WEBVTT 00:00.992 --> 00:05.718 Kajeno re na le moeti ea sisinyang metheo ea saense ea bongaka. 00:05.718 --> 00:11.492 Motho ea ipolelang hore livaerase ha li eo. Kapa bonyane hore ha ho na bopaki bo ka sebelisoang. 00:11.492 --> 00:16.075 Motho ea tummeng hampe ea ipitsang setsebi? Setsebi sa liphiri se hlanyang kapa esita le mohlahlami oa nalane 00:16.075 --> 00:19.371 ea fetolang nalane ka tsela e feteletseng? Re tla bona. 00:19.371 --> 00:23.539 Lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse latelang li hlalositsoe webosaeteng ea sethala sa hae sa Next Level: 00:23.539 --> 00:26.843 Re nka tsela ea ho botsa lipotso ka sebete le ho nahana bocha. 00:26.843 --> 00:34.776 Re hlahloba litaba tsa baeloji ea livaerase le tsa bongaka ka pono e ncha, re supa likhohlano le ho batla bonnete. 00:34.776 --> 00:39.112 Lintlha-taba tsa rona li thehiloe ka tieo mehloling e ka netefatsoang, 'me li fana ka 00:39.112 --> 00:42.320 motheo o tiileng bakeng sa lipuisano tse hahang. 00:42.320 --> 00:49.961 Re ntse re buletse maikutlo a macha 'me re khothaletsa boitlhahlobo bo sa khaotseng saense." Mokhoa o motle! 00:49.961 --> 00:56.383 Ha re amoheleng 'muelli oa boralitaba oa Next Level, Monghali Marvin Haberland, ka har'a studio sa Kla.TV. Rea u amohela! 00:56.383 --> 00:59.039 Thapama e monate, mme ke leboha haholo ka memo. 00:59.039 --> 01:02.710 E, nka thabela! Ka lehlakoreng le leng, seo se utlwahala se kgahlisa haholo. 01:02.710 --> 01:07.639 Monghadi Haberland, takatso ena e hlompheha ebile e na le thuso, empa ka lehlakoreng le leng, potso e 01:07.639 --> 01:10.841 hlaha: na e hlile e hlokahala mabapi le taba ya vaerase? 01:10.841 --> 01:15.557 Na potso ea vaerase ha e so rarolloe ka lilemo tse fetang lekholo, 'me e pakiloe ka mokhoa o ke 01:15.557 --> 01:18.513 keng oa hanyetsoa ke liphuputso tse ngata-ngata? 01:18.513 --> 01:26.380 Hobaneng ho kgutlisetswa dintho morao, ha re ka rialo, jwalo ka ha eka ho se na diphuputso tse tiileng tsa dikokwanahloko? 01:26.380 --> 01:32.869 E, ke potso e ntle. Haeba re sebelisa litekanyetso tseo u li qapileng kapa u li balileng 01:32.869 --> 01:36.802 qalong ho lihlooho tsohle, re ke ke ra etsa mekhelo. 01:36.802 --> 01:45.171 Mme ha re sebedisa sena ho thuto ya dikokwanahloko mme re hlahloba dingolwa tsa borathuto ba dikokwanahloko, re hlahloba 01:45.171 --> 01:51.797 mosebetsi wa bona le diphetho tse tswang thutong ya dikokwanahloko, jwalo ka meriana, ente kapa 01:51.797 --> 01:59.084 ditlhahiso, bakeng sa bonnete ba saense, ho hlaha mathata a matona a amanang le mokgwa wa saense. 01:59.084 --> 02:02.263 Mme ke sona seo re tlo bua ka sona kajeno. 02:02.263 --> 02:10.099 E, empa ha ho potang hore livaerase li ile tsa fumanoa 'me tsa hlahisoa ho rona mecheng ea litaba le lingoliloeng tsa litsebi. 02:10.099 --> 02:17.123 Ke tlile le ditshwantsho tse mmalwa tsa vaerase ya bluetongue, vaerase ya HIV, vaerase ya smallpox le vaerase ya corona. 02:17.123 --> 02:20.334 Ho thweng ka diphihlello tsena tse tlang pele? 02:20.334 --> 02:22.771 Ke bopaki bo hlakileng. 02:22.771 --> 02:32.223 Kahoo haeba o qala ka kgopolo-taba ya hore, mohlala, batho ba babedi ba ka tshwaetsana, jwale ke tlameha ho 02:32.223 --> 02:37.880 etsa teko e tshehetsang kapa e tiisang kgopolo-taba ya ka. 02:37.880 --> 02:45.782 Mme ho saense ya dikokwanahloko, kgopolo ke hore dikarolwana tse nyenyane di tlolela ho tloha ho A ho ya ho B, mohlala ka moya, 02:45.782 --> 02:50.201 mme dikarolwana tsena tse nyenyane di qetella di tshwaetsa motho. 02:50.201 --> 02:57.615 Sena se bolela hore ke tlameha ho paka ketane ena eohle ea sesosa le phello e le hore ke tiise khopolo-taba ena. 02:57.615 --> 03:05.660 Leha ho le jwalo, ditshwantsho tsena ha di a etswa tekong kapa tekanyetsong e jwalo. Ditshwantsho tseo le di bontshitseng mona 03:05.660 --> 03:13.449 di entswe ke ditsebi tsa dikokwanahloko ha di etsa diteko laboratori – eseng ho batho ka ho toba, empa ditekong tsa disele 03:13.449 --> 03:19.259 laboratori – ka ho nka disele, hangata tse tswang ho dikgabo, ho tswa dithishung tsa diphio 03:19.259 --> 03:23.115 tsa tsona, ebe di a chefwa le ho hlokiswa dijo. 03:23.115 --> 03:30.701 Mme jwale ditshwantsho tsena di hlaha. Hape sena se tsejwa e le phello ya cytopathic, hara tse ding. 03:30.701 --> 03:37.932 Empa nnete ke hore ha o pheta teko e tshwanang ka dithishu tse phetseng hantle tsa diphoofolo tse phetseng hantle, kapa 03:37.932 --> 03:45.240 ha o sa kenyeletse disampole dife kapa dife tsa diphoofolo tse kulang, o fumana ditshwantsho tse tshwanang hantle. 03:45.240 --> 03:51.459 Sena e ka ba seo ho saense ho tsejoang e le teko ea taolo kapa taolo e fapaneng. 03:51.459 --> 03:56.964 Ha e le hantle, sena se reretsoe ho qhelela ka thoko monyetla oa hore ebe ke tokisetso ea liteko 03:56.964 --> 04:00.201 laboratoring ea ka ka boeona e hlahisang sephetho sena. 04:00.201 --> 04:04.832 Seo se bolela hore haeba ke etsa teko hona joale mme ke nka disampole tse phetseng hantle, ke 04:04.832 --> 04:07.248 tla fumana ditshwantsho tse tshwanang hantle. 04:07.248 --> 04:12.802 Empa litsebi tsa livaerase ha li etse joalo. Li etsa teko e le 'ngoe feela, ebe li nka linepe tsa 04:12.802 --> 04:16.435 litšoantšo tsena 'me li re ke likokoana-hloko tse bakang mafu. 04:16.435 --> 04:23.097 Leha ho le jwalo, ha ba so bontshe, sa pele, hore sena se etsahala feela ho batho ba kulang, mme sa 04:23.097 --> 04:26.553 bobedi, hore dibopeho tsena di hlile di baka lefu. 04:26.553 --> 04:34.380 Hobane mohatong o latelang, setšoantšo feela ha se bopaki ba hore karoloana kapa sebopeho ke sona se bakang lefu. 04:34.380 --> 04:39.647 Nka bontša ntlo e senyehileng 'me ka re tšenyo e bakiloe ke litšisinyeho tsa lefatše, 04:39.647 --> 04:42.708 empa setšoantšo se le seng se ke ke sa paka seo. 04:42.708 --> 04:46.599 Ho ka be ho bile le sesosa se seng se bakileng tshenyo. 04:46.599 --> 04:53.659 Seo se bolela hore kamora hore ke nke senepe sa setshwantsho sena, se fumanehang feela ho batho ba kulang; 04:53.659 --> 04:59.950 ha ke fumane dihlopha tsena ho batho ba phetseng hantle, ke ne ke tla tlameha ho di arola. 04:59.950 --> 05:05.736 Mme jwale, tekong e latelang, e fe diphoofolo kapa batho ebe o bontsha: 05:05.736 --> 05:11.185 Aha, ba tla kula ka matšoao a tšoanang hona joale ha nka ba fa meaho ena. 05:11.185 --> 05:13.833 Litsebi tsa baeloji tsa livaerase le tsona ha li etse sena ka nako efe kapa efe. 05:13.833 --> 05:16.536 Ka hona, mosebetsi oohle o etswa feela ka laboratori. 05:16.536 --> 05:24.724 Lisele li chefoa, li bolisoa ka li-antibiotic joalo-joalo, ebe ho hlaha litlamorao tsena, tse bitsoang litlamorao tsa cytopathic. 05:24.724 --> 05:29.553 Jwalokaha ho boletsoe, tsena di etsahala ka tsela e tshwanang hantle, di sa kgethwe leha e le moseleng o phetseng hantle. 05:29.553 --> 05:34.927 Mme ho na le diphuputso tse ngata haholo tsa baeloji ya dikokwanahloko le dingolwa tsa baeloji ya dikokwanahloko, 05:34.927 --> 05:40.444 haholoholo tse tswang matsatsing a pele a baeloji ya dikokwanahloko ya sejwalejwale dilemong tsa bo-1940 le bo-1950, 05:40.444 --> 05:45.009 mme ka mora moo di phatlaladitswe makgetlo a sa balweng, tse bolelang hore phello ena e boetse e 05:45.009 --> 05:48.087 etsahala ha ho sebediswa dithishu tse phetseng hantle. 05:48.087 --> 05:55.405 Mme ho tloha dilemong tsa bo-1980 le bo-1990, ditsebi tsa dikokwanahloko di ntse di qoba ho 05:55.405 --> 05:59.165 laola diteko tsena ka dithishu tse phetseng hantle. 05:59.165 --> 06:04.342 Seo ha se sa etswa. Ke bile le dipuisano tse ngata mabapi le sena. 06:04.342 --> 06:10.731 Ka lebaka lena, ke kentse dikopo tse ngata tlasa Molao wa Tokoloho ya Tlhahisoleseding. 06:10.731 --> 06:18.129 Lefats'eng ka bophara, machabeng, Robert Koch Institute, Public Health Service England, naheng ea Italy, CDC naheng ea 06:18.129 --> 06:25.678 Amerika, Pasteur Institute naheng ea Fora, Univesithi ea Melbourne naheng ea Australia, Doherty Institute, joalo-joalo. 06:25.678 --> 06:30.379 Bakeng sa dikokwanahloko tsohle tse ka bang teng, maselese, SARS-CoV-2, HIV. Mme molaetsa o dula o tshwana: 06:30.379 --> 06:37.769 Che, ha re etse liteko tsa taolo kapa litekolo tse sa atleheng ka thepa e phetseng hantle. Hantle-ntle ha ho etswe. 06:37.769 --> 06:45.734 Empa haeba ba tseba phapang ena, tlhaloso ea bona ke efe? Joale ke hobane'ng ha ba sa e etse? 06:45.734 --> 06:49.840 Na ba re, "E, re se re rarollotse taba eo ka bo-1940, ha re sa e hloka"? 06:49.840 --> 06:59.460 Hantle, likarabo lia fapana. Ka linako tse ling o utloa hore ha ho na bokhoni ba ho phethahatsa liteko tsena. 06:59.460 --> 07:04.706 Hore o tsepamise maikutlo ka ho feletseng ditekong tse ntle. 07:04.706 --> 07:09.581 Seo e ne e le, mohlala, karabelo e tswang Australia mabapi le SARS-CoV-2. 07:09.581 --> 07:18.732 Maemong a mang, jwaloka ho qhoma ha lefu la maoto le molomo ha jwale Setsing sa Friedrich Loeffler, re ile ra bolelloa 07:18.732 --> 07:27.989 hore sena se ne se sa hlokehe, kaha mekgwa e meng, e sa tobang, e ne e se e pakile hore sampole e na le vaerase. 07:27.989 --> 07:33.918 Mme tseo ke maikemisetso a tlwaelehileng, nka re, ao o a utlwang kgafetsa. 07:33.918 --> 07:41.872 Leha ho le joalo, tsena ha di kgotsofatse ka tsa mahlale hape di tlola mokgwa wa saense, o tlamang ditsebi tsohle tsa 07:41.872 --> 07:49.715 dikokwanahloko le mekgatlo yohle ho ya ka Karolo ya 1 ya Molao wa Tshireletso kgahlanong le Tshwaetso wa Jeremane. 07:49.715 --> 07:53.896 Ho bolelwa hore bohle ba tlameha ho sebetsa ho ya ka diphuputso tsa moraorao tsa mahlale. 07:53.896 --> 08:03.969 Mme Motheo wa Dipatlisiso wa Jeremane naheng ya Jeremane o hlalosa melao ya mosebetsi wa saense bakeng sa borasaense bohle. 08:03.969 --> 08:11.064 Mme ho hlakile hore re tlameha ho etsa ditekolo tsa taolo, kapa re hlahlobe mekgwa ya rona, le hore re tlameha ho 08:11.064 --> 08:14.828 ngola tsohle fatshe e le hore bohle ba ka di utlwisisa. 08:14.828 --> 08:19.256 Mme seo se tlolwa feela ka ho feletseng ho saense ya dikokwanahloko. 08:19.256 --> 08:26.833 Empa ha o etsa diteko tsa taolo, jwalo ka ha rona ka bo rona re se re phatlaladitse, mohlala, re phatlaladitse diteko tsa taolo 08:26.833 --> 08:34.232 moo o kenyang diantibiotiki tse tshwanang hantle tseo ditsebi tsa dikokwanahloko di di sebedisang hodima disele tse phetseng 08:34.232 --> 08:40.138 hantle, o sebedisa mekgwa e tshwanang hantle ya ho di bolaya ka tlala eo ditsebi tsa dikokwanahloko 08:40.138 --> 08:43.445 di e sebedisang, mme o fumana diphello tsena hantle. 08:43.445 --> 08:49.241 Mme ehlile, sena se se se phatlaladitswe makgetlo a mmalwa nakong e fetileng ke ditsebi tsa dikokwanahloko ka botsona, empa jwalo 08:49.241 --> 08:53.958 ka ha ke boletse, re bua ka nako ho tloha dilemong tsa bo-1940 ho isa ho tsa bo-1960 le bo-1970. Ho tloha 08:53.958 --> 08:57.313 dilemong tsa bo-1980 le bo-1990, sena ha se sa etswa ho hang. 08:57.313 --> 09:03.616 Re dula re bua ka dikokwanahloko. Hobaneng ho na le di-antibiotic mehlaleng ena ya disele? Di etsang moo? 09:03.616 --> 09:07.086 E, eo hape ke potso ya bohlokwa haholo-holo le e ntle. 09:07.086 --> 09:14.438 Litsebi tsa livaerase li sebelisa li-antibiotic litekong tsena tsa kholo ea lisele laboratoring hobane 09:14.438 --> 09:17.117 li batla ho bolaea likokoana-hloko kholong ea lisele. 09:17.117 --> 09:23.899 U batla ho thibela libaktheria kapa likokoana-hloko tse ling ho ama teko. 09:23.899 --> 09:30.461 Ba batla feela likokoana-hloko, tseo ha e le hantle li sa pheleng, e seng libopuoa tse phelang, ba 09:30.461 --> 09:34.235 batla feela hore likokoana-hloko tsena li be le phello. 09:34.235 --> 09:38.555 Mme ba batla ho batla ba felisa, ho fedisa dibaktheria tsohle tse ding. 09:38.555 --> 09:44.932 Leha ho le jwalo, ditsebi tsa dikokwanahloko hangata di iphapanyetsa taba ya hore di-antibiotic ka botsona di beha 09:44.932 --> 09:48.547 kgatello e kgolo dithishung, hodima kotlo ena ya disele. 09:48.547 --> 09:56.294 Mme tshebediso ya di-antibiotic, hangata ho sebediswa tse pedi, penicillin le streptomycin ka kopanelo, tse bakang kgatello ho 09:56.294 --> 10:02.997 temo ya disele, mme ka hona ho hlaha phello ena, e leng phello e senyang disele (cytopathic effect), moo temo 10:02.997 --> 10:10.331 ya disele e qhibilihang ebe e rekisetswa rona e le setshwantsho sa vaerase, ha re ka rialo. 10:10.331 --> 10:15.455 Hape ho na le lipolelo tse tsoang ho litsebi tsa vaerase tse ngolisitseng lipuisano, ho kenyeletsa le tse tsoang mekhatlong 10:15.455 --> 10:17.855 e kang Friedrich Loeffler Institute, tse hlakisang hore: 10:17.855 --> 10:23.943 Sena se tsebahala haholo. Litsebi tsa livaerase li tseba hore liantibiotiki li baka mathata liseleng 10:23.943 --> 10:27.530 tsa 'mele 'me li ka baka phello ena e senyang lisele. 10:27.530 --> 10:35.968 Mme ke ka lebaka leo, ho ya ka saense, motho a tlamehang ho etsa teko ya papiso, moo sampole e phetseng hantle le yona e 10:35.968 --> 10:41.241 phekoloang ka di-antibiotic, mme le hona ha ho etswe le ka mohla. 10:41.241 --> 10:44.981 Sena se bolela hore le ka mekhoa ea sejoale-joale ka ho fetisisa le ka li-scanning electron microscope tse 10:44.981 --> 10:48.640 hloahloa ka ho fetisisa, litlamorao tse tšoanang li ka bonoa ho batho ba phetseng hantle le ba kulang. 10:48.640 --> 10:49.170 E. 10:49.170 --> 10:49.955 Ha ho phapang? 10:49.955 --> 10:53.453 Ha ho phapang, ha e kgethwe. 10:53.453 --> 10:58.207 Ho na le ntlha e 'ngoe eo Mokhatlo oa Lipatlisiso oa Jeremane o e kopang, e sa sebelisoeng le ka mohla ho 10:58.207 --> 11:01.624 saense ea livaerase, 'me ke hore ho etsoe 'blinding'. 11:01.624 --> 11:10.221 Ha e le hantle ho bohlokoa hore litsebi tsa baeloji ea livaerase laboratoring li se tsebe hore na ke sampole efe e tšoaelitsoeng 11:10.221 --> 11:18.216 le hore na ke efe, mohlala, e tsoang mohloling o phetseng hantle, e le hore li se be le leeme kapa maikutlo a seng a thehiloe. 11:18.216 --> 11:21.732 Sena le sona ha se etswe nako efe kapa efe lekaleng lohle la thutavairase. 11:21.732 --> 11:24.841 Sena se bolela hore ha e le hantle re na le litlolo tse 'maloa tsa mokhoa oa saense. 11:24.841 --> 11:31.153 Tlhokeho ea liteko tsa taolo, tlhokeho ea litokomane tse feletseng le tlhokeho ea ho pata lintlha, 'me sena 11:31.153 --> 11:35.950 sohle se lula se tlōloa – esita le ke Setsi sa Robert Koch. 11:35.950 --> 11:42.805 Mme jwalo ka ha ke boletse, ha se feela nyatso ya mokgwa wa saense, empa re a tseba hore ha o etsa diteko tsena tsa 11:42.805 --> 11:47.300 taolo, sephetho se tshwanang se hlaha ka tsela e sa kgetholoeng. 11:47.300 --> 11:54.073 Hoo ke khanyetso e tobileng le bopaki ba bohata ba thuto ea livaerase – bonyane mabapi le phello ena. 11:54.073 --> 11:57.830 Jwale re se re buisane ka ditshwantsho tsena mona, e leng diteko tsa kgolo ya disele. 11:57.830 --> 12:02.817 Litsebi tsa livaerase ebe li nka mohato oa bobeli, e leng ho latellanya jenomo, oo bashebelli ba 12:02.817 --> 12:05.713 bang ba ka 'nang ba se ba kile ba utloa ka oona. 12:05.713 --> 12:13.432 Ebe ho lekoa ho tsebahatsa jenoumo kapa tlhahisoleseding ya lefutso ya vaerase. 12:13.432 --> 12:17.112 Sena sohle se etswa ho sebediswa mohlala wa khomphutha, ha re ka rialo. 12:17.112 --> 12:20.440 Hona ke papiso feela ea khomphutha e sebelisang mananeo a software. 12:20.440 --> 12:28.020 Ha e amane le tatellano ea sebele, 'me ha ho na tlhahlobo e etsoang mona. 12:28.020 --> 12:33.026 Mme hape o tla tlameha ho hlophisa ka tatellano kholo ea lisele tse phetseng hantle e bakang hantle-ntle litlamorao tsena. 12:33.026 --> 12:37.555 Mme ka mohlolo, ha o etsa jwalo, o fumana dijenome tse tshwanang, divairase tse tshwanang, 12:37.555 --> 12:40.112 le tsona kgasong ya disele tse phetseng hantle. 12:40.112 --> 12:44.934 Sena se bolela hore nka lekanya dikokwanahloko tsohle ho tswa pokellong ya disele tse phetseng hantle tseo ke di 12:44.934 --> 12:47.768 tshetseng meriana ya dikokwanahloko mme ka di bolaisa ka tlala. 12:47.768 --> 12:51.034 Nka fumana HIV moo habonolo feela ka lenaneo la khomphutha. 12:51.034 --> 12:56.212 Nka fumana SARS-CoV-2 moo, hammoho le mefuta e mecha ea eona. 12:56.212 --> 13:04.872 Mme nka nolofatsa sena sohle le ho feta ka ho kenya tsamaiso ena ya disele mehatong e meng e eketsehileng, jwalo ka 13:04.872 --> 13:09.424 PCR, moo ke atisang tsamaiso ena ya disele, ha re ka rialo. 13:09.424 --> 13:11.276 Seo se bolela hore ke atisa thepa feela. 13:11.276 --> 13:16.745 Sena se etsa hore ho be bonolo le ho feta hore lenaneo la khomphutha le fumane le ho bala livaerase, ha re ka rialo. 13:16.745 --> 13:24.213 Mme re nyatsa sena sohle hobane re bona hore ha o ka se laola ka kelello, jwalo ka ha ho lokela ho etswa ka 13:24.213 --> 13:31.142 saense, jwale re qhala le ho hanyetsa dipolelo tse entsweng ke ditsebi tsa dikokwanahloko. 13:31.142 --> 13:37.288 Mme – seo sohle se utlwahala eka se rarahane, kahoo o ka nna wa hloka ho se mamela hape hang kapa habedi – empa jwale ho 13:37.288 --> 13:43.597 tla ntlha e bonolo le ya bohlokwa ka ho fetisisa, e lokelang hape ho utlwahala e na le kelello ho bashebelli bohle. 13:43.597 --> 13:48.696 Ho sa natswe ditshwantsho tsena tseo re di bontshwang kgafetsa, le ho sa natswe diteko tsa ho holisa disele le ho hlophisa 13:48.696 --> 13:52.074 dijini tsa khomphutha – ho sa natswe hoo ka ho feletseng: 13:52.074 --> 13:58.944 Liteko tsohle tsa tšoaetso tse kileng tsa etsoa nalaneng, ke hore, ho kopanya batho ba phetseng hantle le ba kulang, 13:58.944 --> 14:02.385 ebang ke liphoofolo kapa batho, li hlotsoe. Kaofela ha tsona! 14:02.385 --> 14:08.290 Seo se bolela hore nako le nako ha ke leka ho kopanya batho ba kulang le ba phetseng hantle mmoho tekong e 14:08.290 --> 14:11.754 laolehileng ho paka phetetso, ha ho mohla ho sebetsang! 14:11.754 --> 14:15.866 Mme hoo ke kganelo e nngwe hape e tobileng ya thuto ya dikokwanahloko. 14:15.866 --> 14:23.983 E, mohlomong ka tsela e sa tobang. Empa o ke ke wa re dikokwanahloko ha di bake mafu ha o bona ditshwaetso tsena. 14:23.983 --> 14:25.553 Ke bolela hore, o ka se bona ka phaposing ea borutelo. 14:25.553 --> 14:28.509 Ebe ngoana a le mong o a kula, e latelang le eena oa kula, matichere a kula, halofo ea sehlopha e se na baithuti. 14:28.509 --> 14:31.992 Re sa tsoa boela ra ba le seo hape. Seo se lokela ho etsahala joang? 14:31.992 --> 14:38.408 Haeba ho ka pakoa hore libaktheria ha li na letho ho etsahala, empa ho na le matšoao ana a sa tobarelang ao hangata 14:38.408 --> 14:41.780 re tobanang le ona, empa a lulang a boela a hlaha khafetsa. 14:41.780 --> 14:47.735 Ke tliliniki e tloaelehileng e hlahang. U e hlalosa joang? 14:47.735 --> 14:52.886 E, ha re shebile lintho tsena, ho hlaha likhopolo-taba tsa saense. 14:52.886 --> 14:55.892 Ka mohlala, hore hona joale ke likaroloana kapa livaerase tse ntseng li hasana. 14:55.892 --> 14:59.799 Eo ke khopolo-taba e ntle haholo. Empa ha o e leka, ha e sebetse. 14:59.799 --> 15:02.697 Kahoo re hloka mehopolo e mengata, le likhakanyo tse ngata. 15:02.697 --> 15:05.713 Ehlile, re ile ra nahana ka sena haholo. 15:05.713 --> 15:10.650 Haeba e se livaerase, e ka ba eng? Kapa likokoana-hloko? 15:10.650 --> 15:19.445 Sena se re tlisa ka ho hlaka dintlheng tse kang phepo e nepahetseng, ditšusumetso tsa tikoloho, chefo le ho pepesehela 15:19.445 --> 15:24.309 ditšusumetso tsa kantle, ho ya ka diphuputso tsa saense. 15:24.309 --> 15:32.999 Ehlile, mehloli ea mahlaseli, mabaka a kelello le khatello ea maikutlo le tsona li ka nahanoa. 15:32.999 --> 15:40.504 Tsena kaofela ke lisosa tse ka netefatsoang hantle haholo ka liteko, mohlala tekong efe kapa efe. 15:40.504 --> 15:48.231 Nka baka matšoao ka lijo feela. Nka baka maqhutsu ka chefo. 15:48.231 --> 15:51.050 Nka baka lihlahala ka liteko tsa mahlaseli. 15:51.050 --> 15:55.558 Nka bulela kapa nka tima matšoao ka ho tobetsa konopo feela ha ke sebelisa liphetoli tsena. 15:55.558 --> 16:01.467 Sena se bolela hore re se re ntse re tseba ho hongata ka matšoao a mangata, hore na re ka a hlahisa joang 16:01.467 --> 16:05.730 litekong, le hore na ke eng se a bakang, ha re ka rialo. 16:05.730 --> 16:12.232 E seng kaofela ha tsona, empa ke tse ngata haholo. Ke ka lebaka leo re reng ho utlwahala haholoanyane ho tswela pele ka 16:12.232 --> 16:18.024 dipatlisiso sebakeng sena le ho etsa dipatlisiso tse sa lekanyetswang moo, ho ena le ho tsepamisa maikutlo 16:18.024 --> 16:25.605 hodima sehlooho sena ka nako tsohle, se seng se hanyetsitswe ka ho feletseng ho tloha qalong ho isa qetellong. 16:25.605 --> 16:30.098 Sena se boetse se sitisa temohisiso e tebileng, lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele, le tsebo e eketsehileng. 16:30.098 --> 16:41.392 Le hona ke ntho eo re e nyatsang ka matla, kaha e fokotsa haholo moeli oa tsebo ho taba e seng e phetiloe. 16:41.392 --> 16:46.629 Na ke utlwisisa hantle? Ha se dikokwanahloko kapa dibaktheria tse bakang tshwaetso? 16:46.629 --> 16:57.135 Ke nnete. Ho ea ka saense, haeba u etsa liteko tsena ka livaerase kapa ka seo u reng ke livaerase, u ke ke ua paka tšoaetso. 16:57.135 --> 17:05.620 Empa le ha o etsa sena ka libaktheria, tseo o ka li bonang ka sebonela-bobeli, ka hona li le teng kannete, 17:05.620 --> 17:13.729 leha ho le joalo, ha re ka arola libaktheria tsena, ha re khone ho baka tshwaetso tekong e laolwang. 17:13.729 --> 17:20.942 Mohlala: Haeba ke nka salmonella kapa libaktheria tse ling tseo ho thoeng ke tsona tse bakang matšoao a itseng, 17:20.942 --> 17:27.459 ha ke khone ho tšoaetsa kapa ho silafatsa sebopuoa se phetseng hantle ka tsona. Ha ho sebetse. 17:27.459 --> 17:34.863 Motho o dula a hlokomela hore ha sebopuwa se phelang se se se kula kapa se na le matshwao a bokulo, dibaktheria 17:34.863 --> 17:41.732 le tsona di ata hona moo ka nako e tshwanang, e le phello e tsamaisanang le yona, ha re ka rialo. 17:41.732 --> 17:47.740 Empa seo ke, mohlala, ho etsetsa moshebelli papiso, joaloka ntlo e tukang. 17:47.740 --> 17:54.256 Ha ke bona matlo a cha, hangata kapa hoo e ka bang kamehla ke hlokomela hore ho na le batima-mollo moo. 17:54.256 --> 17:57.975 Seo se bolela hore kamano, tlatsetso, e phahame haholo-holo. 17:57.975 --> 18:03.521 Leha ho le jwalo, sena ha se paka hore batimamolelo le bona e ne e le sesosa sa mollo. 18:03.521 --> 18:06.014 Li hlaha feela ka nako e le 'ngoe le mollo. 18:06.014 --> 18:11.107 Kahoo o tlameha ho ba hlokolosi haholo-holo ka likokoana-hloko le libaktheria, 'me o li shebisise. 18:11.107 --> 18:16.717 Hore feela hobane li hlaha hammoho le matšoao ha ho bolele hore ke tsona sesosa. 18:16.717 --> 18:21.401 Hobane, jwalo ka ha ke sa tswa bua, ha ke di arola mme ke fa motho ya phetseng hantle ya sa 18:21.401 --> 18:23.566 kuleng dibaktheria, ha ho letho le etsahalang. 18:23.566 --> 18:32.838 Mme ha e le hantle, ke eona khanyetso ea hore mafu a tšoaetsanoang ha a eo ho hang ka livaerase tse kang libaktheria. 18:32.838 --> 18:36.040 Empa hoo ho boetse ho kenyeletsa diparasite le diboko. Ha ho sebetse le moo. 18:36.040 --> 18:41.136 Ha o ka tšoaetsa batho ba phetseng hantle ka tsela eo. Ha ho sebetse. 18:41.136 --> 18:44.705 E, empa ha re kgutlela boemong bona ka phaposing ya borutelo. 18:44.705 --> 18:52.080 Ha se bana bohle ba jang ntho e tšoanang. Ha se bohle ba nang le maemo a bophelo a tšoanang hantle. 18:52.080 --> 18:56.632 Ho ka etsahala joang, he, hore kaofela ba be le matšoao a tšoanang? 18:56.632 --> 19:01.111 Kahoo, ha re re re na le matšoao a tšoanang sehlopheng: 19:01.111 --> 19:04.431 Sa pele, sena ha se ame bana bohle ka nako tsohle, empa se ama ba seng bakae feela. 19:04.431 --> 19:09.713 Mme re tlameha ho batla moo re dumellanang teng. Bana bohle ba ka phaposing e le nngwe. 19:09.713 --> 19:12.369 Kaofela ha tsona li na le lithuto tse tšoanang. 19:12.369 --> 19:15.635 Kaofela ha tsona di pepesehetse maemo a lehodimo a tshwanang. 19:15.635 --> 19:19.478 Kaofela ha bona ba pepesehetse maemo a tikoloho a tšoanang ka phaposing ena. 19:19.478 --> 19:27.617 Mme seo se ka ba diphetolwa kapa mabaka a lekaneng, tse neng di tla tlameha ho lekoa tekong e utlwahalang. 19:27.617 --> 19:34.750 Eo e ka ba mohato oa bobeli. Empa ha re na khaello ea likhopolo-taba. Hantle-ntle. 19:34.750 --> 19:42.038 Empa haeba o re hore ho ba teng ha livaerase tsena tse bakang mafu ha ho so pakoe le hore saense ha e le hantle 19:42.038 --> 19:49.436 ha e tsebe seo e se etsang kapa seo e se batlang, mehato ea thibelo e kang liente e na le thuso e kae? 19:49.436 --> 20:00.475 E, li ka boela tsa ba le molemo le ntle le bopaki ba livaerase haeba li ka bontša molemo tekong e utloahalang. 20:00.475 --> 20:05.832 Kahoo, ho sa tsotellehe hore na livaerase li teng kapa che, ente e ntse e ka sebetsa. 20:05.832 --> 20:10.525 Empa ha ho joalo ha liteko li etsoa ka liente. 20:10.525 --> 20:17.000 Sa pele, boholo bo boholo ba diphuputso ka meento le tsona ha di latele melao ya saense. 20:17.000 --> 20:19.681 Sena se bolela hore bonyane re na le dihlopha tse pedi. 20:19.681 --> 20:24.165 E mong o fumana ente, e mong o fumana placebo e loketseng. 20:24.165 --> 20:30.179 Mme ka mora moo, ho hlahlojwa setshwantsho se hlakileng sa maemo a bokulo. 20:30.179 --> 20:32.876 Ho ne ho le jwalo ka coronavirus, mohlala, ka mekento ya coronavirus. 20:32.876 --> 20:35.915 Ho ile ha eloa hloko hore ho kenyeletsoe sehlopha sa placebo. 20:35.915 --> 20:41.689 Eaba o fuoa motsoako oa saline, o ka bo-ona o neng o ke ke oa ba placebo e loketseng. 20:41.689 --> 20:48.584 Hobane placebo tekanyong e loketseng ea taolo e sa sebetseng e lokela ho fapana le motsoako o sebetsang feela ka ntlha e le 'ngoe 20:48.584 --> 20:51.869 e fetohang, e le hore ntlha ena feela e fetohang e ka bonoa. 20:51.869 --> 20:53.931 Ka hona, e ka ba karolo ena e ata ka potlako. 20:53.931 --> 20:59.064 Mokelikeli oa letsoai o fapane le ente ea 'nete ka liphapang tse makholo. 20:59.064 --> 21:01.580 Empa hoo ke taba e sele ka ho feletseng. 21:01.580 --> 21:06.197 Ho entsoe eng lithutong tsena tsa coronavirus bakeng sa liente tsa coronavirus? Mohlala, BioNTech-Pfizer? 21:06.197 --> 21:11.501 Ka nako eo, batho ba ne ba lekoa feela ka liteko tsa PCR. 21:11.501 --> 21:14.705 Leha ho le jwalo, ha o bala dintlha tse qaqileng tsa phuputso, o tla bona hore palo e 21:14.705 --> 21:16.962 tshwanang ya batho dihlopheng ka bobedi e ne e kula. 21:16.962 --> 21:21.119 Dithutong tsena, sena se bitswa "diketsahalo tse belaellwang tsa Covid-19". 21:21.119 --> 21:22.770 Seo se bolela hore palo e batlang e lekana ya batho e ne e kula. 21:22.770 --> 21:26.220 Ho ne ho sa kgonehe ho etsa phapang ya mofuta ofe kapa ofe tleliniking ka boyona. 21:26.220 --> 21:32.197 Sena se bolela hore ente ha e a ka ya ba le kgahlamelo efe kapa efe ya bongaka. Ke teko ya PCR feela e bontshitseng phapang. 21:32.197 --> 21:34.190 Mme le moo, re nyatsa mekento. 21:34.190 --> 21:42.580 Ha ho so ka ha pakahala ka mahlale hore lia sebetsa kgahlanong le mafu. Mme ho tlatseletsa moo, ha re ka rialo: 21:42.580 --> 21:53.128 Ha o sheba maselese le sefuba sa ho honyetsa, kapa mafu a mang a amanang le liente, moo meriana e tloaelehileng e reng liente li 21:53.128 --> 22:01.781 felisitse mafu ana, o ka bona hore nnete ke hore nako e telele pele liente li ka hlahisoa, lipalo-palo li 22:01.781 --> 22:09.470 bontša hore ho ata ha mafu ana ho ne ho se ho ntse ho theoha, ebile ho ne ho theoha haholo. 22:09.470 --> 22:13.657 Maemong a mang, jwaloka ho sewa, palo ya batho ba neng ba tshwaeditswe e ne e theohile ka hoo e ka bang diphesente 22:13.657 --> 22:15.775 tse 95 naheng ya Jeremane pele ente e qala ho sebediswa. 22:15.775 --> 22:19.350 Sena se bolela hore mafu a ne a se a felile ka nako eo ente e neng e hlahisoa. 22:19.350 --> 22:24.173 Sena se bolela hore le ho se hlahise ditlamorao ho tswa datseng ena. 22:24.173 --> 22:28.244 Ke ka lebaka leo re nyatsang liente, feela jwalo ka ha re nyatsa thuto ya dikokwanahloko. 22:28.244 --> 22:36.033 Hape, ka tsela, meriana e mengata e meng e boetse e nkuoa e se na thuso ebile e sa hlokahale. 22:36.033 --> 22:37.900 Empa hoo ho utlwahala eka ke bomenemene. 22:37.900 --> 22:42.847 Ka maikutlo a hao, na litsebi tsohle tsa livaerase le bafuputsi ba tsa bongaka ke baferefere le batho ba khopo? 22:42.847 --> 22:48.119 Che, ho hang. Re tlameha ho dula re nahanela le karolo ya botho. 22:48.119 --> 22:54.423 Hobane batho bana ba nehetse maphelo a bona kaofela tabeng ena, phuputsong ena. 22:54.423 --> 22:59.754 Ba na le leeme, joalokaha ho ka thoe ka Senyesemane, kapa ba na le kahlolo ea pele, ba na le pono e khelohileng, 22:59.754 --> 23:04.330 ha ba khone ho nahana ka bolokolohi, 'me hangata bophelo bohle ba bona bo itšetlehile ka hona. 23:04.330 --> 23:10.009 Seo se bolela hore ba na le malapa, ba na le bana joalo-joalo, mme ba kanna ba se na bokgoni ba ho nyatsa. 23:10.009 --> 23:14.783 O tlameha ho dula o hopola seo; ha ho etse hore batho e be dikgopo ka boyona. 23:14.783 --> 23:17.983 Bo-ramahlale ba bangata ba baeloji ea vaerase ba se ba ka qosoa ka ho hloka tsebo. 23:17.983 --> 23:21.337 Hobane ba dula ba hana ditshisinyo tsa rona tsa ho buisana. 23:21.337 --> 23:27.966 Ka nako e 'ngoe re fumana likarabo tsa lipotso tse ngotsoeng, empa eseng kamehla, 'me ho thata haholo-holo ho 23:27.966 --> 23:31.345 ba le ngangisano e sa nkeng lehlakore, ea saense moo. 23:31.345 --> 23:38.272 Ruri o ka ba qosa ka seo, empa nna nke ke ka fihla hole hoo ke reng lingaka kaofela kapa litsebi 23:38.272 --> 23:42.345 tsohle tsa livaerase joalo-joalo ba etsa sena ka boomo. 23:42.345 --> 23:50.001 Ke haholo mofuta oa boitšireletso, hammoho le ho se tsebe ho itseng ka taba ena. 23:50.001 --> 23:55.724 Leha ho le jwalo, batšehetsi ba khopolo-taba ya vaerase ba pheha kgang ya hore e bile feela ka ho hlahiswa ha bohloeki, mohlala, 23:55.724 --> 24:00.118 ke Ignaz Semmelweis lekaleng la mafu a basadi le Robert Koch ka khopolo-taba ya dikokwana-hloko, moo 24:00.118 --> 24:02.384 mafu a tshwaetsanang a ileng a qala ho fokotseha. 24:02.384 --> 24:07.470 Na ka seo ha o be o ipeha kotsing ea hore katleho ena e tla qhaqholloa hape ka lebaka la lipolelo tsa hao? 24:07.470 --> 24:14.954 O tlameha ho lula o etsa phapang. Mehato e kang bohloeki bo ntlafetseng e ka ba le tšusumetso, mohlala, 24:14.954 --> 24:21.955 hobane feela ke kenya lintho tse fokolang tse sa tloaelehang leqebeng la ka kapa 'meleng oa ka. 24:21.955 --> 24:26.447 Ehlile, 'mele o arabela litšila tse sa tloaelehang ka ho ruruha, nka re. 24:26.447 --> 24:28.884 Hoo ho hlakile haholo, mme ho lokile. 24:28.884 --> 24:31.798 Empa seo ha se bolele hore e amana le livaerase. 24:31.798 --> 24:38.022 Thutong ea livaerase, polelo e hlakile haholo: ho na le likaroloana tse nyenyane tse 24:38.022 --> 24:41.415 bakang mafu, 'me ke tsona sesosa sa 'ona. 24:41.415 --> 24:46.548 Mme ke tlameha ho paka seo ka mahlale. Nke ke ka mpa ka tlohela taba moo. 24:46.548 --> 24:52.718 Ka sebele, bohloeki bo ntlafalitse maemo. Leha ho le jwalo, sena le sona se na le meedi e meholo. 24:52.718 --> 24:58.141 Mohlala, nakong ea seoa sa coronavirus, ho ile ha etsoa liphuputso tse ngata haholo, joalo ka ha ho bile le 24:58.141 --> 25:01.460 tšoaetso ea sefuba, moo ho ileng ha hlahlojoa lihlopha tse peli. 25:01.460 --> 25:04.890 E mong o ile a sebelisa mehato ea bohloeki, e mong ha a ka a e sebelisa. 25:04.890 --> 25:07.890 Kapa e 'ngoe e ne e sebelisa limaske 'me e 'ngoe ha ea ka ea li sebelisa. 25:07.890 --> 25:16.093 Mme dithutong tsena tsohle tse bitswang maemo a hodimo tsa di-RCT, moo ho nang le dihlopha tse pedi mme ho 25:16.093 --> 25:24.343 fapana feela ntlha e le nngwe, o fumana hore mehato ya bohloeki le maske ha a na le tshusumetso ho hang. 25:24.343 --> 25:28.914 Dihlopha tsena tse pedi di ne di dula di na le palo e tshwanang ya bakudi ba kulang ba nang le matshwao. 25:28.914 --> 25:36.763 Kahoo ho ne ho se phapang e bonahalang ka lipalo. Mme seo se boetse se hanyetsa khopolo-taba ena. 25:36.763 --> 25:41.468 Leha ho le jwalo, bohloeki bo kgothaletswa hona jwale bakeng sa maqeba a bulehileng, jwalo ka ha ke sa tswa bolela. 25:41.468 --> 25:48.116 Hobane 'mele o phela hantle ka ho fetisisa ha ho se na lintho tse sa tloaelehang liseleng tsa oona. Seo se hlakile haholo. 25:48.116 --> 25:51.085 Mme jwale, nalaneng, ho bile le maiteko ana a maholo a ho tshwaetsana. 25:51.085 --> 25:54.968 Pakeng tsa lintoa tsa lefats'e, nakong ea lintoa tsa lefats'e. 25:54.968 --> 26:02.282 Na sena ha se a ka sa lebisa qeto ea hore, ntle le libaktheria, ho na le mekhoa e meng e 26:02.282 --> 26:07.270 bakang mafu e ka amanngoang le likaroloana tsena? 26:07.270 --> 26:13.820 Hantle, ha e le hantle ho bile le liteko tse ngata tsa tšoaetso ho theosa le nalane. 26:13.820 --> 26:20.179 Nakong ea seoa sa feberu ea Spain, e, empa hape le hamorao ka maselese le mafu a mang a mangata, feberu ea influenza le a mang. 26:20.179 --> 26:23.757 Mme ke se ke boletse qalong hore ba dula ba hloleha. 26:23.757 --> 26:31.039 Kahoo o ke ke wa ka mohla wa paka hore o ka tshwaetsa batho ka mokgwa o laolehileng. Ha se kamehla e sebetsang. 26:31.039 --> 26:36.390 Mme ho tloha ntlheng ena, motho o lokela ho qala ho nahana le ho hlokomela hore ho na le ho hong ho sa lokang. 26:36.390 --> 26:39.972 Ka tlhaho, dingaka kapa basebeletsi ba diphuputso ba neng ba kenetse diphuputso tsena ba ne ba dula 26:39.972 --> 26:41.929 ba ipotsa ka sena. Hei, seo se ka etsahala jwang? 26:41.929 --> 26:51.242 Mona, re leka ho sebedisa mafu a tshwaetsanang haholo ka diteko, mme ha ho mohla ho sebetsang. Hoo ho ka ba jwang? 26:51.242 --> 26:56.324 Ebe, ehlile, ho hlaha dikgang tse kang "E, mohlomong dikokwanahloko di ne di sa kopanngwa ka ho 26:56.324 --> 27:02.429 lekana, kapa mohlomong batho bana ba neng ba lekoa ba ne ba na le masole a mmele a sireletsang" 27:02.429 --> 27:05.359 Tsena kaofela ke likhopolo-taba tse ntle, ha ho potso ka hona. 27:05.359 --> 27:11.093 Nnete, leha ho le jwalo, ke hore ha re eso ka re kgona ho paka tshwaetso tekong. 27:11.093 --> 27:17.015 Mme o tlameha ho qala ka ho utlwisisa seo ka botebo, o tlameha ho se monya pele, mme o tlameha ho qala ka ho hlokomela seo pele. 27:17.015 --> 27:27.218 Mme seo se hanyetsa qoso ea hore re na le tšoaetso efe kapa efe mona ho hang le hore e sebetsa ka likaroloana tsena. 27:27.218 --> 27:28.945 U ka bona seo lithutong tsena tsa limaske. 27:28.945 --> 27:33.921 Haeba, mohlala, limaske tsa FFP2 li ne li roaloa kannete, kapa haeba livaerase li ne li le 27:33.921 --> 27:36.710 teng, joale ho ne ho tla tlameha ho ba le phello. 27:36.710 --> 27:39.929 Kapa limaske tsa bohloeki li ne li lokela ho ba le phello, empa ha li e-na le eona. 27:39.929 --> 27:47.507 Sena se bolela hore re na le khanyetso ea thuto ea vaerase ho tloha lintlheng tse fapaneng le litekong tse fapaneng. 27:47.507 --> 27:54.773 Ehlile, motho a ka leka ka matla ohle le mekhoa eohle ho e boloka e phela, e leng seo ruri se ntseng se etsoa, hobane ho na le 27:54.773 --> 27:59.618 lintho tse ngata tse itšetlehileng ka eona, indasteri e ngata e itšetlehile ka eona, 27:59.618 --> 28:02.820 phallo e kholo ea moruo, chelete joalo-joalo. 28:02.820 --> 28:07.526 Motho a ka nahana hore ha sena se ka qala ho putlama, ho ne ho tla ba le tšisinyeho e kholo ea 28:07.526 --> 28:11.080 lefatše, eo ka tlhaho motho a neng a tla batla ho e qoba. 28:11.080 --> 28:17.506 Mme re batla feela ho bontsha ka saense le ka ho se nkele lehlakore hore ho na le mathata a maholo-holo le 28:17.506 --> 28:23.197 dikganyetsano tse kgolo-kgolo ha o sheba saense eo, mme seo ha se amohelehe jwalo ka rasaense. 28:23.197 --> 28:27.189 Joaloka rasaense ea nang le maikutlo a tebileng, motho a ke ke a amohela sena. 28:27.189 --> 28:33.869 Seo se bolela hore mehlodi e jwalo ka hore kgopolo ena ha e na motheo o tiileng. Na o kile wa ipalla mehlodi ena? 28:33.869 --> 28:41.162 Hantle, ho Next Level, jwalo ka ha ke sa tswa bolela, re ntse re ngollana le ditheo tse ngata, ha e le hantle tse 28:41.162 --> 28:44.866 fetang 200, ho kenyeletsa le ditsebi tsa dikokwanahloko. 28:44.866 --> 28:50.810 Re ile ra etsa dipuisano mme ra romela dipotso ho Robert Koch Institute le ditheong tse ding kaofela 28:50.810 --> 28:54.609 lefatsheng ka bophara tse nang le ho tlaleha ka taba ena. 28:54.609 --> 29:00.532 Mme bohle ba tiisa hore ha ho na litaolo tse fosahetseng ka disampole tse phetseng hantle, hore ha ho na 29:00.532 --> 29:06.874 litaolo tse fosahetseng ho hang ho hlophiseng tatelano ea jenomo. Kahoo li haella ka ho feletseng. 29:06.874 --> 29:14.428 Taba ea hore liteko tsa tšoaetso ha li etsoe, ka mabaka a boitšoaro mohlala, ke khang e 29:14.428 --> 29:18.968 fosahetseng feela e sebelisoang e le boitšireletso. 29:18.968 --> 29:24.968 Le ka etsa ntho e tšoanang ka liphoofolo, joalokaha le etsa ka linako tsohle ka liente le meriana e meng, empa se makatsang 29:24.968 --> 29:27.515 ke hore melao ea boitšoaro e sebelisoa e le khang mona. 29:27.515 --> 29:36.558 Kahoo o leka feela ho itšireletsa khahlanong le lihlotlano tsena, mme mohlokomeli ea hlokolosi kapa esita le motho ea nang le 29:36.558 --> 29:43.720 monahano oa saense o tla hlokomela kapele hore ho na le mathata a maholohali mona mabapi le kahlolo 29:43.720 --> 29:47.610 ea saense le hape kamanong ena ea sesosa le phello. 29:47.610 --> 29:52.824 Mme ho kgutlela ditshwantshong tsena, ho meaho ena. 29:52.824 --> 29:59.223 Ho na le mosebetsi o moholo oa Karlheinz Lüdtke oa Setsi sa Max Planck sa Nalane ea Saense. 29:59.223 --> 30:06.354 O ithutile nalane ea pele ea thuto ea livaerase mme hape o fihletse qeto ea hore litšoantšo tsena li baka mathata a maholo, 30:06.354 --> 30:11.513 hobane ha se litšoantšo tsa pono tse tsoang ka har'a maekorosekope joalokaha re li tseba, 30:11.513 --> 30:14.504 empa ha e le hantle ha se litšoantšo ho hang. 30:14.504 --> 30:18.019 Mona, ho sebediswa maekorosekoupo ya eleketorone. 30:18.019 --> 30:21.735 Lisampole tse behiloeng ka har'a maikroskoupu ena ea eleketorone, ka phaposing e se nang 30:21.735 --> 30:23.629 moea, li tlameha ho tšoaroa ka hloko e kholo. 30:23.629 --> 30:31.036 Ka mohlala, li tlameha ho koaheloa ka tšepe e le hore li ka fetisa motlakase, ebe li tlameha ho hatsetsa kapa ho tiisoa 30:31.036 --> 30:34.949 lipakeng tsa lipoleiti tse peli tsa khalase ka epoxy resin. 30:34.949 --> 30:44.268 Hoo ke khatello e kholo haholo liseleng tsena, tse seng li ntse li le tlas'a khatello, 'me hoo ho ka baka liphetoho. 30:44.268 --> 30:50.498 Karlheinz Lüdtke oa Setsi sa Max Planck le eena o hlokometse hore ho na le mathata a maholohali, hore ho hlaha lintho tse 30:50.498 --> 30:53.613 entsoeng ka matsoho – ke kamoo li bitsoang kateng saenseng. 30:53.613 --> 31:01.385 Ditshwantsho ke feela diphetho kapa meaho e hlahang feela ka lebaka la maemo a teko. 31:01.385 --> 31:07.478 Mme tsena ha se ditshwantsho, ke mekgwa ya motlakase e fetotsweng ke khomphutha, ebe e fetolwa 31:07.478 --> 31:11.070 ka dipalo hore e be setshwantsho, ha re ka rialo. 31:11.070 --> 31:16.617 Mme eo ke bothata bo bong. Sena se bolela hore, maemong a matle ka ho fetisisa, re sebetsana le bopaki bo sa 31:16.617 --> 31:19.875 tobang, empa le ka mohla ha re sebetsane le bopaki bo tobileng. 31:19.875 --> 31:25.071 Bopaki bo tobileng e ka ba: Ke na le motho ea kulang, ke na le motho ea phetseng hantle, ke ba 31:25.071 --> 31:27.750 kopanya, e mong oa tšoaetsa e mong, ebe oa kula. 31:27.750 --> 31:35.133 Ke nka mathe kapa makhopho ho motho ea kulang, ke fane ka makhopho ana ho motho ea phetseng hantle, 'me motho eo o kula. 31:35.133 --> 31:38.945 Seo e ka ba bopaki bo tobileng. Seo ha se etsahale le ka mohla ho saense ea livaerase. 31:38.945 --> 31:47.141 Ha o etsa jwalo, ha e sebetse. Mme ke yona nyatso e kgolo ya taba ena kaofela. 31:47.141 --> 31:49.750 Kahoo, ha re akarelletse sephetho. 31:49.750 --> 31:54.274 Saense le dipatlisiso di ka etsa hantle ka ho boloka dipuisano di butswe. 31:54.274 --> 31:58.758 Hobane ho ka etsahala hore re sebeletsa tlas'a mehopolo e fosahetseng ea motheo, mohlomong eseng 31:58.758 --> 32:01.742 feela thutong ea vaerase, empa le lithutong tse ling. 32:01.742 --> 32:10.596 Mme seo, jwalo ka ha o supa, se ne se tla tlola metheo ya saense. E, qetellong se ne se tla e fetola booatla. 32:10.596 --> 32:19.502 Mme hoo, ehlile, e ka ba boemo boo re sa batleng ho iphumana re le ho bona, moo re khutlelang morao 32:19.502 --> 32:26.750 mehleng e lefifi moo lintho li sa ka ke tsa pakoa ka tieo. 32:26.750 --> 32:28.456 Monghadi Haberland, re a leboha ka ho bua le rona. 32:28.456 --> 32:33.089 Ke labalabela ho utlwa hore na bamamedi ba reng ka sena. 32:33.089 --> 32:39.272 Kla.TV e hlahisa mantsoe a sa thibeloe a hananang e le hore re ka bona 'nete. Kea leboha haholo. 32:39.272 --> 32:43.089 E, kea leboha le ka monyetla ona hape. Ke nahana hore ho bohlokoa haholo. 32:43.089 --> 32:47.628 Bashebelli ba bangata ka sebele ba utloile ho hong ka taba ena, empa boholo ba bona ka nnete ha baa utloa. 32:47.628 --> 32:53.307 Mme jwalo ka ha ke se ke boletse, ho thata haholo ho bua ka taba ena phatlalatsa. 32:53.307 --> 32:57.581 Ha e le hantle o fumana ho haneloa hohle feela ha o batla ho bua ka taba ena. 32:57.581 --> 33:04.206 Ka hona, ho lokile ho bolela hore ho na le maiteko a ho hatella tlhahisoleseding ena. 33:04.206 --> 33:12.260 Mme ke mema bashebelli ho netefatsa dipolelo tsa ka kaofela webosaeteng ya rona wissen-neu-gedacht.de. 33:12.260 --> 33:17.651 Re phatlalalitse lingoliloeng tse ngata tse nang le mangolo ohle a tsamaiso, mehloli 33:17.651 --> 33:21.432 eohle, le mekhoa e mengata ea makhotla tabeng ena. 33:21.432 --> 33:29.297 E, hape re na le app, Nexiqa, , moo o ka hlahlobang lihlooho tsena kaofela o sebelisa mokhoa oa ChatGPT oa 33:29.297 --> 33:36.572 "potso le karabo" le ho bala lingoliloeng tsena kaofela tsa virology ka thuso, ha re ka rialo. 33:36.572 --> 33:44.025 Nka tseba jwang hantle-ntle ho tswa phatlalatsong hore saense e ile ya hlokomolohuwa, ya tlolwa, kapa hona ho 33:44.025 --> 33:48.290 dikorrespondenseng le ditsebi tsa dikokwanahloko jwalo-jwalo? 33:48.290 --> 33:52.029 Kahoo o fumana tlhahisoleseding e ngata moo. 33:52.029 --> 33:57.906 Ho lokile haholo, joale ho saletse bashebelli hore ba ikhlahlele lintlha ka bo bona le ho le botsa lipotso. Ke leboha haholo. 33:57.906 --> 33:58.554 Kea leboha le wena.