WEBVTT

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Isilumkiso: Ezinye iifoto
zisenokungafaneleki kwabo banesisu esibuthathaka.

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Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe kwinkqubo malunga namaxwebhu e-WPATH
aphumileyo, imibutho yezonyango iphelele isematheni yokwenza

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utyando lwamalungu esini kubantu abane-gender dysphoria.

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Aba bantu baye bazive bengakhululekanga emizimbeni yabo kwaye
bahlala besentlungwini yeengqondo – yile ndlela oogqirha

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nabaphilisi be-WPATH abayichaza ngayo, ngokusekelwe kumava abo.

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Kwaye ngokukhawuleza, "bayaxhasa" izigulana zabo ngokuthi bazenze
utyando olwahlukeneyo lokutshintshwa kobulili, kuquka

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ukwenziwa kwezitho zocansi , ukususwa kwesibeleko , kunye
"notyando lwasentla," oko kukuthi, ukususwa kwamabele omfazi .

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Kodwa ingaba ungenelelo olungaka ngokwenene luncedo
kwaye lusebenza kubantu abasentlungwini yokugula ngengqondo?

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Okanye ingaba kukho isizathu sokuba nexhala
elikhulu? Masifunde kwimizekelo yexesha elidlulileyo:

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Ngembali ye-lobotomy

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Phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20, ihlabathi
lezonyango lalikholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba ilobotomy

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yayingoyena nyango usebenzayo nonobuntu wesifo sengqondo.

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Ngendlela eqhelekileyo, kwenziwa umngxuma entloko kumacala
omabini, emva koko kufakwa isixhobo esingebukhali

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kwaye sisetyenziselwe ukwenza intshukumo yokujika
ejijekileyo, nto leyo etshabalalisa isixa esikhulu senkqu.

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Enye indlela iquka ukufaka isixhobo sovakalelo ngomngxuma
weliso ukuya ebuchosheni, kudlula kuloo ndawo imincinci

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yohlulayo iliso ebuchosheni, kwaye siphinde siyijikelezise.

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UDavison noNeale bacatshulwe nguHeiko
Schöning kwincwadi yakhe ethi "Game Over".

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Ngo-1941, i-New York Times yachaza indlela izigulana ze-lobotomy
"(...) iinkxalabo, iingcinga zokupersekutwa, imikhwa

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yokuzibulala, iingcinga ezingayekiyo, ukungakwazi
ukugqiba kunye noxinzelelo lwengqondo zisikwa ngqo

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entloko ngemela ngenxa yotyando olutsha lwengqondo."

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Ubunqolobi bokugqobhoza akukhankanywanga.

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Malunga nokuba "(...) ilobotomy ekuqaleni yenza abantu
abakwamaziko ezifo zengqondo bazolile (...)", uyaqhuba watsho

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uSchöning, ecaphula oko ekuqaleni kwakwenza lo msebenzi wotyando
ungenanceba ubonakale ngathi sisiphelo esingummangaliso.

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Nangona bekukho iingozi ezibonakalayo kunye neziphumo
ebezingalindelekanga ezitshabalalisayo, uluntu lwezonyango

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lwakhawuleza lwamkela inkqubo ye-lobotomy njengonyango lweentlobo
ngeentlobo zezifo zengqondo, eziquka udandatheko, isifo

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sokuphinda-phinda izinto, umkhuhlane, kunye ne-schizophrenia.

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Iilobotomists, oko kukuthi oogqirha ababenza olu nyango, abazange
batyholoqiswe, kodwa babenodumo olukhulu phakathi kwabaninzi.

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U-Antonio Moniz, umqambi we-lobotomy, wanikwa
iBhaso leNobel ngo-1949 ngenxa yegalelo lakhe kumayeza.

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UWalter Freeman noJames Watts, abenza waduma lo mkhuba eUnited
States, bamkelwa ngobushushu kwiintlanganiso zonyaka

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zoMbutho woNyango waseMelika (AMA) , apho babonelela ngolwazi
malunga neenkqubo zabo zokonakalisa ingqondo ngeemboniso.

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NgokukaPeter Breggin, uFreeman ucatshulwe esithi:

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"Utyando lwengqondo luyaphumelela ngokwaphula umbono,
ngokudambisa iimvakalelo, ngokutshabalalisa ingcinga

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efanayo, kwaye ludale umntu ofana nerobhothi, onokulawulwa."

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Ngenxa yokuba ngexesha elo kwakuthathwa njengokungekho sikweni
ukugxeka oogqirha owakho, iphephancwadi elidumileyo i-New England

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Journal of Medicine lanqula isiqinisekiso sesayensi kwesi senzo:

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Ipapashe inqaku elichaza ukuba lo msebenzi
wawusekelwe "(...) kuqwalaselo oluqinileyo lwezimo zomzimba".

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Amaphephandaba e-tabloid nawo adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu.

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Kule minyaka mihlanu ilandelayo, i-lobotomy
yayisoloko iyenziwa umxholo kwiimpapasho ezithandwayo zase-US

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ezifana ne-Reader's Digest, i-Time kunye ne-Newsweek.

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Ingxelo yayibonakala ilungile ngokubanzi kwaye
yanciphisa ukubaluleka kwenyani yoburhwaphilizi yale nkqubo.

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Akukho namnye kwimibutho emikhulu yezonyango yaseMelika, kuquka
i-American Psychiatric Association (APA)

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kunye ne-American Medical Association (AMA) ,
owakhe wathetha ngokusesikweni uchasa le nkqubo.

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Izigulana ezikwimeko engxamisekileyo kunye neentsapho
zazo zacela iilobotomies emva kokufunda la manqaku.

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Iimeko kumaziko okunyanga izifo zengqondo ngelo xesha
zazikruqula, kwaye neendlela zonyango ezingamanye ezifana

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nonyango lwe-insulin coma kunye nonyango lwe-electroconvulsive
nazo zazikhohlakele kwaye zihlala zinochuku.

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Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho ukungabonisi
ngabom nobuqatha malunga nobuntu obunenkohlakalo

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belobotomy kunye neziphumo zayo ezingalindelekanga.

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Le nkqubo isoloko ibeka izigulana
kwimeko "yobuntwana obubangelwe ngotyando".

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UFreeman wavumbela "i-transorbital lobotomy," apho isixhobo
soveliso esifana nempondo yokutyibiliza umkhenkce sasityhalwa

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ngesando kwingqondo yesigulana kungena kwisokethi yeliso.

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Wayuthatha unyango lwakhe luyimpumelelo ukuba izigulana
zakhe zingakwazi ukuphuma kweso ziko zize zinyanyekelwe ekhaya

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"kwinqanaba lesigula sasekhaya okanye isilwanyana sasekhaya".

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Wayekholelwa nokuba okoko kwenziwa le nkqubo kwangoko, kokoko
isiphumo siba ngcono, kwaye wabethelela ukuba utyando luthathwe

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njengonyango lokuqala kubantu abanezifo zengqondo ezingephi.

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Nangona kunjalo, umlinganiselo ongathandabuzekayo
wempumelelo akuzange ubonakale: ezinye izigulana zahlala

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zikhubazekile ngonaphakade kwaye malunga ne-15% yazifa.

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Abona bafumene ithamsanqa kwizigulana zikaFreeman bakwazile
ukuphila ubomi obuzimeleyo ngokwaneleyo

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nokwenza imisebenzi engafuni zikhono zininzi,
kodwa uninzi lwabo belungabi nalo elo thamsanqa.

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Abaninzi bonakalelwa yinkumbulo yabo yexesha elide
baza basokola nakwimisebenzi elula kakhulu.

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Abaliqela lahlala bengakwazi ukusebenza ubomi babo bonke.

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Olona lwaphulo-mthetho lukaFreeman lwalugqithisile yayikukuba
wenza i-transorbital lobotomies kubantwana,

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abali-19 bebonke, apho abali-11 babo bachazwa
kuhlelo luka-1950 lwencwadi yakhe ethi Psychosurgery.

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Umntwana omncinci wayeneminyaka emine kuphela ubudala.
Ababini kubantwana abali-11 basweleke ngenxa yokopha kwengqondo.

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Kwaba kuphela xa i-New York Times yathi kwiingxelo zayo ukuba
"ooqhawe ngoku abanankathalo ingako ngotyando

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lwengqondo njengoko bengenayo ngokususa i-appendix"
apho inkcaso enzulu kwesi senzo yaqala ukubunjwa.

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Kwizigulana ezikwamaziko ezonyango
lwengqondo, ezathi ekuqaleni zathula, "(...) zaza emva

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koko zaba buthuntu, zangakhathali zaza zafa" .

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Ekugqibeleni abagxeki baveze iziphumo ezibi ezinzulu ezenzeka
kwizigulana ezininzi, babonisa inkxalabo malunga nemigqaliselo

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esetyenziswayo ukulinganisa impumelelo, baza
batyhola oogqirha botyando ngokwenza ezi nkqubo

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bengakhange kuqala benziwe uvavanyo lwengqondo.

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Noko ke, ukunqongophala kwezinye iindlela zonyango olunobuntu –
okanye mandithi ukungahoywa kwaphela koburhalarhume

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bale ndlela – kwatyhoboza oogqirha bengqondo neentsapho
ukuba bathathe amanyathelo anzima kangaka nangona kunjalo.

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Kwakukukutya kabusha komuthi i-chlorpromazine ngeminyaka
yoo-1950 kuphela okwabangela ukuhla okukhulu kwe-lobotomy.

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Kwincwadi yakhe, uHeiko Schöning ude waya kude
kangangokuba wathetha ngokutshabalaliswa kobuntu nge-ice pick.

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NgokukaSchöning, abantu abamalunga nama-35,000 baphazanyiswa
ngokwasemzimbeni nge-lobotomy e-USA phakathi kuka-1936 no-1978.

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Ehlabathini jikelele, inani
lamaxhoba liqikelelwa kwisigidi esinye.

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Kwaye kwakungeyonto ingaqhelekanga ukuba ezi ndlela zisetyenziswe
ukwaphula inkcaso, nokuba kusezintolongweni

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okanye ngokuchasene nokungathobeli umthetho,
oko kukuthi, abagxeki benkqubo eyayilawula.

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Ukongeza kusetyenziso lwayo ekunyangeni abantu
abaneengxaki zengqondo, bekukho iinzame ukusukela ekuqaleni

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zokusombulula iingxaki zentlalo ngokwenziwa kotyando lwengqondo.

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Kulapho ke kuqala khona ukusetyenziswa
kwe-psychosurgery kwezobugebenga obucwangcisiweyo.

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Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ugqirha waseBritane
wayesele ecebise ukuba kususwe umnqweno wokunqumla umsebenzi

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kubasebenzi bemigodi ngokusebenzisa utyando lwengqondo (...).

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Ukongeza kwindlela ye-ice pick (...), ngoku kukho
iindidi ngeendidi zeenkqubo zotyando lwengqondo eziphuculweyo.

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(…) Ezi nkqubela zisaphuhliswa kwaye
zisetyenziswa kwihlabathi jikelele nanamhlanje.

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Zonke iindlela zifana ngento enye:
zitshabalalisa ngonaphakade iinxalenye zengqondo.

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Nangona ngoku kungqiniwe ukuba ayiluncedo ngeenjongo
zonyango lwezentlalo, utyando lwengqondo lusaqhwalelwa kakhulu.

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Imeko yangoku yotyando lwamalungu esini

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Isibakala nje sokuba imibutho yezonyango yachaza indlela
kaFreeman yoburhwaphilizi njengevumelekileyo

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ngokwenzululwazi sibonakalisa owona mgangatho uphezulu
wokungakhathali kobugebengu namandla obugebengu.

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Imbali yezi nkqubo zotyando ezikhohlakeleyo ezaziwa ngokuba
zii-lobotomies ibifanele ukuba ibe ngumzekelo olumkisayo,

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ongenabuntu kwihlabathi lezonyango. Kodwa akunjalo kwaphela!

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Kuphela malunga neminyaka
engama-70 kamva, enye intlekele isondela.

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Ugqirha wengqondo waseCalifornian uxelela oogxa bakhe kwiqonga
le-WPATH malunga 'namandla aphakamileyo okuphilisa'

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okubandakanyekayo ekutshayweni kwezitho zokuzala ngotyando
kwizigulana zakhe ezinesifo sengqondo, ezathi ngaloo

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ndlela zabekwa 'endleleni yokuchacha ngokweemvakalelo'
kwaye kucatshangelwa ukuba zaphila zonwabile ngonaphakade.

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Oogqirha botyando lobulili be-WPATH, njengabagqirha abenza
i-lobotomy phambi kwabo, bayiphambukela imfuneko yokuziphatha

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yokuba inkqubo yotyando kufuneka ingqineke ikhuselekile kwaye
iluncedo phambi kokuba yaziswe kwinkqubo yonyango jikelele.

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Izifundo ezimbalwa zexesha elide malunga nokuhlinzwa kwezitho
zokuzala ezikhoyo zibonisa ukuphazamiseka okukhulu

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ekusebenzeni eluntwini, amazinga aphezulu ezifo zengqondo
emva koko, kunye nomngcipheko onyukileyo wokuzibulala.

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Nangona kunjalo, kwakuzo ezo mibutho yayikhona ngaphambili, oko
kukuthi imibutho efana ne-APA kunye ne-AMA , isakhuthaza

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ukugqobhoza kwamalungu esini kwabantwana
abancinci nabantu abadala abagulayo

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ngokwasengqondweni, kwenziwa ngoogqirha botyando be-WPATH.

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Kuzo zombini ezi skandali zembali, uninzi lwamaxhoba ngabantu
abangaphantsi kweminyaka esemthethweni okanye abantu

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abagulayo engqondweni, okanye zombini, kwaye utyando olwenziweyo
lubangela ukonakala komzimba okusisigxina nokukhubazeka.

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Kwimeko elungileyo kakhulu, izigulana eziyindoda eziye zenza
utyando lokwakha ngokutsha ivagina (i-vaginoplasty) zishiyeka

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nendawo evulekileyo ekufuneka ivuleke
ngokusisigxina kubo bonke ubomi bazo, kunye

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nokuncipha okukhulu kokusebenza kwazo ngokwesondo.

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Abangathamsanqanga bafumana iingxaki ezinzima ezifana
ne-pelvis ezizele ligazi, iingxaki zokuchama kunye neefistula.

09:32.352 --> 09:37.406
URitchie Herron, indoda eyayikhe yatshintsha isini eyayenziwa
utyando lokwenziwa ibe nesitho sangasese somfazi

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ngexesha lokuphazamiseka kwempilo yengqondo, uchaza
ubomi bakhe emva koloo tyando njengombhukuko ophilayo.

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"Akunakuphila ngentlonipho ngolu hlobo," utshilo ixhoba
elineminyaka engama-32 ubudala lolwaphulo-mthetho

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lwezonyango lwanamhlanje, elijongene neentlungu
ezingapheliyo, ukuba ndindisholo kunye neengxaki zomchamo.

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Uthelekiso lwe-lobotomy kunye notyando lwamalungu esini

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Nangona izigulana ezininzi zihlupheka ngenxa yeengxaki
ezibangelwayo kwaye zibandezeleka kubunzima obukhulu bengqondo

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nobudlelwane, ziyaxokiswa esidlangalaleni zize zixelelwe
ukuba zonelisekile ziziphumo zotyando lwazo lwamalungu esini.

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Xa kuthelekiswa, iintsapho ezininzi zazibulela ngokunyanisekileyo
kuGqr. Freeman ngokunceda izalamane zazo,

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nangona kwakukho iziphumo ezinkulu
ezitshabalalisayo ezazibangelwa yolo nqwelo-mba.

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Nangoko njengangoku, oko kubonisa izinga elithile
lokuzikhohlisa okanye, njengoko abaphandi baseDatshi

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besoyika, "ulonwabo olugwenxisiweyo kukucinga ngeminqweno".

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Iintsapho ezivumileyo ukuba umntu wazo omthandekayo
enziwe i-lobotomy, ngokwendalo ziba nesizathu

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sokubambelela kwinkolelo yokuba ibisisigqibo esifanelekileyo.

10:42.556 --> 10:48.636
Ngokwenza njalo, iimpawu ezicacileyo
zokuba bekungekho njalo ziyahoywa ngabom.

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Abakwishumi elivisayo abaninzi okanye abazali babo,
kunye nabantu abadala abachaphazelekileyo, basenokuba

10:53.156 --> 10:56.256
bajongene nomzabalazo ongaphakathi ofanayo namhlanje.

10:56.256 --> 11:01.751
Bonke ubungqina obukhoyo obuvela phambi kokuba 'ukuxoxwa kakhulu
ngesini' kube yipolitiki kakhulu bubonisa

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ukuba uninzi lwabantwana abancinci bayavumelana
nesini sabo emva kokufika kweminyaka yobudala.

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Ngelishwa, noko ke, uphuhliso lwendalo lwabantu
abatsha lusekelwe kwisiseko sentlalo esitshatyalalisiweyo.

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Kuba ukufuna okungokwendalo ngokupheleleyo kwesazisi
somntu, okuhamba nokunganeliseki nokuzithandabuza,

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ngabom kunikezelwa egameni lolawulo lwentetho ngokwesini.

11:24.136 --> 11:30.473
Abantwana bexesha lethu bayangenelwa. Ukususela
kwinkulisa, bayakhuthazwa ukuba babuze ngesini sabo.

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Kwizifundo zesikolo, inkqubo yendalo ngokupheleleyo yokukhula
kwentsha iyahunyushwa ngabom ngendlela engachanekanga.

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Okuthetha ukuthi, umntu usenokuba uzalwe kumzimba
ongachanekanga kwaye ukukhetha isini esahlukileyo asiyongxaki.

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Oku kungena kanye kanye ezandleni ze-gender ideology ne-WPATH.

11:46.216 --> 11:51.022
Ukudilika nokutshatyalaliswa kweentsapho
kudla ngokubangela intlungu eyongezelelweyo.

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Endaweni yokulinda ngomonde nangokuzola ukuba isizukulwana
esitsha sifikelele ekupheleni kokukhula kwaso, amalungu e-WPATH

11:58.243 --> 12:03.597
ngokungakhathali axhasa ungenelelo lotyando
njengokuphela kwendlela yonyango, kwanakubantwana

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abancinci nabo banokugula kakhulu engqondweni.

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Kanye njengoko uFreeman noogxa bakhe babebanga ngelo
xesha ukuba ilobotomy yayiyithemba kuphela

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kwimiphefumlo elusizi nengonwabanga ezazikwiiziko zengqondo.

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Nangoko nangoku: ukukhubazeka okungenakulungiseka!

12:20.596 --> 12:27.050
Isiphelo Emva kokuba isigulana sakhe sokugqibela sisweleke
ngenxa yokopha kwengqondo ngo-1967, uWalter Freeman, owayesele

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elahlekelwe lihlazo, wakhutshwa ilayisensi yakhe yesibhedlele.

12:31.030 --> 12:37.056
Wachitha iintsuku zakhe eziseleyo ehamba kulo lonke elaseUnited
States, efuna izigulana zakhe neentsapho zazo,

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kwaye ekhangela ubungqina bokuba inkqubo yakhe
ayithanda kakhulu yayinceda endaweni yokuba ibenzakalise.

12:43.163 --> 12:49.850
UFreeman wayezibona 'njengomsindisi' wabantu abagulayo kakhulu
engqondweni kwaye wayekholelwa ukuba unika ithemba kwabangenalo.

12:49.850 --> 12:55.221
Ngesigcawu sekhondo lakhe lomsebenzi, wayengasoze akwazi
nokucinga ukuba ukuphiliswa kwakhe okumangalisayo kungade

12:55.221 --> 12:58.543
kuhlaziswe kwaye kuthatyathwe njengesenzo esikhohlakeleyo.

12:58.543 --> 13:02.209
Kunjalo nakwi-WPATH kunye namalungu ayo.

13:02.209 --> 13:09.456
Bekhuthazwe yingcinga yokuba ziqhawe lamalungelo oluntu
elilwela abacinezelweyo, bazibona njengovulindlela

13:09.456 --> 13:14.510
kwezonyango, benika unyango oluyimfuneko kwizigulana eziludinga.

13:14.510 --> 13:19.921
Noko ke, siyakholelwa ukuba ukutshiswa ngotyando kwezitho
zokuzala ezisempilweni kuza kungena kwimbali

13:19.921 --> 13:25.226
njengelaphulo-mthetho elilingana nelobotomy okanye
elingaphezulu kwayo ngobukhulu. Kwaye abaxhaphazi

13:25.226 --> 13:28.250
abafanelanga baphuncuke isohlwayo sabo esifanelekileyo!