WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:09.053 Ingxabano eVietnam yaqala lapho kwamenyezelwa ukuzimela kweVietnam ngo-1945 ngaphansi kukaHo Chi Minh. 00:09.053 --> 00:17.007 IFrance, amandla ombuso wobukoloni wangaphambilini, yaze yazama ukubuyisela izwe ngaphansi kokulawula kwayo 00:17.007 --> 00:22.060 empini eyayibizwa ngokuthi iMpi yase-Indochina (1946–1954). 00:22.060 --> 00:29.831 Kuyamangaza ukuthi iFrance – njengamanye amazwe amaningi, njengesifundo esafundwa eMpini Yezwe Yesibili eyabulala abantu 00:29.831 --> 00:37.920 abayizigidi ezingama-60 – yasayina ukuvinjelwa kokusebenzisa amandla yiZizwe Ezihlangene ngomhlaka 24 Okthoba 1945. 00:37.920 --> 00:46.333 Isigaba 2 sithi: "Onke amalungu kumele azigweme ebudlelwaneni bawo bamazwe ngamazwe ekusongeleni noma ekusebenziseni amandla 00:46.333 --> 00:53.321 ngokumelene nobunye bomhlaba noma inkululeko yezombusazwe yalo naliphi ilizwe, noma nganoma iyiphi enye 00:53.321 --> 00:58.280 indlela engahambisani nezinhloso zeZizwe Ezihlangene." 00:58.280 --> 01:05.920 Noma kunjalo, ngosizo lwe-United States, iFrance yaqala impi elandelayo ngemva konyaka owodwa kuphela. 01:05.920 --> 01:10.190 Ekupheleni kwempi, izwe lahlukaniswa laba iVietnam YaseNyakatho neVietnam YaseNingizimu, ngenhloso 01:10.190 --> 01:14.853 yokuba nezikhetho ezikhululekile nokubuyiselwa ndawonye esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. 01:14.853 --> 01:20.730 Nokho, lesi sivumelwano saphulwa – futhi ngosizo lwe-CIA, inkonzo eyimfihlo yaseMelika, 01:20.730 --> 01:25.320 kwasungulwa umongameli ophikisayo eVietnam eseningizimu. 01:25.320 --> 01:31.224 NjengomKatolika, kamuva wathatha izinyathelo ezinonya kakhulu ngokumelene nabalandeli bamaKhomanisi 01:31.224 --> 01:35.968 bakaMongameli waseNyakatho Vietnam uHo Chi Minh kanye namaBhuda. 01:35.968 --> 01:45.520 Isimo saziwa emhlabeni wonke ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuzishisa komonki wobuBuddha eSaigon ngo-1963. 01:45.520 --> 01:52.793 Ngo-2 Novemba 1963, i-CIA yabulala umphikisi wayo oyinhloko. 01:52.793 --> 01:59.904 Ngo-22 Novemba walowo nyaka, uMongameli wase-United States uJohn F. Kennedy naye wabulawa. 01:59.904 --> 02:05.824 Maduzane ngaphambi kwalokho, wayehlele ukukhipha bonke abeluleki baseMelika eVietnam eseningizimu. 02:05.824 --> 02:08.494 Uxhumano? 02:08.494 --> 02:15.027 Ngo-Okthoba 1963, cishe ngenyanga eyodwa ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe, uKennedy waphinde 02:15.027 --> 02:19.361 waqala ukukhipha amasosha aseMelika eVietnam. 02:19.361 --> 02:27.551 Ememoranandaweni esemthethweni ebhalwe ngomhla ka-11 Okthoba 1963, wayalela ukususwa kwabasosha baseMelika 02:27.551 --> 02:32.576 abayinkulungwane eVietnam ngaphambi kokuphela konyaka. 02:32.576 --> 02:40.221 uRobert McNamara, uNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela ekhabhinethi kaJohn F. Kennedy, kamuva wathi uKennedy 02:40.221 --> 02:45.986 wayezokhupha ngokuphelele eVietnam uma wayesaphila. 02:45.986 --> 02:54.965 Ngalomgomo, nokho, uKennedy wacasula inhlangano yezempi nezimboni kanye nezinsizakalo eziyimfihlo zase-US. 02:54.965 --> 03:01.884 Lezi zazinehloso yokwandisa ubukhosi baseMelika ngokwengeziwe ngezinye izimpi zokuhlasela 03:01.884 --> 03:07.352 nokungenelela kwezempi, kuhlanganise neVietnam neCuba. 03:07.352 --> 03:16.860 Yingakho ngempela ukuhlasela e-Bay of Pigs eCuba kwenzeka ngo-1961 – kodwa kwahluleka. 03:16.860 --> 03:26.753 Lokhu kwakuyinhlelo yezempi eyimfihlo ye-CIA ngenhloso yokumisa uMongameli waseCuba uFidel Castro. 03:26.753 --> 03:32.792 Kennedy kamuva wamxosha uMqondisi we-CIA, u-Allen Dulles, wamemezela ukuthi uhlose 03:32.792 --> 03:36.760 ukudiliza izakhiwo zamandla ngaphakathi kwe-CIA. 03:36.760 --> 03:43.173 Inhloso yakhe kwakuwukubuyisela i-CIA ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwezombusazwe. 03:43.173 --> 03:52.020 Ekusesheni labo abahileleke ekubulaweni kukaKennedy, umkhondo uholela ngokusobala enkonzweni eyimfihlo yase-US. 03:52.020 --> 03:56.416 Isazi-mlando saseSwitzerland uDkt. Daniele Ganser uphawula: 03:56.416 --> 04:04.740 Ngokombono wami, ukubulawa kukaKennedy kwalawe ngu-Allen Dulles. 04:04.740 --> 04:09.960 U-Allen Dulles wayengumqondisi wenkonzo eyimfihlo yaseMelika, i-CIA. 04:09.960 --> 04:15.800 URichard Bissell unesibopho semisebenzi eyimfihlo ye-CIA. 04:15.800 --> 04:18.910 Yilowo umuntu wakhe wesokudla ka-Allen Dulles. Futhi wamxosha bobabili. 04:18.910 --> 04:27.333 Bobabili bakholelwa ukuthi uKennedy wayeyingozi yokuphepha e-United States nasezintshisekelweni zobu-imperial zaseMelika. 04:27.333 --> 04:36.150 Ngoba babecabanga ukuthi uma engashayi, isibonelo, uFidel noma iCuba, uma engashayi eVietnam, uma engazisi impi – 04:36.150 --> 04:40.832 khona-ke ubukhosi baseMelika emhlabeni ngeke bube khona. 04:40.832 --> 04:47.458 Emahoreni ambalwa ngemva kokubulawa kukaJohn F. Kennedy, uLyndon B. Johnson waphonswa isifungo sokuba 04:47.458 --> 04:51.520 uMongameli omusha wase-United States e-Air Force One. 04:51.520 --> 04:56.764 UJohnson-ke wayenyukela phezulu kwezombusazwe zase-US ngaphandle kokhetho. 04:56.764 --> 05:04.680 UJohnson waphelisa inqubomgomo yokuthula kaKennedy wabe eseholela i-United States empini neVietnam YaseNyakatho. 05:04.680 --> 05:13.103 Ngo-1968, amasosha aseMelika angaphezu kuka-500,000 ayebekwe eVietnam. 05:13.103 --> 05:23.200 I-CIA ibambe iqhaza kakhulu kule mpi futhi yenza imisebenzi eminingi eyimfihlo kwezombusazwe nezempi. 05:23.200 --> 05:26.784 U-Allen Welsh Dulles wayengumholi we-CIA. 05:26.784 --> 05:32.979 NgeDulles, omunye wabasolwa abakhulu ekubulaweni kukaKennedy wahlala ekhomishini yophenyo. 05:32.979 --> 05:38.235 Yena nomfowabo uJohn Foster Dulles babe nobudlelwano bomndeni noDavid Rockefeller futhi babe 05:38.235 --> 05:42.057 abasunguli abambisene beCouncil on Foreign Relations. 05:42.057 --> 05:48.138 U-Allen Dulles, owayenguFreemason wesigaba sesi-33, wayengomunye wamalungu ebhodi 05:48.138 --> 05:51.963 labaqondisi le-CFR kusukela ngo-1927 kuya ku-1969. 05:51.963 --> 05:59.436 uLyndon B. Johnson (uMongameli kusukela ngo-1963 kuya ku-1969) uJohnson wayenguFreemason futhi. 05:59.436 --> 06:08.636 Wajoyina iJohnson City Lodge No. 561 eTexas ngo-1937 futhi wayeyilungu leJanus Masonic Lodge. 06:08.636 --> 06:15.767 Ngo-2 Agasti 1964, kwenzeka impi encane emanzini kazwelonke aseNyakatho Vietnam, eGulf of Tonkin, phakathi 06:15.767 --> 06:24.530 kwesikebhe sempi i-USS Maddox nezikebhe eziningana ezisheshayo zaseNyakatho Vietnam ezaziphethe izikhali ezilula. 06:24.530 --> 06:32.633 Kodwa ngobusuku bomhlaka 4 Agasti, uMongameli omusha uJohnson wamemezela ukuthi i-United States ihlaselwe futhi ngalolo suku. 06:32.633 --> 06:36.490 Manje kuzofanele balwe ukuze bathole ukuthula. 06:36.490 --> 06:44.930 Emuva kweminyaka, ngoDisemba 2005, i-NSA yavuma ukuthi isigameko seGulf of Tonkin sasenziwe ngokuqamba. 06:44.930 --> 06:49.250 Ngoba i-USS Maddox yayingasekho endaweni. 06:49.250 --> 06:54.356 Ngokwenza kanjalo, bavela uMongameli Johnson njengomlweni wobugebengu. 06:54.356 --> 07:03.063 Lokhu akuzange kube nemiphumela, ngoba noma namuhla izizathu zempi zisazokwakhiwa noma zikhiqizwe – 07:03.063 --> 07:09.106 njengase-Iraq, eLibya, eYugoslavia, eSyria, eYemen nokunye. 07:09.106 --> 07:15.050 Ukuvusa ingxabano, izithembiso eziphukile namanga ezabezindaba zikhona kuyo yonke indawo. 07:15.050 --> 07:21.683 Abasolwa bezempi abasaphilayo, abafana noBush, uCheney noColin Powell, ngeke balethwe enkantolo. 07:21.683 --> 07:28.355 Futhi i-United States ayizange igwetshwe ngokusemthethweni, nakuba yayiphule kaningi 07:28.355 --> 07:33.030 kakhulu ukuvinjelwa kodlame eyayisayine ngo-1945. 07:33.030 --> 07:35.703 Buyela emuva eminyakeni ka-1964: 07:35.703 --> 07:44.383 Abezindaba basabalalisa amanga eMbuso waseMelika empini, ngaleyo ndlela baphusha amaMelika angalindelekile empini ebhubhisayo. 07:44.383 --> 07:49.776 Izigidi ezintathu zabantu baseVietnam nabasosha baseMelika abangama-58 000 bashona. 07:49.776 --> 07:55.429 Kwaba nokudlwengulwa, ukusikwa kwamakhanda, nokuhlukunyezwa – njengazo zonke izimpi. 07:55.429 --> 08:00.428 Okuhlukile kwakuwukuthi izintatheli zakwamanye amazwe zazikwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululekile ngaleso sikhathi. 08:00.428 --> 08:06.443 Badalela izithombe zangempela zempi ezingasabonwa namuhla. 08:06.443 --> 08:14.999 Noma sesikaze sibone izithombe ezivela e-Afghanistan noma e-Iraq ezikhombisa i-US namazwe e-NATO bephula amacala empini? 08:14.999 --> 08:24.328 Ngaleso sikhathi, i-USA yayilwa nge-napalm, ingxube kawoyela ebambekayo ebangela ukushiswa okukhulu. 08:24.328 --> 08:32.876 Kuyafana nakwi-defoliant i-Agent Orange, eyabangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu ekwakhiweni kwemizimba ezizukulwaneni ezalandelayo. 08:32.876 --> 08:39.862 Eminyakeni ngemva kwempi, abanye abantu abangama-400,000 baseVietnam bashona ngenxa yalokho. Ukuqhathanisa nanamuhla: 08:39.862 --> 08:44.913 Asiboni noma yiziphi izithombe eziteshini zezindaba ezinkulu namuhla zezikhali ezingabangelwa ubuntu 08:44.913 --> 08:50.463 njengalokho okubangelwa i-uranium ehlisiwe, esetshenziswe ezimpi ze-NATO kusukela e-Iraq kuya e-Syria. 08:50.463 --> 08:52.483 Kodwa akuyona yonke into. 08:52.483 --> 09:00.743 Ngo-1964, i-USA yaphinde yahlasela iLaos eseduze, yaphonsa amathani ayizigidi ezimbili ezibhomu. 09:00.743 --> 09:06.490 Lokho kulingana nomthwalo wendiza owodwa njalo ngemizuzu eyisishiyagalombili iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye. 09:06.490 --> 09:17.470 Ngo-1969, iKhambodiya nayo yahlaselwa – ekuqaleni ngama-logi angamanga okuthunyelwa kwezindiza athi zazilwa eVietnam. 09:17.470 --> 09:21.454 Le mpi ezintathu ezingekho emthethweni zaqhutshwa ngaphandle kwemvume ye-UN futhi 09:21.454 --> 09:24.190 zaphula ukuvinjelwa kwe-UN ekusebenziseni amandla. 09:24.190 --> 09:31.016 Kusukela ngo-1967 kuqhubeke, izithombe zempi nokubika okuvela eVietnam kwaba namandla umkhankaso wokuthula wama-hippie 09:31.016 --> 09:34.938 nomkhankaso wamalungelo abantu oholwa nguMartin Luther King. 09:34.938 --> 09:40.276 Abantu abadumile abafana nomdlali webhokisi uMuhammad Ali nabo bavakalise ukugxeka kwabo ngokusobala nangokungangabazi. 09:40.276 --> 09:47.012 Wathi, "Abantu abamhlophe bathumela abantu abamnyama ukuba balwe nabantu abaphuzi ukuze 09:47.012 --> 09:50.796 bavikele izwe abalithathe kubantu ababomvu." 09:50.796 --> 09:54.970 Ngakho-ke i-US ekugcineni kwadingeka ixoxisane ngesivumelwano sokuthula. 09:54.970 --> 09:59.813 Ngo-1975, ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi nanye, iMpi yaseVietnam yaphela.