whakaaturanga.
E ai ki a Peter Breggin, ka kī a Freeman:
"Ka tutuki te angitū o te pokanga hinengaro mā te pakaru i te ao whakaaro, te whakangāwari i ngā kare ā-roto, te
whakangaro i te whakaaro arorau, me te waihanga i tētahi tangata rite ki te robot, e taea te whakahaere."
Nā te mea i whakaarohia i taua wā he hē te whakawā i ō rātou hoa tākuta, i whakawhiwhia e te rangatira New
England Journal of Medicine he mana pūtaiao ki taua tikanga:
I whakaputaina he tuhinga e kī ana i hāngai te whakahaere "(...) ki ngā kitenga tinana pakari".
I whai wāhi whakatau hoki te pāpāho pānui.
I roto i ngā tau e rima e heke mai nei, i maha ngā wā i kapi ai te lobotomy i roto i ngā whakaputanga rongonui
o Amerika, pērā i a Reader's Digest, Time me Newsweek.
I te nuinga o te wā, he pai ngā pūrongo, ā, i whakaiti i te tino whakamataku o te tikanga.
Kāore i whakapuaki ā-ture ngā rōpū hauora matua o Amerika, tae atu ki te American Psychiatric Association (APA) me te
American Medical Association (AMA), hei whakahē i tēnei tikanga.
I tono ngā tūroro e tino pōuri ana me ō rātou whānau mō ngā lobotomi i muri i te pānui i ēnei tuhinga.
He tino kino ngā āhuatanga i roto i ngā whare hauora hinengaro i taua wā, ā, he mātātoa hoki, he maha ngā wā he tūkino ngā tikanga
rongoā kē pērā i te rongoā koma insulin me te rongoā whakahoromata hiko he tino mārō, ā, he maha ngā wā he tino tūkino.
Nā tēnei i puta ai he pōuri kanohi kaha, he whakatau kia kore e kite i te āhua whakamataku o te lobotomy me ōna pānga taha.
He maha ngā wā ka whakanohoia e te tikanga ngā tūroro ki tētahi āhua e kīia nei ko te
"tamarikitanga i whakaohohia mā te pokanga".
I hangaia e Freeman te "transorbital lobotomy", i roto i tēnei ka patua he taputapu pokanga e rite ana ki tētahi
pika hukapapa ki roto i te roro o te tūroro mā te poka karu.
I whakaaro ia kua angitu tana rongoā mēnā ka taea e ōna tūroro te wehe i te whare hauora, ā, ka tiakina rātou ki te kāinga
i te taumata o tētahi hēhē kāinga, o tētahi kararehe rānei.
I whakapono hoki ia, ko te tere ake o te whakahaere i te tikanga, ko te pai ake o te hua, ā, i tautoko ia kia
whakaarohia taua pokanga hei kōwhiringa rongoā tuatahi mō te hunga e pāngia ana e ngā mate hinengaro māmā anake.
Heoi, kāore i tutuki te ine angitu e ruarua ana: i noho hauā tonu ētahi tūroro, ā, i mate tata ki te 15%.
Ko ngā tino waimarie o ngā tūroro a Freeman i taea te noho motuhake i runga i te tika, ā, i whai
mahi pūkenga iti, engari kāore i pērā te nuinga.
He tokomaha i pāngia te kino ki ā rātou mahara wā-roa, ā, i uaua rātou ki ngā mahi māmā rawa.
He tokomaha tonu i noho hauā mō ake tonu atu.
Ko te hara tino kino rawa a Freeman, nāna i mahi i ngā lobotomia transorbital ki ngā tamariki e 19 katoa, ā,
i whakamārama ai ngā 11 o ēnei i te putanga o tana pukapuka Psychosurgery i te tau 1950.
Ko te tamaiti nohinohi rawa he whā tau anake tōna pakeke. I mate e rua o ngā tekau mā tahi tamariki i ngā rerenga toto roro.
I tīmata noa te whakatū i te whakahē tino kaha ki tēnei tikanga i te wā i kī ai te New York Times i āna pūrongo, "kāore
ngā tākuta pokanga e āwangawanga ana mō te pokanga roro, pēnei i tō rātou āwangawanga mō te tango i te apendiksi."
Mō ngā tūroro i ngā whare hauora hinengaro, i te tuatahi ka mārie rātou, "(...) kātahi ka pōturi ake
ō rātou hinengaro, kāore he hiahia, ā, ka mate" .
I te mutunga, i tohu ngā kaiwhakawā i ngā pānga tino kino i pā ki te tokomaha o ngā tūroro, i whakaputa āwangawanga mō ngā paearu
hei ine i te angitū, ā, i whakapae i ngā tākuta pokanga mō te whakahaere i ngā tikanga kāore i mua he aromatawai hinengaro.
Heoi, nā te kore o ētahi atu huarahi manaaki tangata – arā, te kore aro ki te whakamataku o taua tikanga – i
akiaki ai ngā tākuta hinengaro me ngā whānau kia whakamahi i ēnei tikanga tino pōraruraru.
Ko te hanganga noa iho o te rongoā chlorpromazine i ngā tau 1950 i whakaoho i te hekenga ohorere o te lobotomy.
I roto i tana pukapuka, i tae a Heiko Schöning ki te kōrero mō te whakangaromanga ā-tuakiri mā te pika huka.
E ai ki a Schöning, tata ki te 35,000 ngā tāngata i whara-tinana i te lobotomi i Amerika i waenga i te tau 1936 me te tau 1978.
I te ao whānui, e tata ana te tokomaha o ngā hunga whara ki te kotahi miriona.
Ā, ehara i te mea ohorere kia whakamahia ēnei tikanga hei pakaru i te ātete, ahakoa i roto i ngā whare
herehere, i te whakahē ā-tangata rānei, arā, ko ngā kaiwhakawā o te pūnaha e whakahaere ana.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tōna whakamahinga ki te rongoā i ngā tāngata e pāngia ana e ngā mate hinengaro, kua
whakapau kaha mai i te tīmatanga ki te whakatau i ngā raruraru ā-pāpori mā te pokanga roro.
Koinei te wāhi ka tīmata ai te whakamahinga tūturu o te pokanga hinengaro mō ngā mahi hara whakaritea.
I te tīmatanga o te rautau rua tekau, kua tūtohu kē tētahi tākuta Piritene kia tangohia te hiahia o
ngā kaimāini ki te whakatā mā te pokanga roro (...).
Hei tāpiri atu ki te tikanga pika hukapapa (...), ināianei he maha ngā tikanga pokanga hinengaro kua tino whakapai ake.
(…) Kei te mahi tonu i ēnei whanaketanga, ā, kei te whakamahia puta noa i te ao i ēnei rā.
He mea kotahi e hono ana ki ngā tikanga katoa: ka whakangaro tūturu i ētahi wāhanga o te roro.
Kei te tino rongonui tonu te pokanga hinengaro, ahakoa kua whakaaturia kua kore whai hua mō ngā kaupapa rongoā ā-hapori.
Ko te āhua o nāianei o te pokanga ira
Ko te mea noa iho i whakatauria e ngā rōpū hauora he tika ā-pūtaiao te tikanga patupatu a Freeman, e whakaatu ana i te
taumata tiketike rawa o te māharahara hara me te kaha hara.
Ko te hītori o ēnei tikanga pokanga tino whakamataku e mōhiotia ana ko te lobotomy, me tū hei tauira whakatūpato,
kāore i te ātaahua, ki te ao rongoā. Engari, kāore rawa i pērā!
He 70 tau noa iho i muri mai, kei te tata mai tētahi atu aitua.
He kaiāwhina hinengaro nō California e kōrero ana ki ōna hoa mahi i te forum WPATH mō te "mana whakaora whakamīharo" o te whakakore
ira mā te pokanga mō āna tūroro mate hinengaro, nā reira i whakanoho ai rātou ki te "ara ki te whakaora ā-whatumanawa",
ā, e ai ki te kī, i noho hari ai rātou mō ake tonu atu.
Pērā ki ngā lobotomist i mua i a rātou, ka karo ngā tākuta pokanga ira tangata o WPATH i te herenga matatika kia
whakamātauria he haumaru, he whai hua hoki tētahi tikanga pokanga i mua i tōna whakauru ki ngā tikanga hauora whānui.
Ko ngā rangahau roa torutoru mō ngā pokanga ki ngā wāhanga ira e whakaatu ana i ngā ngoikoretanga nui i roto i ngā
mahi pāpori, i ngā reiti tiketike o ngā mate hinengaro i muri mai, me te pikinga ake o te tūraru whakamomori.
Heoi anō, ko ngā whakahaere kotahi tonu i mua, arā, ngā rōpū pērā i te APA (American Psychiatric Association – te rōpū hinengaro
tino nui rawa atu i Amerika) me te AMA (American Medical Association – he rōpū whakatairanga mō ngā tākuta me ngā tauira
rongoā), e tautoko ana i te tapahi ira ā-tinana o ngā tamariki me ngā pakeke mate hinengaro e ngā tākuta pokanga o WPATH.
I roto i ngā parekura hītori e rua, ko te nuinga o ngā hunga i pāngia he tamariki, he hunga mate hinengaro
rānei, he mea e rua rānei, ā, nā ngā mahi i mahia ka puta he whara ā-tinana mau tonu me te hauā.
I te āhuatanga pai rawa atu, ka waiho ngā tūroro tāne kua whakahaeretia he whakatikatika pokanga o te vagina (vaginoplasty)
me tētahi rua e tika ana kia whānuihia mō te toenga o tō rātou oranga, ā, ka tino heke hoki tō rātou mahi ā-tinana.
Ka pā ki te hunga kāore i te whai rawa ngā raruraru tino kino, pērā i ngā pēpū kī i te
toto, ngā raruraru ki te whiwhi, me ngā putorino.
Ritchie Herron, he tāne i huri anō i tōna ira, i whai maimoatanga whakarerekē ira wāhine i te wā o tētahi raru hauora hinengaro,
e kī ana he moemoeā kino ora tōna oranga i muri i te pokanga.
"Kāore e taea e koe te noho me te mana pēnei," te kī a te tangata i pāngia e te hara rongoā o tēnei rā, he 32 ōna
tau, e mamae tonu ana, e mārō ana ōna ringaringa me ōna waewae, ā, e raru ana tōna ara whēkau.
He whakataurite i waenga i te lobotomi me te pokanga ira
Ahakoa he maha ngā tūroro e pāngia ana e ngā raruraru, ā, e pā ana ki a rātou ngā uauatanga hinengaro me ngā uauatanga
hononga nui, ka teka ki a rātou i te marea, ā, ka mea atu ki a rātou kua makona rātou ki ngā hua o tā rātou pokanga ira.
Hei whakataurite, i mua he maha ngā whānau i tino mihi ki a Tākuta Freeman mō tana āwhina i ō rātou
whanaunga, ahakoa ngā pānga tino kino i puta i te pokanga.
I taua wā, ā, i ēnei rā hoki, e tohu ana i tētahi taumata o te whakaparahako i a ia anō, arā, e ai ki
ngā kairangahau o Nēherelani, "te hari kua whakararu e te whakaaro e hiahiatia ana".
He take nui kei ngā whānau kua whakaae kia mahia he lobotomia ki tētahi tāngata e arohaina ana kia
piri tonu ki te whakapono he whakatau tika tēnei.
Mā te mahi pēnei, ka whakakorehia ngā tohu mārama e whakaatu ana kāore i pērā.
He tokomaha ngā rangatahi, ngā mātua rānei, me ērā pakeke kua pāngia, e anga ana ki tētahi pakanga ā-roto ōrite i ēnei rā.
E tohu ana ngā taunakitanga katoa i wātea i mua i te "pōrohi ira tangata" i tino whai tōrangapū, e whakaae ana te
nuinga o ngā taitamariki ki tō rātou ira i muri i te pakeke.
Heoi anō, kei runga i te tūāpapa pāpori kua pakaru te whanaketanga ā-taiao o ngā rangatahi.
Nā te mea, ko te rapunga tino māori i tō ake tuakiri, e hāngai ana ki te kore makona me te ruarua ki a ia anō, kua whakaritea kia
whakawhirinaki ki te mana whakamāramatanga ira tāne, ira wāhine.
Kei te urutāhia ngā tamariki o tō tātou wā. Mai i te kōhanga reo, ka whakatenatena kia pātai rātou mō tō rātou ira tangata.
I ngā akoranga o te kura, ka whakamāramahia hē te tukanga whanaketanga tino māori o te pakeke. Arā, ka mea
pea i whānau tētahi ki roto i tētahi tinana hē, ā, kāore he raruraru ki te kōwhiri i tētahi ira kē.
Ka tino tautoko tēnei i te ariā ira tangata me WPATH.
Ko te wehenga me te whakangaromanga o ngā whānau e whakaputa ana i te mamae anō.
Engari, kaua e tatari mārie, e tau hoki kia tae te whakatipuranga rangatahi ki te mutunga o tō rātou whakawhanaketanga, e
whakatairanga ana ngā mema o WPATH, kāore i te haepapa, i te pokanga hei anake rongoā, ahakoa mō ngā
taitamariki me te hunga mate hinengaro tino kino.
He rite tonu ki tā Freeman me ōna hoa mahi i kī i taua wā, ko te lobotomi anake te tūmanako mō ngā wairua
rawakore, pōuri hoki i roto i ngā whare hauora hinengaro.
Nō mua, pērā tonu i nāianei: he whara kāore e taea te whakatika!
Whakakapi I muri i te matenga o tana tūroro whakamutunga i te rerenga toto roro i te tau 1967, i whakakorehia te
raihana hōhipera a Walter Freeman, i taka ai ia ki te whakamā.
I whakapau ia i ngā rā o tōna oranga e toe ana ki te haere puta noa i te United States, e rapu ana i āna tūroro me ō rātou
whānau, ā, e rapu ana i ngā taunakitanga kia kitea kua āwhina, kaua kua kino, tana tikanga mahi i tino arohaina e ia.
I kite a Freeman i a ia anō hei Kaiwhakaora mō te hunga mate hinengaro tino kino, ā, i whakapono ia e
hoatu ana ia i te tūmanako ki te hunga kāore he tūmanako.
I te taumata tiketike o tōna mahi, kāore rawa ia i whakaaro ka whakakahorehia ā tētahi rā tōna
whakaoranga mīharo, ā, ka whakaarohia he mahi whakamataku.
Ka hāngai anō tēnei ki a WPATH me ōna mema.
Nā te whakaaro kia riro hei toa mō ngā tika ā-iwi e whawhai ana mō te hunga e pēhia ana, ka kite rātou i a rātou anō
hei kaiārahi i te rāngai rongoā, e whakarato ana i ngā ratonga hauora e hiahiatia ana ki ngā tūroro e hiahia ana.
Heoi, e whakapono ana mātou ka tuhia ki te hītori te whakangaromanga ā-kirihou i ngā wāhanga ira hauora hei
hara e ōrite ana, e nui ake rānei i te lobotomy. Ā, me kore e puta ngā kaiwhakatārewa i tō rātou whiu tika!