WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:09.053 Ingxabano yaseVietnam yaqala xa kwakubhengezwa inkululeko yaseVietnam ngo-1945 phantsi kukaHo Chi Minh. 00:09.053 --> 00:17.215 IFrentshi, eyayililizwe elalibusa ngamandla, yaza yazama ukubuyisela ilizwe phantsi kolawulo lwayo kwimfazwe 00:17.215 --> 00:22.060 eyayibizwa ngokuba yiMfazwe yase-Indochina (1946-1954). 00:22.060 --> 00:29.599 Oku kuyamangalisa ngenxa yokuba iFransi – njengezinye iindawo ezininzi, njengesifundo esifundwe kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, 00:29.599 --> 00:37.920 eyabulala abantu abazizigidi ezingama-60 – yasayina isithintelo se-UN sokusetyenziswa kwamandla ngomhla wama-24 ku-Okthobha 1945. 00:37.920 --> 00:45.772 Inqaku 2 lithi: "Onke amaLungu kufuneka azibambe, kubudlelwane bawo bamazwe ngamazwe, ekusongeleni okanye ekusebenziseni amandla 00:45.772 --> 00:53.439 ngokuchasene nokubumbeka komhlaba okanye inkululeko yezopolitiko yalo naliphi na ilizwe, okanye ngayo nayiphi na enye indlela 00:53.439 --> 00:58.280 engahambelaniyo neenjongo zoMbutho weeZizwe eziManyeneyo." 00:58.280 --> 01:05.920 Nangona kunjalo, ngenkxaso yase-United States, iFrance yalwa imfazwe elandelayo emva konyaka omnye kuphela. 01:05.920 --> 01:10.451 Ekupheleni kwemfazwe, ilizwe lahlulwa laba yiVietnam yaseMntla neyaseMzantsi, kunye nethemba lononophelo 01:10.451 --> 01:14.853 lwezinyulo ezikhululekileyo nokudityaniswa kwakhona kwixesha elizayo elingekude. 01:14.853 --> 01:21.126 Noko ke, esi sivumelwano saphulwa – yaye ngoncedo lwenkonzo yezimfihlo yaseMelika, i-CIA, 01:21.126 --> 01:25.320 kwamiselwa umongameli ochasayo eMzantsi Vietnam. 01:25.320 --> 01:31.314 NjengomKatolika, kamva wathatha amanyathelo anenkohlakalo kakhulu nxamnye nabaxhasi bokomunizim 01:31.314 --> 01:35.968 boMongameli waseMntla Vietnam uHo Chi Minh kunye namaBhuda. 01:35.968 --> 01:45.520 Le meko yaziwa kwihlabathi jikelele ikakhulu ngenxa yokuzitshisa esidlangalaleni komonki wobuBhuda eSaigon ngo-1963. 01:45.520 --> 01:52.793 Ngomhla wesi-2 kuNovemba 1963, i-CIA yabulala umphikisi wayo oyintloko. 01:52.793 --> 01:59.904 Ngomhla wama-22 kuNovemba kunyaka ofanayo, uMongameli wase-US uJohn F. Kennedy naye wabulawa. 01:59.904 --> 02:05.824 Kungekudala ngaphambi koko, wayecwangcise ukurhoxisa bonke abacebisi baseMelika eMzantsi Vietnam. 02:05.824 --> 02:08.494 Unxulumano? 02:08.494 --> 02:19.361 Ngo-Okthobha ka-1963, nje ngenyanga enye phambi kokusweleka kwakhe, uKennedy waqala nokurhoxisa imikhosi yaseMelika eVietnam. 02:19.361 --> 02:26.929 Kwimemorandam esemthethweni enomhla we-11 Okthobha 1963, wayalela ukurhoxiswa kwamawaka 02:26.929 --> 02:32.576 alikhulu amajoni aseMelika eVietnam ekupheleni konyaka. 02:32.576 --> 02:40.167 URobert McNamara, owayeyiNobhala wezoKhuselo kwikhabhinethi kaJohn F. Kennedy, kamva wathi uKennedy wayeza 02:40.167 --> 02:45.986 kuba ehle umva ngokupheleleyo eVietnam ukuba wayesaphila. 02:45.986 --> 02:54.965 Nangona kunjalo, ngalo mgaqo-nkqubo, uKennedy wacaphukisa iqela lomkhosi namashishini kunye neenkonzo eziyimfihlo zase-US. 02:54.965 --> 03:02.052 Ezi zinjongo zazijolise ekwandiseni ulawulo lweMelika ngamanye amadabi obundlongondlongo 03:02.052 --> 03:07.352 nongenelelo lomkhosi, kuquka naseVietnam naseCuba. 03:07.352 --> 03:16.860 Kungenxa kanye yoko ke uhlaselo lwe-Bay of Pigs eCuba lwenzeka ngo-1961 – kodwa lwahluleka. 03:16.860 --> 03:26.753 Lo yayingumsebenzi wemfazwe obufihlakeleyo we-CIA, owawujolise ekugxotheni uMongameli waseCuba uFidel Castro. 03:26.753 --> 03:32.782 UKennedy kamva wamgxotha uMlawuli we-CIA u-Allen Dulles waza wabhengeza injongo yakhe 03:32.782 --> 03:36.760 yokudiliza izakhiwo zamagunya ngaphakathi kwi-CIA. 03:36.760 --> 03:43.173 Injongo yakhe yayikukubuyisela i-CIA phantsi kolawulo lwezopolitiko. 03:43.173 --> 03:52.020 Kuphando lwabo baphembelela ukubulawa kukaKennedy, umkhondo ukhokelela ngokungathandabuzekiyo kwi-arhente yezimfihlo yase-US. 03:52.020 --> 03:56.416 Isazi-mlando saseSwitzerland uGqr. Daniele Ganser uthi: 03:56.416 --> 04:04.740 Ngokoluvo lwam, ukubulawa kukaKennedy kwalelwa nguAllen Dulles. 04:04.740 --> 04:09.960 UAllen Dulles wayengumlawuli wenkonzo yezimfihlo yaseMelika, i-CIA. 04:09.960 --> 04:15.800 URichard Bissell nguye ophethe imisebenzi eyimfihlo kwi-CIA. 04:15.800 --> 04:18.910 Yilowo ngumntu wakhe othembekileyo u-Allen Dulles. Waza wabagxotha bobabini. 04:18.910 --> 04:27.333 Bobabini babekholelwa ukuba uKennedy wayeyingozi kwezokhuseleko kwi-United States nakwizithakazelo zobukhosi baseMelika. 04:27.333 --> 04:33.966 Kuba babecinga ukuba ukuba akazange ahlasele, umzekelo, uFidel okanye iCuba, ukuba akazange ahlasele 04:33.966 --> 04:40.832 iVietnam, ukuba akazange alwe imfazwe – ngoko ukubusa kweMelika ehlabathini bekungayi kunokwenzeka. 04:40.832 --> 04:47.234 Kwiiyure ezimbalwa emva kokubulawa kukaJohn F. Kennedy, uLyndon B. Johnson wafungiswa 04:47.234 --> 04:51.520 njengoMongameli omtsha wase-US ese-Air Force One. 04:51.520 --> 04:56.764 UJohnson ke wanyukela encotsheni yezopolitiko zase-US enganyulwanga. 04:56.764 --> 05:04.680 UJohnson waphelisa umgaqo-nkqubo wokuxola kaKennedy waza wakhokela i-United States emfazweni neVietnam esemantla. 05:04.680 --> 05:13.103 Ngo-1968, kwakukho amajoni aseMelika angaphezu kwama-500,000 abemi eVietnam. 05:13.103 --> 05:23.200 I-CIA ibandakanyeke kakhulu kweli mfazwe kwaye yenza iintshukumo ezininzi ezifihlakeleyo zezopolitiko nezomkhosi. 05:23.200 --> 05:26.784 U-Allen Welsh Dulles wayeyintloko ye-CIA. 05:26.784 --> 05:32.979 NgoDulles, omnye wabatyholwa abaphambili ekubulaweni kukaKennedy wahlala kwikomishoni yophando. 05:32.979 --> 05:38.066 Yena nomntakwabo uJohn Foster Dulles babenonxulumano losapho noDavid Rockefeller kwaye 05:38.066 --> 05:42.057 babengabasunguli-kunye beCouncil on Foreign Relations. 05:42.057 --> 05:47.928 U-Allen Dulles, owayenguFreemason wezinga lama-33, wayekwangumlungu webhodi 05:47.928 --> 05:51.963 yabalawuli ye-CFR ukusukela ngo-1927 ukuya ku-1969. 05:51.963 --> 05:59.436 Lyndon B. Johnson (uMongameli ukusukela ngo-1963 ukuya ku-1969) UJohnson wayekwangumFreemason. 05:59.436 --> 06:08.636 Wajoyina iJohnson City Lodge No. 561 eseTexas ngo-1937 kwaye wayekwangumlungu weJanus Masonic Lodge. 06:08.636 --> 06:16.161 Ngomhla wesi-2 ku-Agasti 1964, kwenzeka ungquzulwano oluncinci emanzini asemazweni aseMntla Vietnam, kwiGulf yaseTonkin, 06:16.161 --> 06:24.530 phakathi kwenqanawa yemfazwe i-USS Maddox neenqanawa ezininzi ezikhawulezayo zaseMntla Vietnam ezazixhobe kancinci. 06:24.530 --> 06:32.633 Kodwa ngobusuku bango-4 Agasti, uMongameli omtsha uJohnson wabhengeza ukuba i-US ihlaselwe kwakhona ngaloo mini. 06:32.633 --> 06:36.490 Ngoku kuza kufuneka balwe ukuze bafumane uxolo. 06:36.490 --> 06:44.930 Kwiminyaka eyalandelayo, ngoDisemba ka-2005, i-NSA yavuma ukuba isiganeko saseGulf of Tonkin sasisiyintsomi. 06:44.930 --> 06:49.250 Kuba i-USS Maddox yayingasekho kuloo ndawo. 06:49.250 --> 06:54.356 Ngokwenza oko, bamtyhila uMongameli uJohnson njengolwaphuli-mthetho wemfazwe. 06:54.356 --> 07:02.849 Oku akuzange kubekho ziphumo, kuba nanamhlanje izizathu zemfazwe zisayilunyukiswa okanye zibunjwe – 07:02.849 --> 07:09.106 njengase-Iraq, eLibya, eYugoslavia, eSyria, eYemen njalo njalo. 07:09.106 --> 07:15.050 Izinto ezivusa ingxabano, izithembiso ezaphukileyo kunye nobuxoki beendaba zikho kuyo yonke indawo. 07:15.050 --> 07:21.683 Abatyholi bemfazwe abasaphilayo, abanjengoBush, Cheney noColin Powell, abazukusiwa enkundleni. 07:21.683 --> 07:29.035 Kwaye i-United States ayizange igxekwe ngokusesikweni, nangona yayisophule isithintelo solwaphulo-mthetho 07:29.035 --> 07:33.030 eyayisayinile ngo-1945 amaxesha angenakubalwa. 07:33.030 --> 07:35.703 Sibuyela kunyaka ka-1964: 07:35.703 --> 07:40.828 Amajelo eendaba asasaza ubuxoki bomlo bakarhulumente waseMelika, ngaloo ndlela etyhala 07:40.828 --> 07:44.383 amaMelika angakrokreliyo kumlo oyonakalisayo. 07:44.383 --> 07:49.776 Kwafa izigidi ezithathu zabantu baseVietnam kunye namajoni aseMelika angama-58,000. 07:49.776 --> 07:55.429 Kwakukho izigebenga, ukunqunyulwa iintloko, nokuthuthunjiswa – njengakulo lonke imfazwe. 07:55.429 --> 08:00.428 Into eyayikhethekile yayikukuba iintatheli zangaphandle zazikwazi ukuhamba-hamba ngokukhululekileyo ngelo xesha. 08:00.428 --> 08:06.443 Benza imifanekiso yokwenyani yemfazwe engasabonwayo namhlanje. 08:06.443 --> 08:14.999 Okanye sakha sabona iifoto ezivela e-Afghanistan okanye e-Iraq ezibonisa i-US namazwe e-NATO enza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe? 08:14.999 --> 08:24.328 Ngelo xesha, i-USA yalwa nge-napalm, umxube wepetroli onamathelayo obangela ukutsha okukhulu. 08:24.328 --> 08:32.876 Kunjalo ke nakwi-Agent Orange, isibulali-magqabi, eyabangela ukukhubazeka okukhulu kwizizukulwana ezalandelayo. 08:32.876 --> 08:39.862 Kwiminyaka yasemva kwemfazwe, abanye abantu baseVietnam abangama-400,000 bafa ngenxa yoko. Uthelekiso namhlanje: 08:39.862 --> 08:46.186 Namhlanje asiboni mifanekiso kwabezindaba abaphambili yezixhobo ezingenantloni njenge-depleted uranium, 08:46.186 --> 08:50.463 ezisetyenziswa kwiimfazwe ze-NATO ukusuka e-Iraq ukuya e-Syria. 08:50.463 --> 08:52.483 Kodwa ayiphelelanga apho. 08:52.483 --> 09:00.743 Ngo-1964, i-USA yaphinda yahlasela ilizwe elingummelwane iLaos, yaphosa iitoni ezizizigidi ezibini zeebhombu. 09:00.743 --> 09:06.490 Oko kulingana nomthwalo wenqwelomoya omnye qho emva kwemizuzu esibhozo, iminyaka elithoba. 09:06.490 --> 09:13.213 Ngo-1969, iCambodia nayo yahlaselwa – ekuqaleni kusetyenziswa iincwadi ezibubuxoki zokuthunyelwa 09:13.213 --> 09:17.470 kweenqwelomoya ezazibanga ukuba bayalwa eVietnam. 09:17.470 --> 09:24.190 Ezi mfazwe zintathu zingekho mthethweni zalwa ngaphandle kwemvume ye-UN kwaye zaphula ukuvalwa kwe-UN kokusetyenziswa kwamandla. 09:24.190 --> 09:29.753 Ukususela ngo-1967 ukuza phambili, imifanekiso yemfazwe kunye neengxelo ezivela eVietnam zomeleza intshukumo 09:29.753 --> 09:34.938 yoxolo yama-hippie kunye nentshukumo yamalungelo oluntu eyayikhokelwa nguMartin Luther King. 09:34.938 --> 09:40.276 Iinkwenkwezi ezifana nomdlali wamanqindi uMuhammad Ali nazo zaveza isigxeko sazo ngokucacileyo. 09:40.276 --> 09:46.876 Wathi, "Abantu abamhlophe bathumela abantu abamnyama ukuba balwe nabantu abatyalomthubi ukuze 09:46.876 --> 09:50.796 bakhusele ilizwe abalithobile kubantu ababomvu." . 09:50.796 --> 09:54.970 Ngoko ke i-US ekugqibeleni kwanyanzeleka ukuba ithethathethane ngesivumelwano sexolo. 09:54.970 --> 09:59.813 Ngo-1975, emva kweminyaka elishumi elinanye, iMfazwe yaseVietnam yaphela.