1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:09,053 Ingxabano yaseVietnam yaqala xa kwakubhengezwa inkululeko yaseVietnam ngo-1945 phantsi kukaHo Chi Minh. 2 00:00:09,053 --> 00:00:17,215 IFrentshi, eyayililizwe elalibusa ngamandla, yaza yazama ukubuyisela ilizwe phantsi kolawulo lwayo kwimfazwe 3 00:00:17,215 --> 00:00:22,060 eyayibizwa ngokuba yiMfazwe yase-Indochina (1946-1954). 4 00:00:22,060 --> 00:00:29,599 Oku kuyamangalisa ngenxa yokuba iFransi – njengezinye iindawo ezininzi, njengesifundo esifundwe kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, 5 00:00:29,599 --> 00:00:37,920 eyabulala abantu abazizigidi ezingama-60 – yasayina isithintelo se-UN sokusetyenziswa kwamandla ngomhla wama-24 ku-Okthobha 1945. 6 00:00:37,920 --> 00:00:45,772 Inqaku 2 lithi: "Onke amaLungu kufuneka azibambe, kubudlelwane bawo bamazwe ngamazwe, ekusongeleni okanye ekusebenziseni amandla 7 00:00:45,772 --> 00:00:53,439 ngokuchasene nokubumbeka komhlaba okanye inkululeko yezopolitiko yalo naliphi na ilizwe, okanye ngayo nayiphi na enye indlela 8 00:00:53,439 --> 00:00:58,280 engahambelaniyo neenjongo zoMbutho weeZizwe eziManyeneyo." 9 00:00:58,280 --> 00:01:05,920 Nangona kunjalo, ngenkxaso yase-United States, iFrance yalwa imfazwe elandelayo emva konyaka omnye kuphela. 10 00:01:05,920 --> 00:01:10,451 Ekupheleni kwemfazwe, ilizwe lahlulwa laba yiVietnam yaseMntla neyaseMzantsi, kunye nethemba lononophelo 11 00:01:10,451 --> 00:01:14,853 lwezinyulo ezikhululekileyo nokudityaniswa kwakhona kwixesha elizayo elingekude. 12 00:01:14,853 --> 00:01:21,126 Noko ke, esi sivumelwano saphulwa – yaye ngoncedo lwenkonzo yezimfihlo yaseMelika, i-CIA, 13 00:01:21,126 --> 00:01:25,320 kwamiselwa umongameli ochasayo eMzantsi Vietnam. 14 00:01:25,320 --> 00:01:31,314 NjengomKatolika, kamva wathatha amanyathelo anenkohlakalo kakhulu nxamnye nabaxhasi bokomunizim 15 00:01:31,314 --> 00:01:35,968 boMongameli waseMntla Vietnam uHo Chi Minh kunye namaBhuda. 16 00:01:35,968 --> 00:01:45,520 Le meko yaziwa kwihlabathi jikelele ikakhulu ngenxa yokuzitshisa esidlangalaleni komonki wobuBhuda eSaigon ngo-1963. 17 00:01:45,520 --> 00:01:52,793 Ngomhla wesi-2 kuNovemba 1963, i-CIA yabulala umphikisi wayo oyintloko. 18 00:01:52,793 --> 00:01:59,904 Ngomhla wama-22 kuNovemba kunyaka ofanayo, uMongameli wase-US uJohn F. Kennedy naye wabulawa. 19 00:01:59,904 --> 00:02:05,824 Kungekudala ngaphambi koko, wayecwangcise ukurhoxisa bonke abacebisi baseMelika eMzantsi Vietnam. 20 00:02:05,824 --> 00:02:08,494 Unxulumano? 21 00:02:08,494 --> 00:02:19,361 Ngo-Okthobha ka-1963, nje ngenyanga enye phambi kokusweleka kwakhe, uKennedy waqala nokurhoxisa imikhosi yaseMelika eVietnam. 22 00:02:19,361 --> 00:02:26,929 Kwimemorandam esemthethweni enomhla we-11 Okthobha 1963, wayalela ukurhoxiswa kwamawaka 23 00:02:26,929 --> 00:02:32,576 alikhulu amajoni aseMelika eVietnam ekupheleni konyaka. 24 00:02:32,576 --> 00:02:40,167 URobert McNamara, owayeyiNobhala wezoKhuselo kwikhabhinethi kaJohn F. Kennedy, kamva wathi uKennedy wayeza 25 00:02:40,167 --> 00:02:45,986 kuba ehle umva ngokupheleleyo eVietnam ukuba wayesaphila. 26 00:02:45,986 --> 00:02:54,965 Nangona kunjalo, ngalo mgaqo-nkqubo, uKennedy wacaphukisa iqela lomkhosi namashishini kunye neenkonzo eziyimfihlo zase-US. 27 00:02:54,965 --> 00:03:02,052 Ezi zinjongo zazijolise ekwandiseni ulawulo lweMelika ngamanye amadabi obundlongondlongo 28 00:03:02,052 --> 00:03:07,352 nongenelelo lomkhosi, kuquka naseVietnam naseCuba. 29 00:03:07,352 --> 00:03:16,860 Kungenxa kanye yoko ke uhlaselo lwe-Bay of Pigs eCuba lwenzeka ngo-1961 – kodwa lwahluleka. 30 00:03:16,860 --> 00:03:26,753 Lo yayingumsebenzi wemfazwe obufihlakeleyo we-CIA, owawujolise ekugxotheni uMongameli waseCuba uFidel Castro. 31 00:03:26,753 --> 00:03:32,782 UKennedy kamva wamgxotha uMlawuli we-CIA u-Allen Dulles waza wabhengeza injongo yakhe 32 00:03:32,782 --> 00:03:36,760 yokudiliza izakhiwo zamagunya ngaphakathi kwi-CIA. 33 00:03:36,760 --> 00:03:43,173 Injongo yakhe yayikukubuyisela i-CIA phantsi kolawulo lwezopolitiko. 34 00:03:43,173 --> 00:03:52,020 Kuphando lwabo baphembelela ukubulawa kukaKennedy, umkhondo ukhokelela ngokungathandabuzekiyo kwi-arhente yezimfihlo yase-US. 35 00:03:52,020 --> 00:03:56,416 Isazi-mlando saseSwitzerland uGqr. Daniele Ganser uthi: 36 00:03:56,416 --> 00:04:04,740 Ngokoluvo lwam, ukubulawa kukaKennedy kwalelwa nguAllen Dulles. 37 00:04:04,740 --> 00:04:09,960 UAllen Dulles wayengumlawuli wenkonzo yezimfihlo yaseMelika, i-CIA. 38 00:04:09,960 --> 00:04:15,800 URichard Bissell nguye ophethe imisebenzi eyimfihlo kwi-CIA. 39 00:04:15,800 --> 00:04:18,910 Yilowo ngumntu wakhe othembekileyo u-Allen Dulles. Waza wabagxotha bobabini. 40 00:04:18,910 --> 00:04:27,333 Bobabini babekholelwa ukuba uKennedy wayeyingozi kwezokhuseleko kwi-United States nakwizithakazelo zobukhosi baseMelika. 41 00:04:27,333 --> 00:04:33,966 Kuba babecinga ukuba ukuba akazange ahlasele, umzekelo, uFidel okanye iCuba, ukuba akazange ahlasele 42 00:04:33,966 --> 00:04:40,832 iVietnam, ukuba akazange alwe imfazwe – ngoko ukubusa kweMelika ehlabathini bekungayi kunokwenzeka. 43 00:04:40,832 --> 00:04:47,234 Kwiiyure ezimbalwa emva kokubulawa kukaJohn F. Kennedy, uLyndon B. Johnson wafungiswa 44 00:04:47,234 --> 00:04:51,520 njengoMongameli omtsha wase-US ese-Air Force One. 45 00:04:51,520 --> 00:04:56,764 UJohnson ke wanyukela encotsheni yezopolitiko zase-US enganyulwanga. 46 00:04:56,764 --> 00:05:04,680 UJohnson waphelisa umgaqo-nkqubo wokuxola kaKennedy waza wakhokela i-United States emfazweni neVietnam esemantla. 47 00:05:04,680 --> 00:05:13,103 Ngo-1968, kwakukho amajoni aseMelika angaphezu kwama-500,000 abemi eVietnam. 48 00:05:13,103 --> 00:05:23,200 I-CIA ibandakanyeke kakhulu kweli mfazwe kwaye yenza iintshukumo ezininzi ezifihlakeleyo zezopolitiko nezomkhosi. 49 00:05:23,200 --> 00:05:26,784 U-Allen Welsh Dulles wayeyintloko ye-CIA. 50 00:05:26,784 --> 00:05:32,979 NgoDulles, omnye wabatyholwa abaphambili ekubulaweni kukaKennedy wahlala kwikomishoni yophando. 51 00:05:32,979 --> 00:05:38,066 Yena nomntakwabo uJohn Foster Dulles babenonxulumano losapho noDavid Rockefeller kwaye 52 00:05:38,066 --> 00:05:42,057 babengabasunguli-kunye beCouncil on Foreign Relations. 53 00:05:42,057 --> 00:05:47,928 U-Allen Dulles, owayenguFreemason wezinga lama-33, wayekwangumlungu webhodi 54 00:05:47,928 --> 00:05:51,963 yabalawuli ye-CFR ukusukela ngo-1927 ukuya ku-1969. 55 00:05:51,963 --> 00:05:59,436 Lyndon B. Johnson (uMongameli ukusukela ngo-1963 ukuya ku-1969) UJohnson wayekwangumFreemason. 56 00:05:59,436 --> 00:06:08,636 Wajoyina iJohnson City Lodge No. 561 eseTexas ngo-1937 kwaye wayekwangumlungu weJanus Masonic Lodge. 57 00:06:08,636 --> 00:06:16,161 Ngomhla wesi-2 ku-Agasti 1964, kwenzeka ungquzulwano oluncinci emanzini asemazweni aseMntla Vietnam, kwiGulf yaseTonkin, 58 00:06:16,161 --> 00:06:24,530 phakathi kwenqanawa yemfazwe i-USS Maddox neenqanawa ezininzi ezikhawulezayo zaseMntla Vietnam ezazixhobe kancinci. 59 00:06:24,530 --> 00:06:32,633 Kodwa ngobusuku bango-4 Agasti, uMongameli omtsha uJohnson wabhengeza ukuba i-US ihlaselwe kwakhona ngaloo mini. 60 00:06:32,633 --> 00:06:36,490 Ngoku kuza kufuneka balwe ukuze bafumane uxolo. 61 00:06:36,490 --> 00:06:44,930 Kwiminyaka eyalandelayo, ngoDisemba ka-2005, i-NSA yavuma ukuba isiganeko saseGulf of Tonkin sasisiyintsomi. 62 00:06:44,930 --> 00:06:49,250 Kuba i-USS Maddox yayingasekho kuloo ndawo. 63 00:06:49,250 --> 00:06:54,356 Ngokwenza oko, bamtyhila uMongameli uJohnson njengolwaphuli-mthetho wemfazwe. 64 00:06:54,356 --> 00:07:02,849 Oku akuzange kubekho ziphumo, kuba nanamhlanje izizathu zemfazwe zisayilunyukiswa okanye zibunjwe – 65 00:07:02,849 --> 00:07:09,106 njengase-Iraq, eLibya, eYugoslavia, eSyria, eYemen njalo njalo. 66 00:07:09,106 --> 00:07:15,050 Izinto ezivusa ingxabano, izithembiso ezaphukileyo kunye nobuxoki beendaba zikho kuyo yonke indawo. 67 00:07:15,050 --> 00:07:21,683 Abatyholi bemfazwe abasaphilayo, abanjengoBush, Cheney noColin Powell, abazukusiwa enkundleni. 68 00:07:21,683 --> 00:07:29,035 Kwaye i-United States ayizange igxekwe ngokusesikweni, nangona yayisophule isithintelo solwaphulo-mthetho 69 00:07:29,035 --> 00:07:33,030 eyayisayinile ngo-1945 amaxesha angenakubalwa. 70 00:07:33,030 --> 00:07:35,703 Sibuyela kunyaka ka-1964: 71 00:07:35,703 --> 00:07:40,828 Amajelo eendaba asasaza ubuxoki bomlo bakarhulumente waseMelika, ngaloo ndlela etyhala 72 00:07:40,828 --> 00:07:44,383 amaMelika angakrokreliyo kumlo oyonakalisayo. 73 00:07:44,383 --> 00:07:49,776 Kwafa izigidi ezithathu zabantu baseVietnam kunye namajoni aseMelika angama-58,000. 74 00:07:49,776 --> 00:07:55,429 Kwakukho izigebenga, ukunqunyulwa iintloko, nokuthuthunjiswa – njengakulo lonke imfazwe. 75 00:07:55,429 --> 00:08:00,428 Into eyayikhethekile yayikukuba iintatheli zangaphandle zazikwazi ukuhamba-hamba ngokukhululekileyo ngelo xesha. 76 00:08:00,428 --> 00:08:06,443 Benza imifanekiso yokwenyani yemfazwe engasabonwayo namhlanje. 77 00:08:06,443 --> 00:08:14,999 Okanye sakha sabona iifoto ezivela e-Afghanistan okanye e-Iraq ezibonisa i-US namazwe e-NATO enza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe? 78 00:08:14,999 --> 00:08:24,328 Ngelo xesha, i-USA yalwa nge-napalm, umxube wepetroli onamathelayo obangela ukutsha okukhulu. 79 00:08:24,328 --> 00:08:32,876 Kunjalo ke nakwi-Agent Orange, isibulali-magqabi, eyabangela ukukhubazeka okukhulu kwizizukulwana ezalandelayo. 80 00:08:32,876 --> 00:08:39,862 Kwiminyaka yasemva kwemfazwe, abanye abantu baseVietnam abangama-400,000 bafa ngenxa yoko. Uthelekiso namhlanje: 81 00:08:39,862 --> 00:08:46,186 Namhlanje asiboni mifanekiso kwabezindaba abaphambili yezixhobo ezingenantloni njenge-depleted uranium, 82 00:08:46,186 --> 00:08:50,463 ezisetyenziswa kwiimfazwe ze-NATO ukusuka e-Iraq ukuya e-Syria. 83 00:08:50,463 --> 00:08:52,483 Kodwa ayiphelelanga apho. 84 00:08:52,483 --> 00:09:00,743 Ngo-1964, i-USA yaphinda yahlasela ilizwe elingummelwane iLaos, yaphosa iitoni ezizizigidi ezibini zeebhombu. 85 00:09:00,743 --> 00:09:06,490 Oko kulingana nomthwalo wenqwelomoya omnye qho emva kwemizuzu esibhozo, iminyaka elithoba. 86 00:09:06,490 --> 00:09:13,213 Ngo-1969, iCambodia nayo yahlaselwa – ekuqaleni kusetyenziswa iincwadi ezibubuxoki zokuthunyelwa 87 00:09:13,213 --> 00:09:17,470 kweenqwelomoya ezazibanga ukuba bayalwa eVietnam. 88 00:09:17,470 --> 00:09:24,190 Ezi mfazwe zintathu zingekho mthethweni zalwa ngaphandle kwemvume ye-UN kwaye zaphula ukuvalwa kwe-UN kokusetyenziswa kwamandla. 89 00:09:24,190 --> 00:09:29,753 Ukususela ngo-1967 ukuza phambili, imifanekiso yemfazwe kunye neengxelo ezivela eVietnam zomeleza intshukumo 90 00:09:29,753 --> 00:09:34,938 yoxolo yama-hippie kunye nentshukumo yamalungelo oluntu eyayikhokelwa nguMartin Luther King. 91 00:09:34,938 --> 00:09:40,276 Iinkwenkwezi ezifana nomdlali wamanqindi uMuhammad Ali nazo zaveza isigxeko sazo ngokucacileyo. 92 00:09:40,276 --> 00:09:46,876 Wathi, "Abantu abamhlophe bathumela abantu abamnyama ukuba balwe nabantu abatyalomthubi ukuze 93 00:09:46,876 --> 00:09:50,796 bakhusele ilizwe abalithobile kubantu ababomvu." . 94 00:09:50,796 --> 00:09:54,970 Ngoko ke i-US ekugqibeleni kwanyanzeleka ukuba ithethathethane ngesivumelwano sexolo. 95 00:09:54,970 --> 00:09:59,813 Ngo-1975, emva kweminyaka elishumi elinanye, iMfazwe yaseVietnam yaphela.