1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:00,992


2
00:00:00,992 --> 00:00:05,718
Namuhla sinomuntu osisimemo
okududuzayo izisekelo zesayensi yezokwelapha.

3
00:00:05,718 --> 00:00:11,492
Umuntu othi amagciwane awekho. Noma
okungenani ukuthi akukho bufakazi obusebenzayo.

4
00:00:11,492 --> 00:00:16,083
Umuntu odume ngokuzazi konke? Umuntu ojulile
kwezokholo ongajwayelekile noma ngisho umuntu

5
00:00:16,083 --> 00:00:19,371
ofuna ukuguqula umlando ngokweqile? Sizobona.

6
00:00:19,371 --> 00:00:23,539
Lezi zindikimba ezilandelayo zibekwe
kuwebhusayithi yephulatifomu yakhe ethi Next Level:

7
00:00:23,539 --> 00:00:26,843
Sithatha indlela yokubuza ngesibindi nokucabanga kabusha.

8
00:00:26,843 --> 00:00:34,776
Sihlola izihloko zezivayirasi nezokwelapha ngombono
omusha, sithola ukuphikisana futhi sifuna ubuqiniso.

9
00:00:34,776 --> 00:00:42,320
Izimangalo zethu zisekelwe ngokuqinile emithonjeni
engafakazeka futhi zinikeza isisekelo esiqinile sengxoxo eyakhi.

10
00:00:42,320 --> 00:00:49,961
Sihlala sivulekile emibonweni emisha futhi sikhuthaza ukuhlola
okungapheli kwabantu ngokwabo kwesayensi. Indlela enhle!

11
00:00:49,961 --> 00:00:56,383
Masamukele umkhulumeli wezabezindaba we-Next Level,
uMnu. Marvin Haberland, esitudiyo se-Kla.TV. Siyakwamukela!

12
00:00:56,383 --> 00:00:59,039
Ntambama emnandi, ngiyabonga kakhulu ngokungimema.

13
00:00:59,039 --> 00:01:02,710
Yebo, ngiyafisa! Ngakolunye
uhlangothi, lokho kuzwakala kujabulisa kakhulu.

14
00:01:02,710 --> 00:01:07,815
Mnu. Haberland, lesi sifiso sihle futhi sisiza,
kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi kuvela umbuzo: ngabe

15
00:01:07,815 --> 00:01:10,841
kuyadingeka ngempela maqondana nodaba lwe-virus?

16
00:01:10,841 --> 00:01:14,825
Ingabe umbuzo nge-virus awuxazululwanga
iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu futhi

17
00:01:14,825 --> 00:01:18,513
awufakazelwanga ngokungangabazeki ngokucwaninga okuningi?

18
00:01:18,513 --> 00:01:26,380
Kungani sibuyisela isikhathi emuva, ngokomqondo,
sengathi bekungekho ucwaningo oluqinile lwezivayirasi?

19
00:01:26,380 --> 00:01:33,099
Yebo, lo mbuzo muhle. Uma sisebenzisa izimfuneko
ozibeke noma owazifundela ekuqaleni kuzo zonke

20
00:01:33,099 --> 00:01:36,802
izihloko, asikwazi ukwenza noma yiziphi izimangalo.

21
00:01:36,802 --> 00:01:46,177
Futhi uma sisebenzisa lokhu kuvayiroloji, sihlola izincwadi
zabavayiroloji, sihlola imisebenzi yabo futhi sihlola nemiphumela

22
00:01:46,177 --> 00:01:54,351
evela kuvayiroloji, njengemithi, ukugoma noma izincomo,
ukuze siqinisekise ubuqiniso bayo besayensi, khona-ke

23
00:01:54,351 --> 00:01:59,084
kuvela izinkinga ezinkulu ezihlobene nendlela yesayensi.

24
00:01:59,084 --> 00:02:02,263
Futhi yilokho esizoxoxa ngakho namuhla.

25
00:02:02,263 --> 00:02:10,099
Yebo, kodwa amagciwane awatholakali ngokungabazeki futhi asethulwe
kithi emithonjeni yezindaba nakuzincwadi ezikhethekile.

26
00:02:10,099 --> 00:02:17,123
Ngiletha izithombe ezimbalwa zomkhuhlane webluthongu, umkhuhlane
we-HIV, umkhuhlane we-smallpox kanye nomkhuhlane we-corona.

27
00:02:17,123 --> 00:02:20,334
Kuthiwani ngalezi zimpumelelo eziphambili?

28
00:02:20,334 --> 00:02:22,771
Lesi yisiqinisekiso esimnyama nomhlophe.

29
00:02:22,771 --> 00:02:32,484
Ngakho-ke uma uqala ngombono wokuthi, isibonelo,
abantu ababili bangathelelana, khona-ke kumele ngenze

30
00:02:32,484 --> 00:02:37,880
isivivinyo esisekela noma siqinisekisa umbono wami.

31
00:02:37,880 --> 00:02:45,536
Futhi kwezifundo ze-virology, kuthiwa amaqemela
amancane agxuma kusuka ku-A aya ku-B, isibonelo

32
00:02:45,536 --> 00:02:50,201
emoyeni, bese lawa maqemela amancane agcolisa umuntu.

33
00:02:50,201 --> 00:02:57,615
Lokhu kusho ukuthi kumele ngifakazele lonke leli thambo
lobangela nemiphumela ukuze ngiqinisekise lesi sicabango.

34
00:02:57,615 --> 00:03:05,107
Nokho, lezi zithombe azizange zenziwe kulolu hlobo lokuhlola noma
lwesivivinyo. Izithombe ozibonise lapha zenziwe ngochwepheshe

35
00:03:05,107 --> 00:03:12,127
bezifo zezintwala abenza izivivinyo elabhorethri – hhayi
ngaphakathi komzimba ophilayo, hhayi kubantu, kodwa ekukhuleni

36
00:03:12,127 --> 00:03:18,911
kweziseli elabhorethri – ngokuthatha izicubu zeziseli,
ngokuvamile ezivela ezinkaweni, ezicubeni zezinso zezinkawu,

37
00:03:18,911 --> 00:03:23,115
bese bezibulala ngobuthi futhi bezihlupha ngokungazondli.

38
00:03:23,115 --> 00:03:30,701
Kanti-ke lezi zithombe zivela. Lokhu kwaziwa
nangokuthi umphumela we-cytopathic, phakathi kwezinye izinto.

39
00:03:30,701 --> 00:03:37,595
Kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi uma uphinda ulinganiso olufanayo
ngezicubu eziphilile ezivela ezilwaneni

40
00:03:37,595 --> 00:03:45,240
eziphilile, noma uma ungafaki amasampula avela
ezilwaneni ezigulayo, uthola ngqo izithombe ezifanayo.

41
00:03:45,240 --> 00:03:51,459
Lokhu kungaba lokho okwaziwa kwisayensi
njengokuhlolwa kokulawula noma ukulawula okungaphansi.

42
00:03:51,459 --> 00:04:00,201
Lokhu empeleni kuhloswe ngakho ukuqeda ithuba lokuthi ukusethwa
kokuhlola elelebhorethri yami uqobo kudalela lo mphumela.

43
00:04:00,201 --> 00:04:07,248
Lokho kusho ukuthi uma ngenza isivivinyo manje futhi ngithatha
amasampula anempilo, ngizothola izithombe ezifanayo ngqo.

44
00:04:07,248 --> 00:04:13,305
Kodwa ososayensi bezifo zezintayekiso abakaze benze kanjalo.
Benza isivivinyo esisodwa kuphela, bese bethatha izithombe

45
00:04:13,305 --> 00:04:16,435
zalezi zithombe baze bathi ziyizintayekiso ezibangela izifo.

46
00:04:16,435 --> 00:04:22,736
Nokho, abakakombisi, okokuqala, ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka
ngokukhethekile kuphela kubantu abagulayo, futhi,

47
00:04:22,736 --> 00:04:26,553
okwesibili, ukuthi lezi zakhiwo empeleni zibangela lesi sifo.

48
00:04:26,553 --> 00:04:34,380
Ngoba esinyathelweni esilandelayo, isithombe sodwa asibonakaliso
sokuthi iphathikheli noma isakhiwo sibangela lesi sifo.

49
00:04:34,380 --> 00:04:39,915
Ngingakhombisa indlu eyonakele ngithi
umonakalo wawubangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba, kodwa

50
00:04:39,915 --> 00:04:42,708
isithombe sodwa asikwazi ukufakazela lokho.

51
00:04:42,708 --> 00:04:46,599
Kungenzeka ukuthi bekukhona esinye isizathu esibangele umonakalo.

52
00:04:46,599 --> 00:04:53,008
Lokho kusho ukuthi ngemva kokuthatha isithombe nokubonisa lesi
sithombe, esenzeka ngempela kuphela kubantu

53
00:04:53,008 --> 00:04:59,950
abagulayo; angikwazi ukuthola lezi zakhiwo kubantu
abaphilile, ngakho-ke kuzofanele ngihlukanise lezi zakhiwo.

54
00:04:59,950 --> 00:05:05,736
Kanti-ke, esivivinyweni esilandelayo,
unikeze izilwane noma abantu bese ukhombisa:

55
00:05:05,736 --> 00:05:11,185
Aha, bazogula ngezimpawu ezifanayo
manje uma ngibanika lezi zakhiwo.

56
00:05:11,185 --> 00:05:13,833
Noma ngabe kanjani, ochwepheshe
bezivayirasi nabo abakwenzi lokhu nhlobo.

57
00:05:13,833 --> 00:05:16,536
Ngakho-ke, yonke imisebenzi yenziwa kuphela elabhorethri.

58
00:05:16,536 --> 00:05:21,995
Izicubu zamangqamuzana ziyabulawa ngobuthi, zilambiswa
ngama-antibiotics nokunye, bese kuvela lezi zimphumela

59
00:05:21,995 --> 00:05:24,724
ezibizwa ngokuthi imiphumela ebilimaza amangqamuzana.

60
00:05:24,724 --> 00:05:29,553
Njengoba kushiwo, lezi zenzeka ngendlela efanayo
ngokuphelele, azihlukaneki ngisho nasemithanjeni enempilo.

61
00:05:29,553 --> 00:05:36,018
Futhi kunezifundo nezincwadi eziningi kakhulu zenzululwazi
yezinhlobonhlobo zamagciwane, ikakhulukazi ezivela ezinsukwini

62
00:05:36,018 --> 00:05:41,629
zokuqala zenzululwazi yezinhlobonhlobo zamagciwane yanamuhla
ngeminyaka yama-1940 nama-1950, futhi kamuva

63
00:05:41,629 --> 00:05:48,087
zashicilelwa kaningi kakhulu, ezisho ukuthi lo mphumela
uphinde wenzeke lapho kusetshenziswa izicubu eziphilile.

64
00:05:48,087 --> 00:05:55,665
Futhi kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1980
nama-1990, ososayensi bezivayirasi bebelokhu begwema

65
00:05:55,665 --> 00:05:59,165
ukulawula lezi zivivinyo ngethishu enempilo.

66
00:05:59,165 --> 00:06:04,342
Lokho akusenziwa manje. Sengibe nezincoko eziningi ngalokhu.

67
00:06:04,342 --> 00:06:10,731
Ngale njongo, ngithumele izicelo eziningi
ngaphansi koMthetho Wenkululeko Yolwazi.

68
00:06:10,731 --> 00:06:18,018
Emhlabeni wonke, ngamazwe ngamazwe, iRobert Koch Institute,
iPublic Health Service England, e-Italy, iCDC

69
00:06:18,018 --> 00:06:25,678
eMelika, iPasteur Institute eFrance, iNyuvesi
yaseMelbourne e-Australia, iDoherty Institute, nokunye nokunye.

70
00:06:25,678 --> 00:06:30,379
Kuzo zonke izintuthu ezingaba khona, i-measles,
i-SARS-CoV-2, ne-HIV. Futhi umlayezo uhlale ufana:

71
00:06:30,379 --> 00:06:37,769
Cha, asenzi izivivinyo zokulawula noma izilawuli
ezingezinhle ngezinto eziphilile. Akwenziwa nhlobo.

72
00:06:37,769 --> 00:06:45,734
Kodwa uma beqaphele lo mehluko, incazelo
yabo iyini? Ngakho-ke kungani bengakwenzi?

73
00:06:45,734 --> 00:06:49,840
Ingabe bathi, "Yebo, sesixazulule
lokho ngeminyaka yama-1940, asisadingi"?

74
00:06:49,840 --> 00:06:59,460
Impendulo ziyahlukahluka. Kwesinye isikhathi
uzwa ukuthi akukho ikhono lokwenza lezi zivivinyo.

75
00:06:59,460 --> 00:07:04,706
Ugxila ngokuphelele ezilingweni ezinhle.

76
00:07:04,706 --> 00:07:09,581
Lokho kwakuyimpendulo, isibonelo,
evela e-Australia ku-SARS-CoV-2.

77
00:07:09,581 --> 00:07:18,903
Kwezinye izimo, njengokuvuka kwesifo somlomo nezinyawo okwamanje
e-Friedrich Loeffler Institute, sasitshelwa ukuthi

78
00:07:18,903 --> 00:07:27,989
lokhu akudingeki, njengoba ezinye izindlela,
ezingaqondile, sezibonise ukuthi isampula iqukethe igciwane.

79
00:07:27,989 --> 00:07:33,918
Futhi lezo izizathu ezivamile, ngingathi, ezizwa kaningi.

80
00:07:33,918 --> 00:07:41,998
Nokho, lezi azanelisi ngokwesayensi futhi ziphula indlela
yesayensi, okubalulekile kubo bonke ososayensi

81
00:07:41,998 --> 00:07:49,715
bezivayirasi nasezikhungweni ngokweSigaba 1
soMthetho Wokuvikela Ukusabalala Kwezifo waseJalimane.

82
00:07:49,715 --> 00:07:53,896
Kuthiwa wonke umuntu kumele asebenze
ngokwezitholokhono zesayensi zakamuva.

83
00:07:53,896 --> 00:08:03,969
Futhi i-German Research Foundation eJalimane ichaza
imithetho yomsebenzi wesayensi kubo bonke ososayensi.

84
00:08:03,969 --> 00:08:10,889
Futhi kucacile ukuthi kumele senze izilawuli ezingezinhle,
noma kunokho ukuthi kumele sihlolisise izindlela zethu, futhi

85
00:08:10,889 --> 00:08:14,828
kumele sibhale phansi konke ukuze wonke umuntu akwazi ukuqonda.

86
00:08:14,828 --> 00:08:19,256
Futhi lokho kuphulwa ngokuphelele kwezifundo ze-virology.

87
00:08:19,256 --> 00:08:28,309
Kodwa uma wenza izilawuli, njengoba thina uqobo sesishicilele,
isibonelo, sesishicilele izivivinyo zokulawula lapho ungeza ngqo

88
00:08:28,309 --> 00:08:35,579
lawo ma-antibiotic asetshenziswa ngabacwaningi bezivayirasi
ezintweni eziphilile, usebenzisa ngqo lezo

89
00:08:35,579 --> 00:08:43,445
zindlela zokubulala ngendlala ezisetshenziswa
ngabacwaningi bezivayirasi, khona-ke uthola ngqo le miphumela.

90
00:08:43,445 --> 00:08:49,600
Futhi, vele, lokhu kwashicilelwa kaningi esikhathini esedlule
ngabachwepheshe bezivayirasi ngokwabo, kodwa njengoba ngishilo,

91
00:08:49,600 --> 00:08:53,884
sikhuluma ngesikhathi kusukela ngeminyaka
yama-1940 kuya kwama-1960 nama-1970. Kusukela

92
00:08:53,884 --> 00:08:57,313
ngeminyaka yama-1980 nama-1990, lokhu sekungasenziwa nje.

93
00:08:57,313 --> 00:09:03,616
Sihlala sikhuluma ngamagciwane. Kungani kunama-antibiotics
kulezi zikhuliswa zamangqamuzana? Benzeni lapho?

94
00:09:03,616 --> 00:09:07,086
Yebo, lokho nakho kuyimbuzo ebaluleke kakhulu futhi enhle.

95
00:09:07,086 --> 00:09:13,896
Ososayensi bezivayirasi basebenzisa
ama-antibiotic kulezi zivivinyo zokukhulisa amaseli

96
00:09:13,896 --> 00:09:17,117
elabhorethri ngoba bafuna ukuhlanza ukukhulisa kwamaseli.

97
00:09:17,117 --> 00:09:23,899
Ufuna ukuvimbela amabhaktheriya nezinye
izinambuzane ezincane ekuthonyeni isivivinyo.

98
00:09:23,899 --> 00:09:34,235
Bafuna kuphela amagciwane, angempela angaphili, awona izidalwa
eziphilayo; bafuna kuphela lawa magciwane ukuze abe nomphumela.

99
00:09:34,235 --> 00:09:38,555
Futhi bafuna cishe ukubhubhisa
ngokuphelele zonke ezinye izinambuzane.

100
00:09:38,555 --> 00:09:44,766
Nokho, ososayensi bezifo ze-virus bavame ukunganaki
ukuthi ama-antibiotics ngokwawo abeka ingcindezi

101
00:09:44,766 --> 00:09:48,547
enkulu ezicubeni, kulesi sikhala sokukhulisa amaseli.

102
00:09:48,547 --> 00:09:56,716
Futhi ukuphathwa kwamantibhayothikhi, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa
amabili, i-penicillin ne-streptomycin ngokuhlangene, okubangela

103
00:09:56,716 --> 00:10:04,567
ukucindezeleka ekukhuleni kwamaseli, bese kuvela lo mphumela,
umphumela we-cytopathic, lapho ukukhulisa kwamaseli kuyaphela

104
00:10:04,567 --> 00:10:10,331
khona bese kuthengiswa kithi njengesithombe se-virus, ngokuthi.

105
00:10:10,331 --> 00:10:15,299
Kukhona futhi izitatimende ezivela kososayensi
bezivayirasi ekuxhumaneni, okuhlanganisa nezikhungo ezifana

106
00:10:15,299 --> 00:10:17,855
neFriedrich Loeffler Institute, ezichaza ngokusobala:

107
00:10:17,855 --> 00:10:23,821
Lokhu kuyaziwa kahle. Izazi zezivayirasi ziyazi
ukuthi ama-antibiotics awubangele izinkinga

108
00:10:23,821 --> 00:10:27,530
ezicubeni futhi angadala lo mphumela we-cytopathic.

109
00:10:27,530 --> 00:10:36,118
Futhi yingakho, ngokwesayensi, umuntu uphoqelekile
ukwenza ukuhlolwa kokulawula, lapho isampula enempilo nayo

110
00:10:36,118 --> 00:10:41,241
iphathwa ngama-antibiotics, futhi lokho nakho akwenziwa.

111
00:10:41,241 --> 00:10:46,076
Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nangendlela zesimanje kakhulu kanye
nemayikroskopu ye-elekthronikhi yokuhlola ehamba phambili,

112
00:10:46,076 --> 00:10:48,640
imiphumela efanayo ingabonakala kubantu abaphilile nabagulayo.

113
00:10:48,640 --> 00:10:49,170
Yebo.

114
00:10:49,170 --> 00:10:49,955
Akukho umehluko?

115
00:10:49,955 --> 00:10:53,453
Akukho mehluko, akukwazi ukuhlukaniswa.

116
00:10:53,453 --> 00:10:57,824
Kukhona enye iphuzu i-German Research
Association elifuna ukusetshenziswa, elingakaze

117
00:10:57,824 --> 00:11:01,624
lisetshenziswe kwezifundo ze-virology, okuyi-blinding.

118
00:11:01,624 --> 00:11:09,243
Kubalulekile ngempela ukuthi ochwepheshe bezivayirasi
elabhorethri bangazi ukuthi isampula iyiphi ethathelwe igciwane

119
00:11:09,243 --> 00:11:15,559
nokuthi iyiphi, isibonelo, evela kumthombo
ophilile, ukuze bangabi nazo izimvo ezingalungile noma

120
00:11:15,559 --> 00:11:18,216
imibono esekelwe ekucabangeni kwangaphambilini.

121
00:11:18,216 --> 00:11:21,732
Lokhu futhi akwenziwa nhlobo kunoma
yisiphi isigaba se-virology jikelele.

122
00:11:21,732 --> 00:11:24,841
Lokhu kusho ukuthi empeleni
sinokwephulwa okuningana kwendlela yesayensi.

123
00:11:24,841 --> 00:11:31,161
Ukuntuleka kwezivivinyo zokulawula, ukuntuleka
kwemibhalo ephelele nokuntuleka kokufihla ulwazi, konke

124
00:11:31,161 --> 00:11:35,950
lokhu kuyaphulwa njalo – ngisho yiRobert Koch Institute.

125
00:11:35,950 --> 00:11:43,082
Futhi njengoba ngishilo, akuyona nje ukugxeka indlela
yesayensi, kodwa siyazi ukuthi uma wenza lezi zivivinyo

126
00:11:43,082 --> 00:11:47,300
zokulawula, umphumela ofanayo uvela ngokungahlukaneki.

127
00:11:47,300 --> 00:11:54,073
Lokho kuwukuphikisa okuqondile nokungamanga
kwe-virology – okungenani ngaleli phesheya.

128
00:11:54,073 --> 00:11:57,830
Manje sesixoxe ngalezi zithombe
lapha, izivivinyo zokukhulisa amaseli.

129
00:11:57,830 --> 00:12:02,713
Abachwepheshe bezivayirasi-ke bathatha
isinyathelo sesibili, okungukuthi ukuhlelwa kwe-genome,

130
00:12:02,713 --> 00:12:05,713
abanye ababukeli abake bezwa ngakho ngaphambilini.

131
00:12:05,713 --> 00:12:13,432
Kwenziwa-ke umzamo wokuhlonza
i-genome noma ulwazi lwemfuzo lwesibola.

132
00:12:13,432 --> 00:12:17,112
Konke lokhu kwenziwa
kusetshenziswa imodeli yekhompyutha, singathi.

133
00:12:17,112 --> 00:12:20,440
Lokhu kuwukulingisa kwekhompyutha kuphela
okusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zesofthiwe.

134
00:12:20,440 --> 00:12:28,020
Ayihlangene nhlobo nokulandelana
kwangempela, futhi lapha akwenzeki ukuhlolwa.

135
00:12:28,020 --> 00:12:33,026
Futhi kuzodingeka futhi ukuthi ulandelanise
ukukhiqizwa kwamaseli anempilo okubangela ngqo le miphumela.

136
00:12:33,026 --> 00:12:40,112
Bheka-ke, uma wenza lokho, uthola ama-genome
afanayo namagciwane afanayo nakwisiko lamaseli anempilo.

137
00:12:40,112 --> 00:12:44,924
Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngiyakwazi ukubala zonke
izivayirasi ekukhuleni kweziseli ezinempilo

138
00:12:44,924 --> 00:12:47,768
engizigcwalise ngama-antibiotics futhi ngazindla.

139
00:12:47,768 --> 00:12:51,034
Ngingathola i-HIV lapho kalula nje ngohlelo lwekhompyutha.

140
00:12:51,034 --> 00:12:56,212
Ngingathola i-SARS-CoV-2 khona,
kanye nezinhlobo zayo eziguquliwe.

141
00:12:56,212 --> 00:13:02,868
Futhi ngingakwazi ukwenza konke lokhu kube lula kakhulu ngokubeka
lesi sikhala samangqamuzana ezinye

142
00:13:02,868 --> 00:13:09,424
izinyathelo ezengeziwe, njenge-PCR, lapho ngikhulisa
khona lesi sikhala samangqamuzana, ngokuthi.

143
00:13:09,424 --> 00:13:11,276
Lokho kusho ukuthi ngiyaphinda nje impahla.

144
00:13:11,276 --> 00:13:16,745
Lokhu kwenza kube lula kakhulu uhlelo
lwekhompyutha ukuthola nokubala amagciwane, ngokuthi.

145
00:13:16,745 --> 00:13:24,382
Futhi siyagxeka konke lokhu ngoba sibona ukuthi uma ukulawula
ngokuhlakanipha, njengoba kufanele kwenziwe

146
00:13:24,382 --> 00:13:31,142
ngokwesayensi, khona-ke siyaphikisa futhi
siyawuphikisa amazwi abalimi bezivayirasi.

147
00:13:31,142 --> 00:13:37,186
Futhi – konke lokhu bekuzwakala kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngakho
kungenzeka kudingeke ukulalele kanye noma kabili futhi –

148
00:13:37,186 --> 00:13:43,597
kodwa manje kufika iphuzu elilula nelibaluleke kakhulu,
elifanele futhi libe ngokweqiniso ngokuphelele kubabukeli bonke.

149
00:13:43,597 --> 00:13:48,721
Ngaphandle kwalezi zithombe esihlala siziboniswa, nangaphandle
kwezivivinyo zokukhulisa amaseli kanye nokulandelana kwe-genome

150
00:13:48,721 --> 00:13:52,074
kukhompyutha – ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwakho konke lokhu:

151
00:13:52,074 --> 00:13:58,613
Yonke imivivinyo yokuthelelana eyake yafezwa
emlandweni, okusho ukuhlanganisa abantu abaphilile

152
00:13:58,613 --> 00:14:02,385
nabagulayo, noma izilwane noma abantu, yehlulekile. Zonke!

153
00:14:02,385 --> 00:14:08,012
Lokho kusho ukuthi noma nini lapho ngizama ukuhlanganisa
abantu abagulayo nabaphilile ndawonye ekuhlolweni

154
00:14:08,012 --> 00:14:11,754
okulawulwayo ukuze ngifakazele ukutheleleka, akusebenzi nhlobo!

155
00:14:11,754 --> 00:14:15,866
Futhi lokho nakho kuwukuphikisa okuqondile kwe-virology.

156
00:14:15,866 --> 00:14:23,983
Yebo, mhlawumbe ngokungaqondile. Kodwa awukwazi ukusho ukuthi
amagciwane awabangeli izifo uma ubona lezi zifo zokutheleleka.

157
00:14:23,983 --> 00:14:25,553
Ngisho, ungakubona ekilasini lesikole.

158
00:14:25,553 --> 00:14:28,509
Bese-ke ingane eyodwa igula, ingane elandelayo
igula, othisha bagula, ingxenye yekilasi ayigcwele.

159
00:14:28,509 --> 00:14:31,992
Sisanda kuphinda lokho futhi. Lokho bekufanele kwenzeke kanjani?

160
00:14:31,992 --> 00:14:38,522
Uma-ke kungaqinisekiswa ukuthi amabhaktheriya
awabandakanyeki, kodwa kunalokho kunezimpawu ezingacacile

161
00:14:38,522 --> 00:14:41,780
esivame ukubhekana nazo, eziphinde zibuye kaningi.

162
00:14:41,780 --> 00:14:47,735
Lena ikliniki evamile evela. Ungachaza kanjani lokho?

163
00:14:47,735 --> 00:14:52,886
Yebo, lapho sibona lezi zinto, kuvela izimfundiso zesayensi.

164
00:14:52,886 --> 00:14:55,892
Isibonelo, manje sekuyizitho ezincane noma amagciwane asabalala.

165
00:14:55,892 --> 00:14:59,799
Lena ingqikithi enhle kakhulu. Kodwa uma uyihlola, ayisebenzi.

166
00:14:59,799 --> 00:15:02,697
Ngakho sidinga imibono eminingi nezimfundiso eziningi.

167
00:15:02,697 --> 00:15:05,713
Impela, sicabangele lokhu kakhulu.

168
00:15:05,713 --> 00:15:10,650
Uma kungeyona amagciwane, kungaba yini? Noma amagciwane amancane?

169
00:15:10,650 --> 00:15:18,951
Lokhu ngokusobala kusiholela ezindabeni ezifana nokudla
okunomsoco, imiphumela yemvelo, ubuthi kanye nokuchayeka

170
00:15:18,951 --> 00:15:24,309
kwethu emithonjeni yangaphandle ehlobene nocwaningo lwesayensi.

171
00:15:24,309 --> 00:15:32,999
Impela, imithombo yokukhishwa kwemisebe,
izimbangela zengqondo kanye nokucindezeleka nazo kungenzeka.

172
00:15:32,999 --> 00:15:40,504
Lezi zonke izimbangela ezingafakazeka kahle
kakhulu ngokuhlolwa, isibonelo kunoma yiluphi uhlolo.

173
00:15:40,504 --> 00:15:48,231
Ngingadala izimpawu ngokudla kuphela.
Ngingadala amathumba ngezinto eziyingozi.

174
00:15:48,231 --> 00:15:51,050
Ngingadala amathumba ngokuhlola ngemisebe.

175
00:15:51,050 --> 00:15:55,558
Ngingavula futhi ngivali izimpawu
ngokuthinta inkinobho ngisebenzisa lezi ziguquguquko.

176
00:15:55,558 --> 00:16:01,401
Lokhu kusho ukuthi sesivele sazi okuningi
ngezimpawu eziningi, ukuthi singazidalela kanjani

177
00:16:01,401 --> 00:16:05,730
ekuhlolweni, nokuthi yini ebangela zona, ngokuthi.

178
00:16:05,730 --> 00:16:13,945
Akuyona yonke, kodwa iningi elikhulu. Yingakho sithi kunengqondo
ukuqhubeka nocwaningo kule ndawo nokwenza ucwaningo

179
00:16:13,945 --> 00:16:20,178
olungenamkhawulo lapho, kunokuba sigxile kulesi
sihloko ngaso sonke isikhathi, esiphikwe

180
00:16:20,178 --> 00:16:25,605
ngokuphelele kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekugcineni.

181
00:16:25,605 --> 00:16:30,098
Lokhu futhi kuvimbela ukuqonda okwengeziwe,
ucwaningo olwengeziwe, nolwazi olwengeziwe.

182
00:16:30,098 --> 00:16:41,392
Lokho nakho siyigxeka kakhulu, ngoba kunciphisa
kakhulu umkhawulo wolwazi endabeni esivele yaphikwa.

183
00:16:41,392 --> 00:16:46,629
Ngiyakuqonda kahle? Akukho amagciwane
noma amabhaktheriya abangele lesi sifo?

184
00:16:46,629 --> 00:16:53,068
Kunjalo. Ngokwesayensi, uma wenza le
mivivinyo ngezivayirasi noma nalokho okuthiwa

185
00:16:53,068 --> 00:16:57,135
yizivayirasi, awukwazi ukufakazela ukutheleleka.

186
00:16:57,135 --> 00:17:05,692
Kodwa uma wenza lokhu ngamagciwane ongawabona ngempela ngaphansi
kwemayikroskophu, amagciwane akhona ngempela,

187
00:17:05,692 --> 00:17:13,729
noma kunjalo, uma siwahlukanisa la magciwane,
asikwazi ukubangela utheleleko ekuhlolweni okulawulwayo.

188
00:17:13,729 --> 00:17:20,325
Isibonelo: Uma ngithatha i-salmonella noma amanye amagciwane
athiwa ukuthi abangela izimpawu ezithile,

189
00:17:20,325 --> 00:17:27,459
angikwazi ukutheleleza noma ukungcolisa isidalwa
esiphilayo esinempilo ngawo. Akusebenzi ngaleyo ndlela.

190
00:17:27,459 --> 00:17:34,032
Kuhlale kubonakala ukuthi lapho isidalwa esiphilayo sesivele
sigula noma sibonisa izimpawu,

191
00:17:34,032 --> 00:17:41,732
amabhaktheriya nawo ayanda endaweni efanayo ngasikhathi
sinye, njengomphumela ohambisanayo, singathi.

192
00:17:41,732 --> 00:17:47,740
Kodwa lokho, isibonelo, kuwukudweba
isifaniso kumuntu obukayo, njengendlu evutha umlilo.

193
00:17:47,740 --> 00:17:54,256
Uma ngibona izindlu ezivutha umlilo, ngivame noma cishe ngaso
sonke isikhathi ngibona ukuthi kukhona nabacimi bomlilo lapho.

194
00:17:54,256 --> 00:17:57,975
Lokho kusho ukuthi ukuhambisana, ukuhambisana kuphezulu kakhulu.

195
00:17:57,975 --> 00:18:03,521
Nokho, lokhu akufakazeli ukuthi
abacimi bomlilo nabo babengabangela umlilo.

196
00:18:03,521 --> 00:18:06,014
Zivela kuphela ngesikhathi esifanayo nomlilo.

197
00:18:06,014 --> 00:18:08,761
Ngakho-ke kufanele uqaphele kakhulu kakhulu
ngezinto eziphilayo ezincane kakhulu

198
00:18:08,761 --> 00:18:11,107
namabhaktheriya, futhi ubheke ngokucophelela kakhulu.

199
00:18:11,107 --> 00:18:16,717
Ngenxa yokuthi zivela kanye
nezimpawu, akusho ukuthi ziyimbangela.

200
00:18:16,717 --> 00:18:23,566
Ngoba, njengoba ngisanda kusho, uma ngizihlukanisa bese nginika
amabhaktheriya kumuntu ophilile ongaguli, akwenzeki lutho.

201
00:18:23,566 --> 00:18:29,396
Futhi lokho empeleni kuwukuphikisa ukuthi
izifo noma ukutheleleka zikhona nhlobo ngenxa

202
00:18:29,396 --> 00:18:32,838
yezinhlobonhlobo ezincane ezifana namabhaktheriya.

203
00:18:32,838 --> 00:18:36,040
Kodwa lokho futhi kufaka phakathi
ama-parasite nezimbungulu. Akusebenzi lapho futhi.

204
00:18:36,040 --> 00:18:41,136
Awusoze uthelele abantu abaphilile ngaleyo ndlela. Akusebenzi.

205
00:18:41,136 --> 00:18:44,705
Yebo, kodwa sibuyela kulesi simo ekilasini.

206
00:18:44,705 --> 00:18:52,080
Akuzona zonke izingane ezidla okufanayo.
Azinazo zonke izimo zokuphila ezifanayo ngokuphelele.

207
00:18:52,080 --> 00:18:56,632
Kungaba kanjani-ke ukuthi bonke bathuthukise izimpawu ezifanayo?

208
00:18:56,632 --> 00:19:01,111
Ngakho-ke, lapho sithi sinazo izimpawu ezifanayo ekilasini:

209
00:19:01,111 --> 00:19:04,431
Okokuqala, lokhu akuthinti njalo zonke
izingane, kodwa kuthinta ezimbalwa kuphela.

210
00:19:04,431 --> 00:19:09,713
Futhi kumele sifune indawo esivumelana
kuyo. Izingane zonke zisekamelweni elilodwa.

211
00:19:09,713 --> 00:19:12,369
Bonke banezifundo ezifanayo.

212
00:19:12,369 --> 00:19:15,635
Bonke babhekene nezimo zezulu ezifanayo.

213
00:19:15,635 --> 00:19:19,478
Bonke babhekene nezimo zemvelo ezifanayo kule ndlu.

214
00:19:19,478 --> 00:19:27,617
Futhi lokho kungase kube neziguquko noma izizathu
ezanele, okufanele-ke nakanjani kuhlolwe ekuhlolweni okufanele.

215
00:19:27,617 --> 00:19:34,750
Lokho kungaba isinyathelo sesibili. Kodwa
asinankinga yokuntuleka kwezibikezelo. Impela.

216
00:19:34,750 --> 00:19:41,807
Kodwa uma uthi ubukhona balezi zintuthu ezibangela izifo
abukafakazeki nokuthi isayensi ngokuyisisekelo ayazi

217
00:19:41,807 --> 00:19:49,436
ukuthi yini eyenzayo noma ukuthi ifuna ini, zingasiza
kangakanani izinyathelo zokuvimbela ezifana nokugoma?

218
00:19:49,436 --> 00:20:00,475
Yebo, bangasiza futhi ngaphandle kobufakazi bezinhlobonhlobo
zamagciwane uma bekubonisa inzuzo ekuhlolweni okufanele.

219
00:20:00,475 --> 00:20:05,832
Ngakho-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amagciwane
akhona noma cha, umjovo wokugoma ungase usasebenza.

220
00:20:05,832 --> 00:20:10,525
Kodwa akwenzeki kanjalo lapho
kwenziwa izivivinyo ngemijovo yokugoma.

221
00:20:10,525 --> 00:20:17,000
Okokuqala, iningi elikhulu lezifundo
zokugoma nazo azilandeli imithetho yesayensi.

222
00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:19,681
Lokhu kusho ukuthi sinamaqembu okungenani amabili.

223
00:20:19,681 --> 00:20:24,165
Omunye uthola umuthi wokugoma, omunye uthola i-placebo efanele.

224
00:20:24,165 --> 00:20:30,179
Kanti-ke-ke kubhekwa isithombe esiphelele sokwelashwa.

225
00:20:30,179 --> 00:20:32,876
Kwaba kanjalo nge-coronavirus,
isibonelo, ngemijovo yokugoma i-coronavirus.

226
00:20:32,876 --> 00:20:35,915
Kwathathwa izinyathelo zokufaka iqembu le-placebo.

227
00:20:35,915 --> 00:20:41,689
Wabe esethola isixazululo se-saline,
esingeke sibe i-placebo efanele ngokwaso.

228
00:20:41,689 --> 00:20:48,804
Ngoba i-placebo ekulawulweni okungathí sina okufanele
kumele ihluke kuphela esithakweni esisebenzayo ngomkhombandlela

229
00:20:48,804 --> 00:20:51,869
owodwa, ukuze lo mkhombandlela kuphela ubonakale.

230
00:20:51,869 --> 00:20:53,931
Kuleso simo, kungaba yingxenye ye-viral.

231
00:20:53,931 --> 00:20:59,064
Isixazululo somunawu sihluke kwemijovo
yangempela ngezinguquko ezingamakhulu.

232
00:20:59,064 --> 00:21:01,580
Kodwa lokho kuwudaba oluhlukile ngokuphelele.

233
00:21:01,580 --> 00:21:06,197
Yini eyayenziwa kulezi zifundo ze-coronavirus mayelana
nemijovo yokugoma ye-coronavirus? Isibonelo, i-BioNTech-Pfizer?

234
00:21:06,197 --> 00:21:11,501
Abantu babesebhekwa nje ngokuhlolwa kwe-PCR.

235
00:21:11,501 --> 00:21:16,962
Nokho, uma ufunda umbhalo omncane wocwaningo, inani
labantu abagulayo emaqenjini womabili lalilingana.

236
00:21:16,962 --> 00:21:21,119
Kulezi zifundo, lokhu kubizwa
ngokuthi "amacala asolwayo e-Covid-19".

237
00:21:21,119 --> 00:21:22,770
Lokho kusho ukuthi cishe inani elifanayo labantu beligula.

238
00:21:22,770 --> 00:21:26,220
Bekungekho okwenzeka ukuhlukanisa lutho eklinikini yangempela.

239
00:21:26,220 --> 00:21:29,752
Lokhu kusho ukuthi umjovo wokugoma
awuzange ube nomphumela wezokwelapha nhlobo.

240
00:21:29,752 --> 00:21:32,197
Kuphela ukuhlolwa kwe-PCR okwabonisa umehluko.

241
00:21:32,197 --> 00:21:34,190
Futhi lapho, nathi siyagxeka imijovo yokugoma.

242
00:21:34,190 --> 00:21:42,580
Akukaze kufakazwe ngokwesayensi ukuthi ziyasebenza ekulweni
nezifo. Futhi, ukuze ngengeze kulokho, njengoba kungathiwa:

243
00:21:42,580 --> 00:21:52,110
Uma ubheka umkhuhlane we-measles nokukhwehlela okukhulu, noma
ezinye izifo ezihambisana nemijovo yokugoma, lapho imithi evamile

244
00:21:52,110 --> 00:22:00,890
ithi imijovo yokugoma isuse lezi zifo, ungabona ngempela ukuthi
isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokwethulwa kwanoma yimuphi

245
00:22:00,890 --> 00:22:09,470
umjovo wokugoma, izibalo zikhombisa ukuthi ukwenzeka
kwalezi zifo kwakusephansi kakade, futhi kwakwehla kakhulu.

246
00:22:09,470 --> 00:22:13,313
Kwezinye izimo, njengomkhuhlane wama-measles,
ukwenzeka kwawo kwehla ngamaphesenti

247
00:22:13,313 --> 00:22:15,775
angama-95 eJalimane ngaphambi kokwethulwa kokugoma.

248
00:22:15,775 --> 00:22:19,350
Lokhu kusho ukuthi lesi sifo sasivele sanyamalala
ngempela ngesikhathi kwethulwa umjovo wokugoma.

249
00:22:19,350 --> 00:22:24,173
Lokhu kusho ukuthi akukho
miphumela engalindelwa kule datha futhi.

250
00:22:24,173 --> 00:22:28,244
Yingakho sigxeka imijovo yokugoma njengoba sigxeka i-virology.

251
00:22:28,244 --> 00:22:36,033
Futhi, ngokungeziwe, imithi eminingi enye nayo
ibhekwa njengeyingasebenzi futhi engadingekile.

252
00:22:36,033 --> 00:22:37,900
Kodwa lokho kuzwakala cishe njengobugebengu bokukhohlisa.

253
00:22:37,900 --> 00:22:40,808
Ngokubona kwakho, ingabe bonke ososayensi
bezinhlobonhlobo zamagciwane nabacwaningi

254
00:22:40,808 --> 00:22:42,847
bezokwelapha bangabakhohlisi nabantu ababi?

255
00:22:42,847 --> 00:22:48,119
Cha, nhlobo. Sihlala kumele sithathe
ingxenye yabantu ngokubhekwa futhi.

256
00:22:48,119 --> 00:22:54,423
Ngoba laba bantu banikele yonke impilo
yabo kulesi sihloko, kulolu cwaningo.

257
00:22:54,423 --> 00:23:00,832
Banobandlululo, njengoba umuntu angasho ngesiNgisi, noma
banobandlululo bengqondo, banombono ogobile, abakwazi ukucabanga

258
00:23:00,832 --> 00:23:04,330
ngokuvulekile, futhi kaningi konke ukuphila kwabo kuncike kukho.

259
00:23:04,330 --> 00:23:10,009
Lokho kusho ukuthi banemindeni, banezabantwana njalo
njalo, futhi bangase bangakwazi ukukhokhela ukuba nokugxeka.

260
00:23:10,009 --> 00:23:14,783
Kufanele njalo ukucabangela lokho; akwenzeki
ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi abantu babe izigebengu.

261
00:23:14,783 --> 00:23:17,983
Ososayensi abaningi bezivayirasi sebebekwa icala lokungazi.

262
00:23:17,983 --> 00:23:21,337
Ngoba bahlala benqaba iziphakamiso zethu zokukhuluma.

263
00:23:21,337 --> 00:23:27,729
Ngezinye izikhathi sithola izimpendulo ezicelweni zolwazi
ezibhaliwe, kodwa hhayi njalo, futhi kunzima kakhulu kakhulu

264
00:23:27,729 --> 00:23:31,345
ukubamba ingxoxo enembono engathathi hlangothi, yesayensi lapho.

265
00:23:31,345 --> 00:23:37,910
Ungabavungula ngalokho ngokuqinisekile, kodwa
angisoze ngithi bonke odokotela noma bonke

266
00:23:37,910 --> 00:23:42,345
ososayensi bezifo zezintuthu nokunye bakwenzela ngenhloso.

267
00:23:42,345 --> 00:23:50,001
Kuyindlela yokuzivikela, futhi
kunezinga lokungazi ngalesi sihloko.

268
00:23:50,001 --> 00:23:55,927
Nokho, abasekeli bethiyori yegciwane bathi kwaba kuphela
ngokwethulwa kwezokuhlanzeka, isibonelo ngu-Ignaz

269
00:23:55,927 --> 00:24:02,384
Semmelweis emkhakheni we-gynaecology noRobert Koch ngethiyori
yamagciwane, lapho izifo ezithathelana zaqala ukwehla.

270
00:24:02,384 --> 00:24:07,470
Awubeki yini engcupheni ukuthi lezi
zimpumelelo ziphinde zisuswe ngenxa yamazwi akho?

271
00:24:07,470 --> 00:24:15,152
Kufanele uhlale uhlukanisa. Izinhlelo ezifana nokuthuthukisa
ukuhlanzeka nakanjani zingaba nomthelela,

272
00:24:15,152 --> 00:24:21,955
isibonelo, ngoba ngivumela izinto
zangaphandle ezimbalwa enqeni yami noma emzimbeni wami.

273
00:24:21,955 --> 00:24:26,447
Impela, umzimba uphendula udaka
olungewona lwangaphakathi, ngithi ngokuvuvukala.

274
00:24:26,447 --> 00:24:28,884
Lokho kucacile kakhulu, futhi kulungile.

275
00:24:28,884 --> 00:24:31,798
Kodwa lokho akusho ngempela ukuthi kuhlobene namagciwane.

276
00:24:31,798 --> 00:24:41,415
Kwezifundo ze-virology, isitatimende sicacile kakhulu:
kunezinhlayiya ezincane ezibangela izifo, okuyimbangela yazo.

277
00:24:41,415 --> 00:24:46,548
Futhi kumele ngikufakazele
ngokwesayensi. Angikwazi nje ukukushiya lapho.

278
00:24:46,548 --> 00:24:52,718
Impela, izimo zokuhlanzeka sezithuthuke.
Nokho, lokhu nakho kunemikhawulo ebalulekile.

279
00:24:52,718 --> 00:24:58,239
Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sobhubhane we-coronavirus,
kwenziwa izifundo eziningi, njengoba kwenzeka

280
00:24:58,239 --> 00:25:01,460
nange-influenza, lapho amaqembu amabili ahlolwe khona.

281
00:25:01,460 --> 00:25:04,890
Omunye wathobela izinyathelo
zokuhlanzeka, omunye akazange athobele.

282
00:25:04,890 --> 00:25:07,890
Noma omunye wayesebenzisa izimaski
kanti omunye wayengazisebenzisi.

283
00:25:07,890 --> 00:25:16,542
Futhi kuyo yonke le mibhalo ebizwa ngokuthi ama-RCT asezingeni
legolide, lapho kunezigaba ezimbili kuphela futhi okuguqukayo

284
00:25:16,542 --> 00:25:24,343
okukodwa kuphela okuhlukile, uthola ukuthi izinyathelo
zokuhlanzeka namamaski awazange abe nomthelela nhlobo.

285
00:25:24,343 --> 00:25:28,914
Zombili izinhlangothi zihlale zibe nenani
elifanayo leziguli ezigulayo ezinezimpawu.

286
00:25:28,914 --> 00:25:36,763
Ngakho-ke bekungekho umehluko obalulekile
ngokwezibalo. Futhi lokho kuphika le hypothesis.

287
00:25:36,763 --> 00:25:41,468
Noma kunjalo, njengoba ngishilo nje, ukuhlanzeka
kuyelulekwa manje uma kunezilonda ezivulekile.

288
00:25:41,468 --> 00:25:48,116
Ngoba umzimba uphilile kakhulu uma kungekho izinto
ezingaphandle kumatishu. Lokho kucacile kakhulu.

289
00:25:48,116 --> 00:25:51,085
Futhi-ke, ngokomlando, kube
nemivivinyo yokutheleleka ngosayizi omkhulu.

290
00:25:51,085 --> 00:25:54,968
Phakathi kwempi yezwe, ngesikhathi sempi yezwe.

291
00:25:54,968 --> 00:26:01,973
Ingabe lokhu akuzange kuholele esiphethweni
sokuthi, ngaphezu kwamagciwane, kukhona nezinye

292
00:26:01,973 --> 00:26:07,270
izindlela ezibangela izifo ezingabangelwa yilezi ziqephu?

293
00:26:07,270 --> 00:26:13,820
Empeleni, kube nemizamo eminingi yokutheleleka emlandweni wonke.

294
00:26:13,820 --> 00:26:17,849
Ngesikhathi sobhubhane lwe-Spanish flu, yebo,
kodwa futhi kamuva ngesifo somkhuhlane we-measles

295
00:26:17,849 --> 00:26:20,179
kanye nezinye izifo eziningi, umkhuhlane nezinye.

296
00:26:20,179 --> 00:26:23,757
Futhi sengivele ngasho ekuqaleni ukuthi bahlala behluleka.

297
00:26:23,757 --> 00:26:31,039
Ngakho-ke awusoze ukwazi ukufakazela ukuthi
ungathelele abantu ngendlela elawulwayo. Akusebenzi njalo.

298
00:26:31,039 --> 00:26:36,390
Futhi kuleli phuzu, okungenani manje, umuntu kufanele ngempela
aqale ukucabanga nokuzindla ukuthi okuthile akunakuba kulungile.

299
00:26:36,390 --> 00:26:39,890
Odokotela noma abasebenzi bocwaningo ababambe
iqhaza kulezi zifundo ngokwemvelo bahlale

300
00:26:39,890 --> 00:26:41,929
bezibuza ngalokhu. Hey, kungaba kanjani lokho?

301
00:26:41,929 --> 00:26:51,242
Lapha sizama ukusebenzisa izifo ezithathelana kakhulu
ekuhlolweni, kodwa akusebenzi nhlobo. Lokho kungenzeka kanjani?

302
00:26:51,242 --> 00:26:57,807
Bese-ke, impela, kuvela izimpikiswano ezifana nalezi: "Yebo,
mhlawumbe amagciwane awazange agxilwe ngokwanele, noma

303
00:26:57,807 --> 00:27:02,429
mhlawumbe laba abahlanganyeli bokuhlolwa babe nokumelana nawo."

304
00:27:02,429 --> 00:27:05,359
Lezi zonke izimvo ezinhle, akukho mibuzo ngalokho.

305
00:27:05,359 --> 00:27:11,093
Iqiniso, nokho, ukuthi asikaze sikwazi
ukufakazela ukutheleleka ekuhlolweni.

306
00:27:11,093 --> 00:27:17,015
Futhi kumele ukuvumele ukuthi kungene kuqala engqondweni
yakho, kumele ukudigesthe kuqala, futhi kumele uqaphele kuqala.

307
00:27:17,015 --> 00:27:27,218
Futhi lokho kuphika isimangalo sokuthi sinayo
nhlobo imifo lapha nokuthi isebenza ngalezi ziqephu.

308
00:27:27,218 --> 00:27:28,945
Ungabona lokho kulezi zifundo zamamaski.

309
00:27:28,945 --> 00:27:36,710
Uma, isibonelo, izimaski ze-FFP2 zazigqokwa ngempela,
noma uma amagciwane bekekhona, bekuzoba nomphumela.

310
00:27:36,710 --> 00:27:39,929
Noma imaski zokuhlanzeka
bekufanele zibe nomphumela, kodwa azinayo.

311
00:27:39,929 --> 00:27:47,507
Lokhu kusho ukuthi sinokuphikisa ngobuvirusi
ezindaweni eziningi nangemivivinyo ehlukahlukene.

312
00:27:47,507 --> 00:27:54,949
Impela, manje umuntu angazama ngazo zonke izindlela namandla akhe
ukuyigcina iphila, okuyinto eqhubeka ngempela, ngoba

313
00:27:54,949 --> 00:28:02,820
okuningi kuncike kuyo: inani elikhulu lezimboni lincike
kuyo, ukujikeleza komnotho okuningi, imali nokunye okuningi.

314
00:28:02,820 --> 00:28:07,788
Umuntu angacabanga ukuthi uma lokhu kwaqala
ukuwohloka, kuzoba nokuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu,

315
00:28:07,788 --> 00:28:11,080
okungathi umuntu angakufuna ukugwema ngokwemvelo.

316
00:28:11,080 --> 00:28:18,838
Futhi sifuna nje ukukhombisa ngokwesayensi nangokungakhethi
ukuthi kunenkinga enkulu kakhulu nokuphikisana okukhulu lapho

317
00:28:18,838 --> 00:28:23,197
ubheka isayensi lapho, futhi lokho akwamukeleki njengososayensi.

318
00:28:23,197 --> 00:28:27,189
Njengososayensi ocwaningayo, akwenzeki ukwamukela lokhu.

319
00:28:27,189 --> 00:28:33,869
Lokho kusho ukuthi imithombo injalo kangangokuthi le thiyori
ayisekeleki ngempela. Ingabe nawe uqobo usuyifundile le mithombo?

320
00:28:33,869 --> 00:28:41,025
Kunjalo, eNext Level, njengoba ngishilo nje,
besixhumana nezikhungo eziningi, ngaphezu kuka-200 empeleni,

321
00:28:41,025 --> 00:28:44,866
kuhlanganisa nochwepheshe bezinhlobonhlobo zamagciwane.

322
00:28:44,866 --> 00:28:50,810
Senze izingxoxo futhi sathumela izicelo zolwazi
eRobert Koch Institute nakuzo zonke ezinye izikhungo

323
00:28:50,810 --> 00:28:54,609
emhlabeni wonke ezinento okufanele ziyibike kulo mkhakha.

324
00:28:54,609 --> 00:29:00,389
Futhi wonke umuntu uqinisekisa ukuthi azikho izilawuli
ezingezinhle ezisampuleni eziphilile, ukuthi

325
00:29:00,389 --> 00:29:06,874
azikho nhlobo izilawuli ezingezinhle ekuhlelweni
kwe-genome. Ngakho-ke ziyawalahleka ngokuphelele.

326
00:29:06,874 --> 00:29:14,948
Iqiniso lokuthi izivivinyo zokutheleleka
azenziwa, isibonelo ngezizathu zokuziphatha, kuwuphawula

327
00:29:14,948 --> 00:29:18,968
olungenasisekelo olusetshenziselwa ukuzivikela.

328
00:29:18,968 --> 00:29:23,472
Ungenza okufanayo nezilwane, njengoba wenza njalo ngaso sonke
isikhathi ngemijovo yokugoma neminye

329
00:29:23,472 --> 00:29:27,515
imithi, kodwa ngokumangalisayo, izimiso
zokuziphatha zisetshenziswa njengempikiswano lapha.

330
00:29:27,515 --> 00:29:37,403
Ngakho-ke uzama nje ukuzivikela kulezi zingqubuzano, futhi umuntu
oqaphela kahle noma onomqondo wesayensi uzobona

331
00:29:37,403 --> 00:29:47,610
ngokushesha ukuthi kunenkinga enkulu lapha maqondana
nobufakazi besayensi kanye nobudlelwano bembangela nomphumela.

332
00:29:47,610 --> 00:29:52,824
Futhi ukubuyela kulezi zithombe lapha, kulezi zakhiwo.

333
00:29:52,824 --> 00:29:59,223
Kunomsebenzi omkhulu kaKarlheinz Lüdtke ovela
eMax Planck Institute for the History of Science.

334
00:29:59,223 --> 00:30:06,731
Ucwaningile umlando wokuqala we-virology futhi ufike esiphethweni
sokuthi lezi zithombe zibangela izinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu,

335
00:30:06,731 --> 00:30:14,504
ngoba aziyona imifanekiso ebonakalayo evela kumayikroskophu
njengoba sizijwayele, kodwa empeleni aziyona nhlobo imifanekiso.

336
00:30:14,504 --> 00:30:18,019
Lapha kusetshenziswa imayikroskophu ye-elekthroni.

337
00:30:18,019 --> 00:30:23,629
Amasampula afakwe kulesi mikroskophu ye-elekthronikhi,
egumbini elingenamoya, kumele aphethwe ngokucophelela okukhulu.

338
00:30:23,629 --> 00:30:30,756
Isibonelo, kumele zigqokwe ngensimbi ukuze zikwazi
ukuhamba ugesi, bese kumele zipholiswe noma ziboshwe

339
00:30:30,756 --> 00:30:34,949
phakathi kwamapleyithi kwegilasi amabili nge-epoxy resin.

340
00:30:34,949 --> 00:30:44,268
Lokho kuwumthwalo omkhulu kakhulu kulesi sitho,
esivele sibekwe ingcindezi futhi kungaholela ekushintsheni.

341
00:30:44,268 --> 00:30:49,018
UKarlheinz Lüdtke waseMax Planck Institute uphinde waphawula
ukuthi kunezinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu, nokuthi

342
00:30:49,018 --> 00:30:53,613
kwenzeka izinto ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-artefacts –
yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-artefacts kwisayensi.

343
00:30:53,613 --> 00:31:01,385
Izinto ezitholakele ziyimiphumela noma
izakhiwo ezivela ngenxa yezimo zokuhlola kuphela.

344
00:31:01,385 --> 00:31:07,280
Futhi lezi aziyona izithombe; ziyizinkambo
zikagesi eziguqulwe yikhompyutha, ezibuye

345
00:31:07,280 --> 00:31:11,070
ziguqulwe ngokwezibalo zibe isithombe, singathi.

346
00:31:11,070 --> 00:31:16,410
Futhi yinkinga enye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi,
esimweni esihle kakhulu, sibhekana nobufakazi

347
00:31:16,410 --> 00:31:19,875
obungaqondile, kodwa asikaze sibe nobufakazi obuqondile.

348
00:31:19,875 --> 00:31:25,037
Ubufakazi obuqondile kungaba: nginomuntu ogulayo,
nginomuntu ophilile, ngibahlanganisa ndawonye,

349
00:31:25,037 --> 00:31:27,750
ogulayo uyatshwala omunye umuntu, bese yena egula.

350
00:31:27,750 --> 00:31:35,133
Ngithatha umjuluko noma umkhuhla kumuntu ogulayo,
nginika lo mkhuhla kumuntu ophilile, bese egula.

351
00:31:35,133 --> 00:31:38,945
Lokho bekuyoba ubufakazi obuqondile. Lokho
akwenzeki nhlobo kwezifundo zezivayirasi.

352
00:31:38,945 --> 00:31:47,141
Uma wenza kanjalo, akusebenzi. Futhi
yilokho ukugxekwa okuyinhloko kulesi simo sonke.

353
00:31:47,141 --> 00:31:49,750
Ngakho ake sifingqe umphumela.

354
00:31:49,750 --> 00:31:54,274
Isayensi nocwaningo kungaba kuhle ukugcina ingxoxo ivulekile.

355
00:31:54,274 --> 00:31:58,945
Ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi sisebenza ngaphansi
kwemibono engalungile eyisisekelo, mhlawumbe hhayi kuphela

356
00:31:58,945 --> 00:32:01,742
kwezifundo ze-virology, kodwa nakwezinye izifundo.

357
00:32:01,742 --> 00:32:10,596
Futhi lokho, njengoba uphawula, kuzophula izisekelo
zesayensi. Yebo, ekugcineni kuzokwehlisa kube ubuphukuphuku.

358
00:32:10,596 --> 00:32:19,929
Futhi lokho, ngempela, kungaba isimo esingasifuni
ukuzithola kuso, lapho sibuyela ezikhathini ezimnyama lapho

359
00:32:19,929 --> 00:32:26,750
izinto zingakwazi ngempela ukufakazelwa ngokuqinisekile.

360
00:32:26,750 --> 00:32:28,456
Mnu. Haberland, siyabonga ngokukhuluma nathi.

361
00:32:28,456 --> 00:32:33,089
Ngiyazibuza ukuzwa ukuthi ababukeli bathini ngalokhu.

362
00:32:33,089 --> 00:32:39,272
Kla.TV ikhombisa amazwi aphikisayo angenasensela
ukuze sikwazi ukubona iqiniso. Ngiyabonga kakhulu.

363
00:32:39,272 --> 00:32:43,089
Yebo, ngiyabonga nangaleli thuba.
Ngicabanga ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu.

364
00:32:43,089 --> 00:32:47,628
Ababukeli abaningi ngempela bezwile okuthile ngalesi
sihloko, kodwa iningi labo ngempela abazukaze bezwe lutho ngaso.

365
00:32:47,628 --> 00:32:53,307
Futhi njengoba sengivele ngishilo, kunzima
kakhulu ukukhuluma ngalesi sihloko obala.

366
00:32:53,307 --> 00:32:57,581
Empeleni nje uthola ukwenqatshwa yonke
indawo uma ufuna ukukhuluma ngalesi sihloko.

367
00:32:57,581 --> 00:33:04,206
Ngakho-ke, kulungile ukusho ukuthi
kuyenziwa imizamo yokucindezela le mininingwane.

368
00:33:04,206 --> 00:33:12,260
Futhi ngimema ababukeli ukuthi baqinisekise zonke
izitatimende zami kuwebhusayithi yethu wissen-neu-gedacht.de.

369
00:33:12,260 --> 00:33:21,432
Siveze izincwadi eziningi ezinezinhlobonhlobo zonxibelelwano,
yonke imithombo, kanye nezinqubo eziningi zenkantolo kule ndawo.

370
00:33:21,432 --> 00:33:29,269
Yebo, sinayo futhi uhlelo lokusebenza, i-Nexiqa , lapho ungahlola
zonke lezi zihloko usebenzisa indlela

371
00:33:29,269 --> 00:33:36,572
ye-ChatGPT yokubuza nokuphendula futhi ufunde
yonke imibhalo yezivayirasi ngosizo, ngokuthi.

372
00:33:36,572 --> 00:33:44,094
Ngingasho kanjani ngokuqondile ekushicilelweni
ukuthi isayensi yaphathwa ngokunganaki, yaphulwa, noma

373
00:33:44,094 --> 00:33:48,290
ngisho nakokuxhumana nochwepheshe bezivayirasi nokunye?

374
00:33:48,290 --> 00:33:52,029
Ngakho-ke uthola ulwazi oluningi lapho.

375
00:33:52,029 --> 00:33:55,942
Kulungile kakhulu, ngakho-ke sekuphelele
kubabukeli ukuthi bahlolisise amaqiniso ngokwabo

376
00:33:55,942 --> 00:33:57,906
futhi bakubuze imibuzo. Ngiyabonga kakhulu.

377
00:33:57,906 --> 00:33:58,554
Ngiyabonga nawe.