WEBVTT 00:00.992 --> 00:05.718 A yau muna da bako wanda ke girgiza ginshikan kimiyyar likitanci. 00:05.718 --> 00:11.492 Mutum wanda ke ikirarin cewa ƙwayoyin cuta ba su wanzu. Ko aƙalla cewa babu wata hujja mai amfani. 00:11.492 --> 00:19.371 Mai suna mugu mai son ya san komai? Mai nazarin abubuwan asiri mai hauka ko ma mai son sake fasalta tarihi gaba ɗaya? Za mu gani. 00:19.371 --> 00:23.539 An tsara waɗannan jigogi a shafin yanar gizon dandamalin sa na Next Level: 00:23.539 --> 00:26.843 Muna ɗaukar hanyar yin tambayoyi masu ƙarfin hali da sake tunani. 00:26.843 --> 00:34.776 Muna nazarin batutuwan cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da na likitanci da sabon hangen nesa, muna gano sabani kuma muna buƙatar gaskiya. 00:34.776 --> 00:42.320 Iƙirarinmu sun tsaya ƙwarai a kan majiyoyi masu gaskiya kuma suna ba da tushe mai ƙarfi don tattaunawa mai gina jiki. 00:42.320 --> 00:46.671 Muna ci gaba da bude wa sabbin hangen nesa kuma muna karfafa gwiwar ci gaba da nazarin 00:46.671 --> 00:49.961 kai a fannin kimiyya. Wata hanya ce mai daraja! 00:49.961 --> 00:56.383 Bari mu yi maraba da kakakin manema labarai na Next Level, Mista Marvin Haberland, a cikin ɗakin studio na Kla.TV. Barka da zuwa! 00:56.383 --> 00:59.039 Yammaci lafiya kuma na gode ƙwarai da gayyatar. 00:59.039 --> 01:02.710 Eh, zan so! A gefe guda, hakan yana da matukar ban sha'awa. 01:02.710 --> 01:07.634 Mista Haberland, wannan buri mai daraja ne kuma mai amfani, amma a gefe guda, tambaya ta taso: shin 01:07.634 --> 01:10.841 lallai yana da muhimmanci dangane da batun ƙwayar cuta? 01:10.841 --> 01:15.501 Ko ba a riga an warware tambayar ƙwayar cuta ba tun sama da shekaru ɗari da suka wuce, kuma an tabbatar 01:15.501 --> 01:18.513 da hakan ba tare da wata shakka ba ta bincike da dama? 01:18.513 --> 01:26.380 Me yasa za a koma baya, kamar yadda ake cewa, kamar ba a yi ingantaccen bincike kan ƙwayoyin cuta ba? 01:26.380 --> 01:33.069 Eh, wannan tambaya ce mai kyau. Idan muka yi amfani da ka'idojin da ka tsara ko ka karanta a farko ga 01:33.069 --> 01:36.802 dukkan batutuwa, to ba za mu iya yin wani ban-banci ba. 01:36.802 --> 01:43.780 Kuma idan muka yi amfani da wannan a fannin nazarin ƙwayoyin cuta (virology) kuma muka duba wallafe-wallafen masana nazarin 01:43.780 --> 01:50.645 ƙwayoyin cuta, muka nazarci ayyukansu da kuma sakamakon da ke fitowa daga nazarin ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar magunguna, alluran 01:50.645 --> 01:55.864 rigakafi ko shawarwari, domin tabbatar da sahihancinsu na kimiyya, to matsaloli masu tsanani 01:55.864 --> 01:59.084 ne ke tasowa waɗanda suka shafi hanyar kimiyya. 01:59.084 --> 02:02.263 Kuma shi ne abin da za mu tattauna a yau. 02:02.263 --> 02:10.099 Eh, amma ba shakka an gano ƙwayoyin cuta kuma aka gabatar mana da su a kafofin watsa labarai da mujallu na ƙwararru. 02:10.099 --> 02:17.123 Na kawo wasu hotuna na ƙwayar cutar bluetongue, ƙwayar cutar HIV, ƙwayar cutar smallpox da ƙwayar cutar coronavirus. 02:17.123 --> 02:20.334 Yaya game da waɗannan manyan nasarori masu kawo sauyi? 02:20.334 --> 02:22.771 Wannan hujja ce a baƙi da fari. 02:22.771 --> 02:32.061 Don haka idan ka fara da zato cewa, misali, mutane biyu na iya kamuwa da cuta daga juna, to dole ne in 02:32.061 --> 02:37.880 gudanar da gwaji da zai goyi bayan ko tabbatar da zato na. 02:37.880 --> 02:45.861 Kuma a fannin nazarin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, ana cewa ƙananan ƙwayoyi suna tsallaka daga A zuwa B, misali ta 02:45.861 --> 02:50.201 iska, sannan waɗannan ƙananan ƙwayoyi su kamu da mutum. 02:50.201 --> 02:57.615 Wannan yana nufin cewa dole ne in tabbatar da wannan sarkar sanadi da sakamako gaba ɗaya domin tabbatar da wannan zato. 02:57.615 --> 03:04.388 Duk da haka, ba a ƙirƙiri waɗannan hotuna a irin wannan gwaji ko bincike ba. Hotunan da kuka nuna anan an ƙirƙire su ne ta hannun 03:04.388 --> 03:10.952 masana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta (virologists) da ke gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a dakin gwaje-gwaje – ba a cikin halitta kai tsaye 03:10.952 --> 03:16.728 (in vivo), ba a kan mutane, amma a cikin tsarin haɓakar ƙwayoyin a dakin gwaje-gwaje – ta hanyar ɗaukar tsarin 03:16.728 --> 03:23.115 haɓakar ƙwayoyin, yawanci daga birai, daga ƙwayoyin koda na birai, sannan a guba su kuma a hana su abinci. 03:23.115 --> 03:30.701 Sannan waɗannan hotuna su bayyana. Ana kuma kiran wannan cytopathic effect, da sauran abubuwa. 03:30.701 --> 03:38.192 Amma gaskiyar ita ce idan ka maimaita wannan gwaji da nama mai lafiya daga dabbobi masu lafiya, ko kuma idan 03:38.192 --> 03:45.240 ba ka saka samfurori daga dabbobi masu rashin lafiya ba, za ka samu daidai irin waɗannan hotuna. 03:45.240 --> 03:51.459 Wannan shi ne abin da ake kira a kimiyya gwajin kulawa ko kulawar mara. 03:51.459 --> 04:00.201 Wannan a zahiri an yi nufin kawar da yiwuwar cewa tsarin gwaji a dakin bincikena kansa ne ke haifar da wannan sakamako. 04:00.201 --> 04:07.248 Wannan yana nufin idan na yi gwaji yanzu kuma na ɗauki samfuran lafiya, zan samu daidai irin waɗannan hotuna. 04:07.248 --> 04:11.896 Amma masana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta ba sa yin hakan. Suna gudanar da gwaji guda ɗaya kawai, sa'annan su 04:11.896 --> 04:16.435 ɗauki hotunan waɗannan abubuwa su yi ikirarin cewa su ne ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da rashin lafiya. 04:16.435 --> 04:23.030 Sai dai, ba su nuna, na farko, cewa wannan yana faruwa ne musamman ga marasa lafiya kawai, kuma na 04:23.030 --> 04:26.553 biyu, cewa waɗannan tsarukan ne ke haifar da cutar. 04:26.553 --> 04:34.380 Domin a mataki na gaba, hoto kaɗai ba hujja ba ce cewa ƙwayar ko tsarin ne ke haifar da cutar. 04:34.380 --> 04:42.708 Zan iya nuna gida da ya lalace in ce cewa girgizar ƙasa ce ta jawo lalacewar, amma hoton kadai ba zai iya tabbatar da hakan ba. 04:42.708 --> 04:46.599 Akwai yiwuwar wata sanadi daban ce ta haddasa lalacewar. 04:46.599 --> 04:53.159 Wannan yana nufin cewa bayan na ɗauki hoto kuma na nuna wannan hoto, wanda a zahiri ke faruwa ne kawai a cikin mutanen da 04:53.159 --> 04:59.950 ke da rashin lafiya; ba zan iya samun waɗannan tsarin a cikin mutanen da suke da lafiya ba, sai in ware waɗannan tsarin. 04:59.950 --> 05:05.736 Sannan, a wani gwaji na gaba, a ba shi ga dabbobi ko mutane sannan a nuna: 05:05.736 --> 05:11.185 Aha, za su kamu da ciwon da alamomi iri ɗaya a yanzu idan na ba su waɗannan tsaruka. 05:11.185 --> 05:13.833 Masana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta ma ba sa yin wannan a kowane lokaci. 05:13.833 --> 05:16.536 Saboda haka, ana gudanar da duk aikin ne kawai a dakin gwaje-gwaje. 05:16.536 --> 05:22.007 Ana guba ƙwayoyin halitta, ana hana su abinci tare da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da sauransu, sannan waɗannan tasirin suke 05:22.007 --> 05:24.724 faruwa, waɗanda ake kira tasirin cutarwa na ƙwayoyin halitta. 05:24.724 --> 05:29.553 Kamar yadda aka ambata, waɗannan suna faruwa daidai haka, ba za a iya bambance su ba ko da a cikin ƙwayoyin nama masu lafiya. 05:29.553 --> 05:37.823 Kuma akwai bincike da wallafe-wallafe na kimiyyar ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa, musamman daga farkon zamanin kimiyyar ƙwayoyin cuta ta 05:37.823 --> 05:44.139 zamani a shekarun 1940 da 1950, waɗanda aka buga sau da yawa, waɗanda ke nuna cewa wannan tasirin 05:44.139 --> 05:48.087 yana faruwa ma idan aka yi amfani da nama mai lafiya. 05:48.087 --> 05:55.571 Kuma tun daga shekarun 1980 da 1990, masana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta sun ci gaba da kauce wa 05:55.571 --> 05:59.165 sarrafa waɗannan gwaje-gwaje da nama mai lafiya. 05:59.165 --> 06:04.342 Ba a sake yin hakan ba. Na yi musayar wasiƙu da dama game da wannan. 06:04.342 --> 06:10.731 Don haka, na gabatar da buƙatu da dama ƙarƙashin Dokar Yancin Samun Bayani. 06:10.731 --> 06:18.093 A duk faɗin duniya, a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, Robert Koch Institute, Public Health Service England, a Italiya, CDC 06:18.093 --> 06:25.678 a Amurka, Pasteur Institute a Faransa, Jami'ar Melbourne a Ostiraliya, Doherty Institute, da sauransu da sauransu. 06:25.678 --> 06:30.379 Domin duk yiwuwar ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar measles, SARS-CoV-2, HIV. Kuma saƙon koyaushe iri ɗaya ne: 06:30.379 --> 06:37.769 A'a, ba mu gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na kulawa ko sarrafawa marasa sakamako tare da kayan lafiya ba. Ba a yin hakan kwata-kwata. 06:37.769 --> 06:45.734 Amma idan sun san wannan bambanci, menene bayanin su? To me ya sa ba sa yin hakan? 06:45.734 --> 06:49.840 Shin suna cewa, "Eh, mun warware shi a shekarun 1940, ba ma buƙatar sa yanzu"? 06:49.840 --> 06:59.460 To, amsoshin suna bambanta. Wani lokaci za ka ji cewa babu ƙarfin gudanar da waɗannan gwaje-gwaje. 06:59.460 --> 07:04.706 Cewa kuna mai da hankali gaba ɗaya kan gwaje-gwaje masu kyau. 07:04.706 --> 07:09.581 Wannan shi ne, misali, martanin Ostiraliya ga SARS-CoV-2. 07:09.581 --> 07:18.613 A wasu lokuta, kamar yadda yake a yanzu da barkewar cutar kafa da baki a Cibiyar Friedrich Loeffler, an gaya mana cewa ba 07:18.613 --> 07:27.989 dole ba ne, domin wasu hanyoyi, wato hanyoyi na kaikaice, sun riga sun tabbatar cewa samfurin na ɗauke da ƙwayar cuta. 07:27.989 --> 07:33.918 Kuma waɗannan su ne uzuri na yau da kullum, zan ce, waɗanda ake yawan ji. 07:33.918 --> 07:41.876 Duk da haka, waɗannan ba su gamsar da kimiyya ba kuma suna take hanyar kimiyya, wadda ake buƙata ga duk masana 07:41.876 --> 07:49.715 cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da cibiyoyi bisa ga Sashe na 1 na Dokar Kariya daga Cutar kamuwa da Cuta ta Jamus. 07:49.715 --> 07:53.896 An ce dole ne kowa ya yi aiki bisa ga sabbin binciken kimiyya. 07:53.896 --> 08:03.969 Kuma Gidauniyar Bincike ta Jamus a Jamus tana ƙayyade ƙa'idodin aikin kimiyya ga duk masana kimiyya. 08:03.969 --> 08:10.948 Kuma a fili ya bayyana cewa dole ne mu gudanar da matakan kulawa na baya, ko maimakon haka mu duba 08:10.948 --> 08:14.828 hanyoyinmu, mu rubuta komai domin kowa ya fahimta. 08:14.828 --> 08:19.256 Kuma hakan an take shi gaba ɗaya a fannin nazarin ƙwayoyin cuta. 08:19.256 --> 08:27.481 Amma idan ka yi gwaje-gwajen sarrafawa, kamar yadda mu kanmu muka wallafa, misali mun wallafa gwaje-gwajen sarrafawa inda ka ƙara 08:27.481 --> 08:34.877 daidai waɗannan magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da masana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta ke amfani da su a kan abubuwa masu 08:34.877 --> 08:40.487 lafiya, kana amfani daidai da dabarun yunwa da masana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta ke amfani 08:40.487 --> 08:43.445 da su, sai ka samu daidai waɗannan tasirin. 08:43.445 --> 08:50.089 Kuma, tabbas, masana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta kansu sun wallafa wannan sau da dama a baya, amma kamar yadda na ce, muna 08:50.089 --> 08:57.313 magana ne game da lokacin daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1960 da 1970. Tun daga shekarun 1980 da 1990, ba a sake yin hakan ba. 08:57.313 --> 09:01.080 Muna magana koyaushe game da ƙwayoyin cuta. Me ya sa akwai magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin 09:01.080 --> 09:03.616 waɗannan tsarin haɓakar ƙwayoyin? Me suke yi a can? 09:03.616 --> 09:07.086 Eh, wannan ma tambaya ce mai matuƙar muhimmanci kuma mai kyau. 09:07.086 --> 09:14.604 Masana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta suna amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen kiwon ƙwayoyin 09:14.604 --> 09:17.117 a dakin gwaje-gwaje domin suna son tsarkake kiwon ƙwayoyin. 09:17.117 --> 09:23.899 Kana son hana kwayoyin cuta ko wasu ƙananan halittu su shafi gwajin. 09:23.899 --> 09:30.630 Suna so ne kawai kwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ba su da rai a zahiri, ba halittu masu rai ba ne, suna 09:30.630 --> 09:34.235 so ne kawai waɗannan kwayoyin cutar su yi tasiri. 09:34.235 --> 09:38.555 Kuma suna son kusan kawar da duk sauran ƙwayoyin halitta. 09:38.555 --> 09:44.738 Duk da haka, masana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta sau da yawa ba sa lura da cewa magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta kansu suna 09:44.738 --> 09:48.547 haifar da matsanancin damuwa ga nama, ga wannan noman ƙwayoyin. 09:48.547 --> 09:55.865 Kuma ba da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, galibi ana amfani da guda biyu, penicillin da streptomycin tare, waɗanda da kansu ke 09:55.865 --> 10:02.319 haifar da damuwa ga tsarin kwayoyin halitta, sannan wannan tasirin, wato cytopathic effect, ya faru, inda tsarin 10:02.319 --> 10:10.331 kwayoyin halitta ke rushewa, sannan a sayar mana da shi a matsayin hoto na ƙwayar cuta, kamar yadda ake cewa. 10:10.331 --> 10:15.216 Akwai kuma bayanan masana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wasikun musayar ra'ayi, ciki har da daga hukumomi kamar 10:15.216 --> 10:17.855 Friedrich Loeffler Institute, waɗanda suka bayyana a sarari: 10:17.855 --> 10:24.121 Wannan abu ne da aka sani sosai. Masana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta sun san cewa magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta suna da matsala ga 10:24.121 --> 10:27.530 nama kuma za su iya haifar da wannan tasirin cutar a ƙwayoyin. 10:27.530 --> 10:35.824 Kuma shi ya sa, a ilmin kimiyya, dole ne a gudanar da gwajin kulawa, inda ake maganin samfurin lafiya da 10:35.824 --> 10:41.241 magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta, amma hakan ba a taba yi ba. 10:41.241 --> 10:46.170 Wannan yana nufin cewa ko da tare da sabbin hanyoyi da mafi kyawun na'urorin linzamin electron na bincike, ana iya ganin irin 10:46.170 --> 10:48.640 waɗannan tasirin a cikin mutane masu lafiya da marasa lafiya. 10:48.640 --> 10:49.170 Eh. 10:49.170 --> 10:49.955 Babu bambanci? 10:49.955 --> 10:53.453 Babu bambanci; ba za a iya bambance shi ba. 10:53.453 --> 10:58.130 Akwai wani batu da Kungiyar Bincike ta Jamus ke bukata, wanda ba a taba amfani da shi a fannin nazarin 10:58.130 --> 11:01.624 cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta ba, kuma shi ne boye bayanai. 11:01.624 --> 11:10.187 Gaskiya yana da muhimmanci cewa masana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta a dakin gwaje-gwaje su kada su san wane samfurin ne aka 11:10.187 --> 11:18.216 kamu da cuta kuma wane, misali, ya fito daga tushe mai lafiya, domin kada su yi nuna son rai ko su riga sun yi ra'ayi. 11:18.216 --> 11:21.732 Haka kuma ba a taɓa yin hakan a kowane lokaci a fannin nazarin kwayoyin cuta gaba ɗaya ba. 11:21.732 --> 11:24.841 Wannan yana nufin cewa a zahiri muna da wasu keta ka'idojin hanyar kimiyya. 11:24.841 --> 11:31.287 Rashin gwaje-gwaje na sarrafawa, rashin cikakken takardun bayanai da rashin ɓoye bayanai, kuma ana ci gaba 11:31.287 --> 11:35.950 da take duk waɗannan – har ma daga Cibiyar Robert Koch. 11:35.950 --> 11:42.953 Kuma kamar yadda na ce, ba wai sukar hanyar kimiyya kawai ba ne, amma mun sani cewa idan ka gudanar da waɗannan gwaje-gwajen 11:42.953 --> 11:47.300 sarrafawa, sakamako iri ɗaya ne ke faruwa ba tare da bambanci ba. 11:47.300 --> 11:54.073 Wannan kawai wargazar kai tsaye da ƙaryatawa ce ga ilimin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta – aƙalla dangane da wannan tasirin. 11:54.073 --> 11:57.830 Yanzu mun tattauna game da waɗannan hotuna anan, gwaje-gwajen kiwon ƙwayoyin halitta. 11:57.830 --> 12:02.799 Masana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta sai su ɗauki mataki na biyu, wato jerin tsarin gado, wanda wasu 12:02.799 --> 12:05.713 masu kallo watakila sun taɓa jin labarinsa a da. 12:05.713 --> 12:13.432 Sai a yi ƙoƙarin gano jinin halitta ko bayanan gado na ƙwayar cuta. 12:13.432 --> 12:17.112 Duk wannan ana yin sa ne ta amfani da samfurin kwamfuta, a ce. 12:17.112 --> 12:20.440 Wannan kwaikwayo ne na kwamfuta kawai da ake yin amfani da shirye-shirye na kwamfuta. 12:20.440 --> 12:28.020 Ba shi da alaƙa da ainihin jerin abubuwa, kuma a nan ba a gudanar da wani bincike ba. 12:28.020 --> 12:33.026 Kuma za ku kuma buƙaci yin jerin tsarin kiwon ƙwayoyin halitta masu lafiya wanda ke haifar da waɗannan tasirin daidai. 12:33.026 --> 12:37.665 Kuma ga abin mamaki, idan ka yi haka, za ka ga irin waɗannan genomes ɗin da ƙwayoyin cutar iri ɗaya a 12:37.665 --> 12:40.112 cikin tsarin kula da ƙwayoyin sel masu lafiya ma. 12:40.112 --> 12:45.092 Wannan yana nufin cewa zan iya ƙididdige dukkan ƙwayoyin cuta daga cikin tsarin kula da ƙwayoyin sel masu lafiya da 12:45.092 --> 12:47.768 na guba da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta kuma na yi yunwa. 12:47.768 --> 12:51.034 Zan iya gano HIV a can da sauƙi ta amfani da shirin kwamfuta. 12:51.034 --> 12:56.212 Zan iya samun SARS-CoV-2 a can, da kuma nau'ikan SARS-CoV-2. 12:56.212 --> 13:04.904 Kuma zan iya ƙara sauƙaƙa duk wannan ta hanyar sanya wannan noman ƙwayoyin halitta ya bi wasu ƙarin matakai, kamar PCR, inda 13:04.904 --> 13:09.424 nake ninka wannan noman ƙwayoyin halitta, kamar yadda ake cewa. 13:09.424 --> 13:11.276 Wannan yana nufin kawai nake ninka kayan. 13:11.276 --> 13:16.745 Wannan yana sa ya fi sauƙi ga shirin kwamfuta ya gano ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ya ƙididdige su, a ce. 13:16.745 --> 13:23.978 Kuma muna sukar duk wannan saboda mun ga cewa idan aka sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata, kamar yadda ya dace a yi shi 13:23.978 --> 13:31.142 bisa kimiyya, to muna ƙaryatawa kuma muna musanta bayanan da masana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta suka yi. 13:31.142 --> 13:37.370 Kuma – duk wannan ya yi kama da abin rikitarwa, don haka kuna iya buƙatar saurara shi sau ɗaya ko sau biyu ƙari – amma 13:37.370 --> 13:43.597 yanzu ga mafi sauƙi kuma mafi muhimmanci batu, wanda ya kamata ya zama gaba ɗaya mai ma'ana ga duk masu kallo. 13:43.597 --> 13:47.441 Ba tare da la'akari da waɗannan hotuna da ake ci gaba da nuna mana ba, kuma ba tare da la'akari da gwaje-gwajen kiwon 13:47.441 --> 13:52.074 ƙwayoyin halitta da tsarin binciken jerin gado ta kwamfuta ba – gaba ɗaya ba tare da la'akari da duk wannan ba: 13:52.074 --> 13:59.022 Dukkan gwaje-gwajen yaduwa da aka taɓa gudanarwa a tarihi, wato haɗa mutane masu lafiya da marasa 13:59.022 --> 14:02.385 lafiya, ko dabbobi ko mutane, sun gaza. Dukkansu! 14:02.385 --> 14:08.281 Wannan yana nufin duk lokacin da na yi ƙoƙarin haɗa marasa lafiya da masu lafiya a cikin gwaji mai 14:08.281 --> 14:11.754 sarrafawa don tabbatar da yaduwar cuta, ba ya aiki! 14:11.754 --> 14:15.866 Kuma wannan ma wata ƙaryata ce kai tsaye ga ilimin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. 14:15.866 --> 14:21.240 Eh, watakila ba kai tsaye ba. Amma ba za ka iya cewa ƙwayoyin cuta ba sa haifar da cuta 14:21.240 --> 14:23.983 ba idan ka ga irin waɗannan kamuwa da cuta. 14:23.983 --> 14:25.553 Ina nufin, za ka iya ganinsa a cikin aji na makaranta. 14:25.553 --> 14:27.500 Sa'an nan ɗaya daga cikin yara yana rashin lafiya, na gaba ma yana rashin lafiya, malamai 14:27.500 --> 14:28.509 ma suna rashin lafiya, rabin ajin babu kowa. 14:28.509 --> 14:31.992 Mun sake samun hakan. Ta yaya hakan zai faru? 14:31.992 --> 14:38.520 Idan aka tabbatar cewa ba kwayoyin cuta ke da hannu ba, sai dai waɗannan alamun rashin takamaiman da muke yawan 14:38.520 --> 14:41.780 fama da su, waɗanda ke maimaituwa lokaci bayan lokaci. 14:41.780 --> 14:47.735 Wannan asibiti ne na al'ada da ke bayyana. Ta yaya za ka bayyana hakan? 14:47.735 --> 14:52.886 Eh, idan muka lura da waɗannan abubuwa, ana samun zato-zaton kimiyya. 14:52.886 --> 14:55.892 Misali, yanzu su ne ƙwayoyin zarra ko ƙwayoyin cuta ke yaduwa. 14:55.892 --> 14:59.799 Wannan hasashe ne mai kyau sosai. Amma idan ka gwada shi, ba ya aiki. 14:59.799 --> 15:02.697 Don haka muna buƙatar ƙarin ra'ayoyi, ƙarin zato. 15:02.697 --> 15:05.713 Tabbas, mun yi tunani sosai a kai. 15:05.713 --> 15:10.650 Idan ba ƙwayoyin cuta ba ne, me zai iya kasancewa? Ko ƙwayoyin cuta ne? 15:10.650 --> 15:18.395 Wannan a fili ya kai mu ga abubuwa kamar gina jiki, tasirin muhalli, guba da 15:18.395 --> 15:24.309 fuskantar tasirin waje dangane da binciken kimiyya. 15:24.309 --> 15:32.999 Tabbas, ana iya tunanin tushen radiyasyon, dalilan tunani da damuwa. 15:32.999 --> 15:40.504 Waɗannan duk su ne dalilai da za a iya tabbatar da su sosai ta hanyar gwaji, misali a kowace gwaji. 15:40.504 --> 15:48.231 Zan iya haifar da alamomi ta hanyar abinci kawai. Zan iya haifar da ciwukan kumburi ta hanyar guba. 15:48.231 --> 15:51.050 Zan iya haifar da ciwukan kumburi ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen radiyasyon. 15:51.050 --> 15:55.558 Zan iya kunna alamomi da kashe su ta danna maɓalli ɗaya ta amfani da waɗannan canje-canje. 15:55.558 --> 16:01.523 Wannan yana nufin cewa mun riga mun san abubuwa da yawa game da alamomi da dama, yadda za mu iya haifar da 16:01.523 --> 16:05.730 su a cikin gwaje-gwaje, da abin da ke haddasa su, a ce. 16:05.730 --> 16:14.400 Ba dukansu ba, amma da yawa sosai. Shi ya sa muke cewa ya fi ma'ana a ci gaba da bincike a wannan fanni kuma a gudanar da 16:14.400 --> 16:20.562 bincike marar iyaka a can, maimakon mai da hankali kan wannan batu koyaushe, wanda aka 16:20.562 --> 16:25.605 ƙaryata shi gaba ɗaya tun daga farko har ƙarshe. 16:25.605 --> 16:30.098 Wannan ma yana hana ƙarin fahimta, ƙarin bincike, da ƙarin ilimi. 16:30.098 --> 16:41.392 Wannan ma abu ne da muke matuƙar suka, domin yana takaita matuƙar hangen nesa na ilimi ga batun da aka ƙaryata. 16:41.392 --> 16:46.629 Shin na fahimta daidai? Ko ƙwayoyin cuta ko bakteriya ba su ne ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta ba? 16:46.629 --> 16:53.208 Haka ne. A cewar kimiyya, idan ka gudanar da waɗannan gwaje-gwaje da ƙwayoyin cuta ko da abin da kake ikirarin 16:53.208 --> 16:57.135 ƙwayoyin cuta ne, ba za ka iya tabbatar da kamuwa da cuta ba. 16:57.135 --> 17:05.641 Amma idan ka yi hakan da ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda za ka iya gani a ƙarƙashin mikroskōp, wato suna wanzu, duk da haka, 17:05.641 --> 17:13.729 idan muka ware waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta, ba za mu iya haifar da kamuwa da cuta a cikin gwaji mai sarrafawa ba. 17:13.729 --> 17:22.532 Misali: Idan na ɗauki salmonella ko wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da ake ikirarin su ne ke haifar da wasu alamomi, ba zan iya kamuwa 17:22.532 --> 17:27.459 da su ko gurbata wani mai rai mai lafiya da su ba. Ba ya aiki. 17:27.459 --> 17:34.840 Ana lura koyaushe cewa idan wani mai rai ya riga ya kamu da rashin lafiya ko yana nuna alamun cuta, ƙwayoyin 17:34.840 --> 17:41.732 cuta ma suna yaduwa a wurin a lokaci guda, a matsayin tasirin da ke biye, kamar yadda ake cewa. 17:41.732 --> 17:47.740 Amma wannan, misali, shi ne don yin kamanceceniya ga mai kallo, kamar gida mai ƙonewa. 17:47.740 --> 17:54.256 Idan ina ganin gidaje suna ƙonewa, sau da yawa ko kusan koyaushe nakan lura cewa ma'aikatan kashe gobara ma suna wurin. 17:54.256 --> 17:57.975 Wannan yana nufin alaƙar, alaƙar tana da matuƙar girma. 17:57.975 --> 18:03.521 Duk da haka, wannan bai tabbatar cewa masu kashe gobara ne suka haddasa gobarar ba. 18:03.521 --> 18:06.014 Suna bayyana ne kawai a lokaci guda da wuta. 18:06.014 --> 18:11.107 Don haka dole ne ka yi matuƙar taka tsantsan da ƙananan halittu da ƙwayoyin cuta, ka kuma duba su sosai. 18:11.107 --> 18:16.717 Kawai saboda suna bayyana tare da alamomi ba yana nufin su ne suka jawo ba. 18:16.717 --> 18:21.255 Domin, kamar yadda na fada yanzu, idan na ware su kuma na ba wa mutum mai lafiya wanda ba ya 18:21.255 --> 18:23.566 rashin lafiya kwayoyin cuta, babu abin da zai faru. 18:23.566 --> 18:32.838 Kuma wannan a zahiri shi ne ƙaryataccen hujja cewa babu wata cuta ko kamuwa ta kwayoyin halitta kamar bakteriya. 18:32.838 --> 18:36.040 Amma hakan ma ya haɗa da ƙwari masu tsotse jini da tsutsotsi. A can ma ba ya aiki. 18:36.040 --> 18:41.136 Ba za ka iya kamuwa da lafiyayyun mutane ta haka ba. Ba ya aiki. 18:41.136 --> 18:44.705 Eh, amma mu koma kan wannan yanayin a cikin aji. 18:44.705 --> 18:52.080 Ba duk yara ke cin abinci iri ɗaya ba. Ba dukansu ke da yanayin rayuwa daidai ɗaya ba. 18:52.080 --> 18:56.632 Ta yaya, don haka, dukansu suka sami irin waɗannan alamomi? 18:56.632 --> 19:01.111 Don haka, idan muka ce muna da alamomi makamantan juna a cikin aji: 19:01.111 --> 19:04.431 Da farko, wannan ba koyaushe yake shafar dukkan yara ba, sai kaɗan ne kawai. 19:04.431 --> 19:09.713 Kuma dole ne mu nemi abin da muka yi daidai a kai. Yara duk suna cikin ɗaki ɗaya. 19:09.713 --> 19:12.369 Dukansu suna da darussa iri ɗaya. 19:12.369 --> 19:15.635 Dukkansu suna fuskantar irin yanayin muhalli ɗaya. 19:15.635 --> 19:19.478 Dukkansu suna fuskantar irin yanayin muhalli ɗaya a cikin wannan ɗaki. 19:19.478 --> 19:27.617 Kuma hakan na iya zama isassun canje-canje ko hujjoji, waɗanda tabbas za a yi gwaji a kansu cikin hikima. 19:27.617 --> 19:34.750 Wannan zai kasance mataki na biyu. Amma ba mu ƙaranci zato ba. Daidai. 19:34.750 --> 19:42.155 Amma idan ka ce ba a tabbatar da wanzuwar waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cututtuka ba kuma kimiyya a zahiri ba 19:42.155 --> 19:49.436 ta san abin da take yi ko abin da take nema ba, to yaya amfanin matakan rigakafi kamar alluran rigakafi? 19:49.436 --> 20:00.475 Eh, za su iya zama masu amfani ba tare da hujjar kasancewar ƙwayoyin cuta ba idan sun nuna fa'ida a wani gwaji mai ma'ana. 20:00.475 --> 20:05.832 Don haka, ko da kuwa ƙwayoyin cuta suna wanzu ko ba su wanzu, allurar rigakafi na iya aiki. 20:05.832 --> 20:10.525 Amma ba haka abin ke faruwa ba idan aka yi gwaje-gwaje da alluran rigakafi. 20:10.525 --> 20:17.000 Da farko, mafi yawan binciken alluran rigakafi ma ba sa bin ƙa'idodin kimiyya. 20:17.000 --> 20:19.681 Wannan yana nufin cewa muna da aƙalla ƙungiyoyi biyu. 20:19.681 --> 20:24.165 Wani yana karɓar allurar rigakafi, wani kuma yana karɓar placebo mai dacewa. 20:24.165 --> 20:30.179 Sannan sai a duba hoton likitanci na tsantsa. 20:30.179 --> 20:32.876 Haka lamarin yake da coronavirus, misali, game da alluran rigakafin coronavirus. 20:32.876 --> 20:35.915 An yi taka tsantsan don haɗa ƙungiyar placebo. 20:35.915 --> 20:41.689 An ba ta ruwan saline, wanda da kansa ba zai zama placebo mai dacewa ba. 20:41.689 --> 20:48.421 Saboda a cikin placebo a matsayin kyakkyawan iko mara amfani, ya kamata ya bambanta da sinadarin aiki ne kawai a cikin 20:48.421 --> 20:51.869 wani guda ɗaya, domin a iya lura da wannan guda ɗaya kawai. 20:51.869 --> 20:53.931 A wannan yanayin, zai kasance wannan sashin ƙwayoyin cuta ne. 20:53.931 --> 20:59.064 Maganin gishiri ya bambanta da ainihin allurar rigakafi a cikin daruruwan bambance-bambance. 20:59.064 --> 21:01.580 Amma wannan wata magana gaba ɗaya ce. 21:01.580 --> 21:06.197 Me aka yi a cikin waɗannan nazarin cutar coronavirus don alluran rigakafin coronavirus? Misali, na BioNTech-Pfizer? 21:06.197 --> 21:11.501 Daga baya sai aka yi wa mutane gwaji ne kawai ta amfani da gwaje-gwajen PCR. 21:11.501 --> 21:14.752 Duk da haka, idan ka karanta ƙananan rubutun binciken, adadin mutanen da suka kamu da 21:14.752 --> 21:16.962 rashin lafiya a cikin kowanne rukuni ya yi daidai. 21:16.962 --> 21:21.119 A cikin waɗannan nazarin, ana kiran wannan "shakku-shakku na Covid-19". 21:21.119 --> 21:22.770 Wannan yana nufin cewa kusan adadin mutane iri ɗaya ne suka kamu da rashin lafiya. 21:22.770 --> 21:26.220 Ba zai yiwu a bambance komai a ainihin asibitin ba. 21:26.220 --> 21:32.197 Wannan yana nufin cewa allurar rigakafin ba ta yi wani tasiri na asibiti ba kwata-kwata. Kawai gwajin PCR ne ya nuna bambanci. 21:32.197 --> 21:34.190 Kuma a can ma, muna sukar alluran rigakafi. 21:34.190 --> 21:42.580 Ba a tabbatar da su ta hanyar kimiyya a matsayin masu tasiri wajen yakar cututtuka. Kuma don ƙara wa hakan, kamar yadda ake cewa: 21:42.580 --> 21:52.919 Idan ka duba masassara da ciwon kuka, ko wasu cututtuka da ke da alaƙa da rigakafi, inda maganin gargajiya ke jayayya cewa 21:52.919 --> 22:03.852 rigakafi ya kawar da waɗannan cututtuka, za ka ga cewa tun daɗe kafin a fara yin rigakafi, ƙididdiga sun nuna cewa yawan waɗannan 22:03.852 --> 22:09.470 cututtuka ya riga ya fara raguwa, kuma hakika yana raguwa sosai. 22:09.470 --> 22:15.775 A wasu lokuta, kamar cutar taru, yawan kamuwa da cutar ya ragu har zuwa kashi 95 cikin ɗari a Jamus kafin a fara yin rigakafi. 22:15.775 --> 22:19.350 Wannan yana nufin cewa cutar ta riga ta ɓace kafin a fara yin rigakafi. 22:19.350 --> 22:24.173 Wannan yana nufin cewa ba za a iya fitar da kowanne tasiri daga wannan bayanin ba. 22:24.173 --> 22:28.244 Shi ya sa muke sukar alluran rigakafi kamar yadda muke sukar ilimin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. 22:28.244 --> 22:36.033 Kuma, a gefe guda, ana kuma ɗaukar mafi yawan sauran magunguna a matsayin marasa tasiri kuma marasa amfani. 22:36.033 --> 22:37.900 Amma hakan ya yi kama da zamba. 22:37.900 --> 22:42.847 A ra'ayinka, shin duk masana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da masu binciken kiwon lafiya masu zamba ne kuma mutane masu mugunta? 22:42.847 --> 22:48.119 A'a, ba kwata-kwata. Muna koyaushe dole mu yi la'akari da bangaren ɗan adam ma. 22:48.119 --> 22:54.423 Saboda waɗannan mutane sun sadaukar da duk rayuwarsu ga wannan batu, ga wannan bincike. 22:54.423 --> 23:00.974 Suna da son rai, kamar yadda ake cewa a Turanci, ko kuma suna da nuna wariya, suna da ra'ayi mai karkacewa, ba za su iya tunani 23:00.974 --> 23:04.330 a fili ba, kuma sau da yawa dukan rayuwarsu ta dogara da hakan. 23:04.330 --> 23:10.009 Wannan yana nufin suna da iyalai, suna da yara da sauransu, kuma watakila ba za su iya samun damar yin suka ba. 23:10.009 --> 23:14.783 Kullum dole ne ka yi la'akari da hakan; ba shi da atomatik ke sanya mutane su zama miyagu. 23:14.783 --> 23:17.983 Ana iya zargin yawancin masana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da jahilci. 23:17.983 --> 23:21.337 Saboda suna ƙin karɓar tayinmu na yin magana a koda yaushe. 23:21.337 --> 23:27.819 Wani lokaci muna samun amsoshi ga tambayoyin da muka rubuta, amma ba koyaushe ba, kuma yana da matuƙar 23:27.819 --> 23:31.345 wahala mu shiga muhawara ta kimiyya mai adalci a can. 23:31.345 --> 23:38.445 Tabbas za ka iya zargin su da hakan, amma ba zan tafi har in ce duk likitoci ko duk masana cututtukan 23:38.445 --> 23:42.345 ƙwayoyin cuta da sauransu suna yin hakan da gangan ba. 23:42.345 --> 23:50.001 Yafi kama da irin kariyar kai, kuma wata jahilci ce game da batun. 23:50.001 --> 23:56.205 Duk da haka, masu goyon bayan ka'idar ƙwayar cuta suna jayayya cewa cututtukan kamuwa da cuta sun fara raguwa ne kawai bayan an 23:56.205 --> 24:02.384 gabatar da tsaftar muhalli, misali ta Ignaz Semmelweis a fannin likitancin mata da Robert Koch ta hanyar ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta. 24:02.384 --> 24:07.470 Kuma ko ba ka sa waɗannan nasarorin haɗari na sake rushewa ba da maganganunka? 24:07.470 --> 24:17.136 Dole ne koyaushe ka bambance. Matakai kamar ingantaccen tsaftar jiki tabbas na iya yin tasiri, misali, saboda kawai na bari 24:17.136 --> 24:21.955 ƙananan abubuwa na waje shiga cikin raunina ko cikin jikina. 24:21.955 --> 24:26.447 Tabbas, jiki yana amsawa ga datti na waje, zan ce, da kumburi. 24:26.447 --> 24:28.884 Wannan ya bayyana sosai, kuma hakan ya dace. 24:28.884 --> 24:31.798 Amma hakan ba lallai yana da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin cuta ba. 24:31.798 --> 24:38.043 A cikin ilimin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, maganar tana da matuƙar bayyane: akwai ƙananan ƙwayoyi da ke 24:38.043 --> 24:41.415 haifar da cututtuka, waɗanda su ne sanadiyyar su. 24:41.415 --> 24:46.548 Kuma dole ne in tabbatar da hakan ta hanyar kimiyya. Ba zan iya kawai barin shi a haka ba. 24:46.548 --> 24:52.718 Tabbas, tsaftar muhalli ta inganta yanayi. Duk da haka, hakan na da manyan iyakoki. 24:52.718 --> 24:58.403 Alal misali, a lokacin annobar coronavirus, an gudanar da bincike da yawa, kamar yadda aka 24:58.403 --> 25:01.460 yi da mura, inda aka yi nazari kan rukuni biyu. 25:01.460 --> 25:04.890 Ɗaya ya aiwatar da matakan tsafta, ɗayan bai yi ba. 25:04.890 --> 25:07.890 Ko ɗaya ya yi amfani da maski, ɗayan kuma bai yi ba. 25:07.890 --> 25:16.267 Kuma a cikin duk waɗannan binciken gwaje-gwaje na kimiyya (RCT) da ake kira ma'aunin zinariya, inda ake da rukuni biyu 25:16.267 --> 25:24.343 kuma abu ɗaya kawai ne ya bambanta, za a ga cewa matakan tsaftar muhalli da kuma maski ba su yi wani tasiri ba. 25:24.343 --> 25:28.914 Duk ƙungiyoyin biyu koyaushe suna da adadin marasa lafiya masu alamun cuta iri ɗaya. 25:28.914 --> 25:36.763 Don haka babu wani bambanci mai muhimmanci a kididdiga. Kuma hakan ma ya ƙaryata wannan zato. 25:36.763 --> 25:41.468 Duk da haka, tabbas ana ba da shawarar yin tsafta yanzu idan akwai raunuka a buɗe, kamar yadda na ambata. 25:41.468 --> 25:48.116 Domin jiki yana cikin koshin lafiya ne kawai idan babu wani abu na waje a cikin nama. Wannan ya bayyana sosai. 25:48.116 --> 25:51.085 Kuma daga baya, a tarihi, an kuma yi irin waɗannan manyan yunƙurin kamuwa da cuta. 25:51.085 --> 25:54.968 Tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙen duniya, a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙen duniya. 25:54.968 --> 26:02.559 Ko hakan bai kai ga ƙarshe ba cewa, ban da ƙwayoyin cuta, akwai wasu hanyoyin haifar da cuta 26:02.559 --> 26:07.270 da za a iya bibiyar su zuwa waɗannan ƙwayoyin? 26:07.270 --> 26:13.820 To, a zahiri an yi yunƙura da yawa na kamuwa da cuta a tarihi. 26:13.820 --> 26:20.179 A lokacin annobar mura ta Spain, eh, amma daga baya ma da taru da sauran cututtuka da dama, ciki har da mura da sauransu. 26:20.179 --> 26:23.757 Kuma na riga na ambata a farko cewa koyaushe suna kasa. 26:23.757 --> 26:31.039 Don haka ba za ka taɓa iya tabbatar da cewa za ka iya kamuwa da mutane a cikin tsari mai sarrafawa ba. Ba koyaushe yake aiki ba. 26:31.039 --> 26:36.390 Kuma a wannan lokaci, a kalla, ya kamata mutum ya fara yin tunani da la'akari cewa wani abu ba daidai ba ne. 26:36.390 --> 26:41.929 Likitoci ko ma'aikatan bincike da ke cikin waɗannan nazarin, tabbas koyaushe suna mamakin wannan. Kai, yaya hakan zai yiwu? 26:41.929 --> 26:51.242 A nan, muna ƙoƙarin amfani da cututtuka mafi saurin yaduwa a gwaji, amma ba ta taba aiki ba. Ta yaya hakan zai yiwu? 26:51.242 --> 26:57.756 Sa'an nan, tabbas, hujjoji irin su "Eh, watakila ba a taɓa taruwar ƙwayoyin cuta sosai ba, ko watakila 26:57.756 --> 27:02.429 waɗannan masu gwaji sun riga sun sami kariya" sukan taso. 27:02.429 --> 27:05.359 Duk waɗannan hasashe ne masu kyau, babu wata shakka a kai. 27:05.359 --> 27:11.093 Gaskiya ita ce, duk da haka, ba mu taɓa samun nasarar tabbatar da kamuwa da cuta a cikin wani gwaji ba. 27:11.093 --> 27:17.015 Kuma dole ne ka bar shi ya nutse a zuciyarka da farko, ka fahimce shi da farko, kuma ka gane shi da farko. 27:17.015 --> 27:27.218 Kuma hakan ya ƙaryata ikirarin cewa muna da kowace irin cuta a nan kwata-kwata, kuma cewa yana aiki ta waɗannan ƙwayoyin. 27:27.218 --> 27:28.945 Za ka iya ganin hakan a cikin waɗannan nazarin maski. 27:28.945 --> 27:36.710 Idan, misali, an sa maskin FFP2 a zahiri, ko kuma idan ƙwayoyin cuta suna wanzu, to dole ne a sami tasiri. 27:36.710 --> 27:39.929 Ko kuma takunkumin tsafta ya kamata ya yi tasiri, amma baya yi. 27:39.929 --> 27:47.507 Wannan yana nufin cewa muna da ƙaryatawa ga ilimin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta a fannoni da dama da gwaje-gwaje daban-daban. 27:47.507 --> 27:55.071 Tabbas, yanzu za a iya ƙoƙarin ci gaba da rayar da shi da duk ƙarfi da dukiyoyi, kuma a zahiri ana yin hakan, domin abubuwa 27:55.071 --> 28:02.820 da yawa suna dogara da shi: babban ɓangare na masana'antu, babban yawan mu'amalar tattalin arziki, kuɗi, da sauransu. 28:02.820 --> 28:07.874 Za a iya tunanin cewa idan wannan ya fara rushewa, za a samu girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi, 28:07.874 --> 28:11.080 kuma tabbas mutum zai so ya guje wa hakan. 28:11.080 --> 28:17.335 Kuma muna so kawai mu nuna ta hanyar kimiyya da gaskiya cewa akwai matsaloli masu girma da karo-karu masu yawa 28:17.335 --> 28:23.197 idan ka duba kimiyyar da ke nan, kuma wannan abu ne da ba za ka iya karɓa ba a matsayin masanin kimiyya. 28:23.197 --> 28:27.189 A matsayin masanin kimiyya mai nazari, ba za a iya yarda da wannan ba. 28:27.189 --> 28:31.470 Wannan yana nufin cewa tushe-tushen ba su dace ba, don haka wannan ka'idar ba za a iya karɓa ba. 28:31.470 --> 28:33.869 Shin ka karanta waɗannan tushe-tushen da kanka? 28:33.869 --> 28:40.914 Daidai ne, a Next Level, kamar yadda na ambata yanzu, mun kasance cikin mu'amala da wasiƙu da daruruwan cibiyoyi, 28:40.914 --> 28:44.866 fiye da 200 a zahiri, tare da masana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. 28:44.866 --> 28:50.794 Mun gudanar da hirarraki kuma mun aika tambayoyi zuwa Cibiyar Robert Koch da sauran dukkan cibiyoyi a 28:50.794 --> 28:54.609 duniya baki ɗaya da ke da wani abin rahoto a wannan fanni. 28:54.609 --> 29:02.397 Kuma kowa ya tabbatar cewa babu kowane na'urar gwaji mara kyau a cikin samfuran lafiya, cewa babu kowane na'urar gwaji mara kyau 29:02.397 --> 29:06.874 kwata-kwata a cikin jerin gado. Don haka ba su nan gaba ɗaya. 29:06.874 --> 29:14.867 Gaskiyar cewa ba a gudanar da gwaje-gwajen kamuwa da cuta ba, misali saboda dalilan ɗabi'a, hujja ce 29:14.867 --> 29:18.968 marar tushe da ake amfani da ita wajen kare kansa. 29:18.968 --> 29:24.772 Za ka iya yin abu iri ɗaya da dabbobi, kamar yadda kake yi koyaushe da alluran rigakafi da sauran magunguna, amma 29:24.772 --> 29:27.515 abin mamaki ana amfani da ɗabi'a a matsayin hujja a nan. 29:27.515 --> 29:36.861 Don haka kawai kana ƙoƙarin kare kanka daga waɗannan karo-karoshin, kuma mai lura sosai ko ma mutum mai tunanin 29:36.861 --> 29:47.610 kimiyya zai gaggauta lura cewa akwai manyan matsaloli a cikin hujjojin kimiyya da kuma a cikin dangantakar sanadi da sakamako. 29:47.610 --> 29:52.824 Kuma don komawa ga waɗannan hotuna anan, zuwa waɗannan tsaruka. 29:52.824 --> 29:59.223 Akwai babban aiki na Karlheinz Lüdtke daga Cibiyar Max Planck ta Tarihin Kimiyya. 29:59.223 --> 30:06.731 Ya yi nazari kan tarihin farko na ilimin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ya kuma kai ga ƙarshe cewa waɗannan hotuna suna haifar da 30:06.731 --> 30:14.504 matsaloli masu yawa, domin ba hotunan gani daga ma'ikiraɓi ba ne kamar yadda muka sani, a zahiri kuwa ba hotuna ne kwata-kwata. 30:14.504 --> 30:18.019 Anan ana amfani da mikroskopin lantarki. 30:18.019 --> 30:23.629 Samfuran da aka sanya a cikin wannan mikroskopen lantarki, a cikin ɗakin fanko, dole ne a kula da su sosai. 30:23.629 --> 30:31.080 Misali, dole ne a rufe su da ƙarfe domin su iya gudanar da wutar lantarki, sannan a daskare su ko a daure 30:31.080 --> 30:34.949 su tsakanin faranti biyu na gilashi da resin epoxy. 30:34.949 --> 30:44.268 Wannan babban matsin lamba ne a kan wannan nama, wanda tuni yake ƙara masa nauyi kuma zai iya haifar da canje-canje. 30:44.268 --> 30:50.026 Karlheinz Lüdtke daga Cibiyar Max Planck ya kuma lura cewa akwai matsaloli masu girma sosai, cewa 30:50.026 --> 30:53.613 abubuwan kirkira suna faruwa – haka ake kiran su a kimiyya. 30:53.613 --> 31:01.385 Abubuwan samarwa sune kawai sakamako ko tsaruka da suka samo asali ne kawai saboda yanayin gwaji. 31:01.385 --> 31:07.562 Kuma waɗannan ba hotuna ba ne; su ne wutar lantarki da kwamfuta ta mayar, sannan a taƙaice 31:07.562 --> 31:11.070 a matsayin lissafi a juya su zuwa hoto, a ce. 31:11.070 --> 31:16.940 Kuma wannan wata matsala ce. Wannan yana nufin cewa, a mafi kyawun yanayi, muna mu'amala da 31:16.940 --> 31:19.875 shaida ta kaikaice, amma ba ta kai tsaye ba. 31:19.875 --> 31:25.114 Shaidar kai tsaye ita ce: ina da mutum mai rashin lafiya, ina da mutum mai lafiya, na haɗa su, sai mutumin da ba 31:25.114 --> 31:27.750 shi da lafiya ya kamu da cuta, ya kamu da rashin lafiya. 31:27.750 --> 31:32.375 Ina ɗaukar majina ko ƙurar hanci daga mutum mai rashin lafiya, in ba wa mutum mai lafiya 31:32.375 --> 31:35.133 wannan ƙurar, sai mutumin ya kamu da rashin lafiya. 31:35.133 --> 31:38.945 Wannan zai kasance hujja ta kai tsaye. Wannan ba ya faruwa a fannin nazarin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. 31:38.945 --> 31:47.141 Idan ka yi haka, ba zai yi aiki ba. Kuma wannan shi ne babban suka game da dukkan batun. 31:47.141 --> 31:49.750 Don haka mu taƙaita sakamakon. 31:49.750 --> 31:54.274 Kimiyya da bincike za su yi kyau su ci gaba da barin tattaunawa a buɗe. 31:54.274 --> 31:58.962 Domin zai yiwu muna aiki ƙarƙashin kuskuren fahimta na asali, watakila ba wai a fannin kimiyyar 31:58.962 --> 32:01.742 ƙwayoyin cuta kaɗai ba, har ma a wasu fannoni. 32:01.742 --> 32:10.596 Kuma hakan, kamar yadda ka nuna, zai karya ka'idojin kimiyya. Eh, a ƙarshe zai sa ta zama ba ma'ana. 32:10.596 --> 32:19.900 Kuma hakan, tabbas, zai zama wani hali da ba ma son mu tsinci kanmu a ciki, inda muke komawa ga zamanin duhu 32:19.900 --> 32:26.750 lokacin da ba za a iya tabbatar da abubuwa ba gaba ɗaya. 32:26.750 --> 32:28.456 Mista Haberland, na gode da tattaunawarka da mu. 32:28.456 --> 32:33.089 Ina sha'awar jin abin da masu sauraro za su ce game da wannan. 32:33.089 --> 32:39.272 Kla.TV na gabatar da muryoyin adawa marasa tsangwama domin mu gane abin da gaskiya ne. Na gode ƙwarai. 32:39.272 --> 32:43.089 Eh, na gode da wannan dama ma. Ina ganin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. 32:43.089 --> 32:47.628 Tabbas da yawa daga cikin masu kallo sun taɓa jin wani abu game da wannan batu, amma mafi yawansu ba su taɓa jin komai ba. 32:47.628 --> 32:53.307 Kuma kamar yadda na riga na fada, yana da matuƙar wahala a yi magana game da wannan batu a bainar jama'a. 32:53.307 --> 32:57.581 A gaskiya, duk inda ka je za a ƙi ka ne kawai idan kana son magana game da wannan batu. 32:57.581 --> 33:04.206 Don haka, zai yi daidai a ce ana ƙoƙarin hana yada wannan bayanin. 33:04.206 --> 33:12.260 Kuma ina gayyatar masu kallo su tabbatar da duk abin da na fada a shafin yanar gizonmu wissen-neu-gedacht.de. 33:12.260 --> 33:21.432 Mun bayyana wallafe-wallafe da dama tare da duk wasiku, duk majiyoyi, da kuma shari'o'i da dama a wannan fanni. 33:21.432 --> 33:29.210 Kuma eh, muna da manhaja ma, Nexiqa, , inda za ka iya bincika duk waɗannan batutuwa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin tambaya da 33:29.210 --> 33:36.572 amsa na ChatGPT, sannan ka karanta duk waɗannan wallafe-wallafen kimiyyar ƙwayoyin cuta tare da taimako, a ce. 33:36.572 --> 33:44.312 Ta yaya zan gane daga wallafar cewa an yi watsi da kimiyya, an take ta, ko ma a cikin mu'amala 33:44.312 --> 33:48.290 da masana cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da sauransu? 33:48.290 --> 33:52.029 Don haka za ka sami bayanai da yawa a can. 33:52.029 --> 33:57.906 To shikenan, sai ya rage ga masu kallo su duba gaskiyar al'amura da kansu su yi muku tambayoyi. Na gode ƙwarai. 33:57.906 --> 33:58.554 Na gode ma.