WEBVTT 00:00.480 --> 00:05.209 A cikin kafofin watsa labarai da suka ayyana kansu a matsayin jagorori, ana koyaushe bayyana rikice-rikicen 00:05.209 --> 00:08.026 duniya ga jama'a ta amfani da sakamakon binciken kimiyya. 00:08.026 --> 00:14.218 Ko canjin yanayi ne ko rikicin coronavirus, saƙon kullum ɗaya ne: "Masana kimiyya sun yarda." 00:14.218 --> 00:16.576 Amma shin hakan ne da gaske? 00:16.576 --> 00:24.160 Koyaya, kimiyya ba ta bunƙasa ne ta hanyar tambaya, shakku da muhawarar ra'ayoyi daban-daban ba? 00:26.449 --> 00:32.520 Richard Feynman, masanin kimiyyar jiki na Amurka kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, ya jaddada 00:32.520 --> 00:37.333 muhimmiyar rawar shakku a cikin kimiyya har a shekarar 1965. 00:37.333 --> 00:48.800 Ya bayyana cewa imani da jahilcin kwararru muhimmin sashi ne na kimiyya, wanda ke jaddada bukatar shakku da shakanci. 00:48.800 --> 00:54.520 Wannan ka'ida tana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga ci gaban kimiyya, domin tana ba da damar a 00:54.520 --> 00:58.656 yi sabbin tambayoyi da faɗaɗa iyakokin ilimi. 00:58.656 --> 01:07.592 Feynman ya jaddada cewa bai kamata a bar fili ga shakka kawai ba, har ma ya kamata a ƙarfafa ta domin samun ci gaba. 01:07.592 --> 01:10.625 Duk da haka, gaskiya ta sha bamban sosai. 01:10.625 --> 01:16.919 Hans-Joachim Zillmer, marubuci kuma mai bincike kan tarihin Duniya na gwaji, ya san wannan. 01:16.919 --> 01:23.213 Ya ƙi yarda kwata-kwata, yana cewa, "Ra'ayi ne na kuskure da aka saba yi na cewa sabbin abubuwan da 01:23.213 --> 01:28.096 binciken kimiyya ya gano suna samun rinjaye ta atomatik." 01:28.096 --> 01:31.648 A cewar Zillmer, kafofin watsa labarai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan. 01:31.648 --> 01:38.695 Ana tafiyar da su ne ta siyasa; su ne ke yanke shawarar wane bincike da samfura za a yada, kuma wane ba za a yada ba. 01:38.695 --> 01:44.000 Haka nan, ana takura tsofaffin ka'idoji idan sun saba wa yadda ake kallon duniya a yanzu. 01:44.000 --> 01:50.343 Duka tsofaffin ka'idoji da maganar Zillmer: "Ra'ayoyi sabbi matuƙa kuma watakila masu 01:50.343 --> 01:56.096 amfani ba sa samun goyon baya don a bayyana su." 01:56.096 --> 02:03.505 Masanin kimiyya Farfesa Dr. Christof Kuhbandner mutum ne da manyan kafofin watsa labarai suka yi masa tsauraran 02:03.505 --> 02:10.239 bincike a lokacin rikicin coronavirus saboda shi ma ya kalubalanci ra'ayoyin da ake kira na kwararru. 02:10.239 --> 02:16.928 A cikin tattaunawa da Gunnar Kaiser, ya bayyana abin da yake ganin shi a matsayin ginshiƙin kimiyya. 02:16.928 --> 02:20.880 "A matsayina na masanin kimiyya, a zahiri ban taɓa magana game da gaskiya ba." 02:20.880 --> 02:28.893 Akwai magana daga Richard Feynman, masanin kimiyyar jiki kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, wanda ya 02:28.893 --> 02:33.984 ce: "Ainihin kimiyya shi ne ainihin tambayar masana." 02:33.984 --> 02:44.460 Don haka idan na yi tunani bisa ilmin kimiyya, aikina shi ne in kalubalanci ra'ayoyin kwararru kuma in inganta ilimin ɗan adam. 02:44.460 --> 02:50.392 Kuma sau da yawa wasu mutane suna rikicewa game da rawar da ya kamata su taka a sadarwar kimiyya. 02:50.392 --> 02:58.108 A gaskiya, ya kamata in kasance kullum ina tambayar kaina: Shin ina magana a matsayin masanin kimiyya ne ko a matsayin ƙwararre? 02:58.108 --> 03:15.019 "A matsayin masanin kimiyya, har kana da wajibcin tambayar kowace gaskiya da kwararru ke sayarwa." 03:15.019 --> 03:17.780 Wannan shi ne ainihin manufa ta kimiyya. 03:17.780 --> 03:23.675 Duk da haka, masana kimiyya da suka yi haka suna gaggauta jin sakamakon. 03:23.675 --> 03:30.945 Masanin sadarwa Prof. Michael Meyen yana fuskantar farmaki a kowane lokaci daga manyan kafofin watsa labarai, 03:30.945 --> 03:35.681 wanda hakan ya sa aka ware shi gaba ɗaya a fannin aikinsa. 03:35.681 --> 03:43.491 A cikin sabon littafinsa, Wie ich meine Uni verlor (Yadda Na Rasa Jami'ata), Meyen ba wai kawai ya bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da 03:43.491 --> 03:49.692 kamfen ɗin da ya sa ya rasa kusan duk abin da ya bayyana shi a matsayin masanin kimiyya ba, har ma ya yi 03:49.692 --> 03:56.742 nazari kan zurfin asalin tsarin: sake fasalin jami'o'i gaba ɗaya cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata. 03:56.742 --> 04:03.126 Ya shafi kasuwanci, daidaito, tsoro da siyasa a cikin bincike. 04:03.126 --> 04:10.920 Meyen ya rubuta: "Muna son dimokuradiyya, amma muna zaɓar waɗanda ake ba su izinin shiga." 04:10.920 --> 04:18.810 Masanin fiziks kuma mai fafutukar sauyin yanayi Sabine Hossenfelder yanzu tana tambayar hanyar da ake amfani da 04:18.810 --> 04:23.360 ita don danganta wasu munanan yanayi da sauyin yanayi. 04:23.360 --> 04:29.674 Ta ce, "Yawancin masana canjin yanayi sun san yadda binciken da ke fitowa daga wannan cibiyar 04:29.674 --> 04:34.634 tantance asalin yanayi ke da kura-kurai, amma suna shiru." 04:34.634 --> 04:42.990 "Akwai masana kimiyyar yanayi da dama da suka san sosai cewa wannan binciken da ake kira ba shi da tabbas, amma ba sa 04:42.990 --> 04:48.192 cewa komai saboda hakan zai zama rashin dacewa a siyasa." 04:48.192 --> 04:56.961 Anke Uhlenwinkel, farfesa a jami'a kan ilimin ƙasa da tattalin arziki, kwanan nan ta wallafa littafi: 04:56.961 --> 05:02.660 Waɗanda ke haifar da matsala dole ne su tafi – Cire farfesoshi masu muhimmanci daga jami'o'i. 05:02.660 --> 05:09.667 A wata hira da AUF 1, ta bayyana yadda malamai a jami'a ke ƙara rasa aikinsu – ba saboda rashin ingancin aikin karatu 05:09.667 --> 05:14.040 ba, amma saboda suna tambayar tambayoyi masu tayar da hankali. 05:14.040 --> 05:22.353 Abubuwan da a da suke wuraren muhawara ta 'yanci yanzu sun zama cibiyoyin tsoro, takura da daidaituwar siyasa. 05:22.353 --> 05:26.360 Kowa da bai dace da labarin da ake yadawa ba ana watsi da shi. 05:26.360 --> 05:35.008 A cikin tattaunawa da Elsa Mittmannsgruber, ta tattauna cin zarafin iko, daidaitawa, da cin amanar ra'ayin kimiyya. 05:35.008 --> 05:45.160 Haka kuma tana ganin cewa 'yan ƙasa za su iya samun ra'ayinsu ne kawai idan suna da damar samun cikakken bayanan kimiyya. 05:45.160 --> 05:53.494 "... kuma mafi yawan abin da kake sani game da abubuwan da a zahiri za ka iya sani, kuma wannan ya fi 05:53.494 --> 05:58.272 yawa fiye da abin da ake yawan tattaunawa a fili. 05:58.272 --> 06:06.847 Yayin da ka fi sani, haka za ka iya samun ra'ayi naka mai ingantaccen tushe, kuma ka shimfida ra'ayin jama'a. 06:06.847 --> 06:15.368 "Yayinda kimiyya a zahiri ke yada bayanai a fili a cikin fannin kimiyya, eh, mun ga hakan a cikin ka'idojin RKI, 06:15.368 --> 06:23.324 inda aka tattauna kimiyya, amma abin da aka bayyana wa jama'a shi ne wani abu gaba ɗaya daban, a ce." 06:23.324 --> 06:31.022 Eh, kuma akwai wasu masana kimiyya a cikin wannan rikicin coronavirus da, a ra'ayina, da gaske suna da abin 06:31.022 --> 06:35.592 faɗi mai ma'ana, amma ba a saurare su; an ware su, a ce. 06:35.592 --> 06:43.585 Mun kuma kai ga wannan ƙarshe saboda wasu daga cikin mutanen da muka yi bincike a kansu tabbas sun shiga wannan rukuni, kuma da 06:43.585 --> 06:49.313 an saurare su, aƙalla ra'ayoyi biyu za su kasance, sannan 'yan ƙasa za su iya yanke shawara 06:49.313 --> 06:52.700 da kansu wanne suka fi ganin ya fi gamsarwa. 06:52.700 --> 07:01.503 Idan hakan bai faru ba, idan muka ce, kamar yadda ake faɗa, "bi kimiyya" – wanda a zahiri furuci ne marar 07:01.503 --> 07:06.475 kimiyya kamar kowanne, domin "kimiyya" ba ta umarta komai. 07:06.475 --> 07:13.963 Kimiyya ba ta magana game da alheri ko sharri, sai dai muna magana ne game da wasu 07:13.963 --> 07:19.278 gaskiya, zato, gwaje-gwaje, duk abin da muke yi. 07:19.278 --> 07:24.843 Haka kuma za ka iya gudanar da bincike ka ce: To, yanzu wannan da wancan da wancan sun fito daga gare shi, amma 07:24.843 --> 07:27.674 hakan ba lallai yana nufin "mai kyau" da "mai muni" ba. 07:27.674 --> 07:34.079 Maimakon haka, kawai ana cewa wani kaso na masu amsa sun ce wannan ko wancan. 07:34.079 --> 07:42.453 Kuma a matsayina na ɗan ƙasa, zan iya yin ra'ayina na kaina idan na sami cikakken bayani, ko da na ga abin yana da 07:42.453 --> 07:49.600 shakka, ko kuma in ce, to, duk abokaina suna faɗin haka, to mene ne ainihin abin da kake fushi a kai? 07:49.600 --> 07:51.640 A ƙarshe, zan iya yanke shawara da kaina. 07:51.640 --> 08:00.503 Amma idan ban sami wannan tarin sakamako na ainihi ba, kuma su ce, eh, amma akwai wannan sakamako guda ɗaya kuma muna bin 08:00.503 --> 08:10.400 sa, to ba zan iya yin hakan ba, kuma al'umma ta zama ba 'yanci saboda mutum ɗaya bai ƙara da 'yancin yanke shawara ba. 08:10.400 --> 08:14.870 A cikin hirar, Farfesa Anke Uhlenwinkel ta kuma tattauna abin da ake kira tallafin kudi na ɓangare na 08:14.870 --> 08:18.200 uku, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen tallafawa bincike. 08:18.200 --> 08:21.000 "Eh, tallafin kuɗi daga ɓangare na uku muhimmin batu ne a nan." 08:21.000 --> 08:27.217 Don haka, a matsayin ƙa'ida, ana bayyana abubuwan "kyau" da ake so, kuma akwai wasu "kalmomin jan hankali", a ce, 08:27.217 --> 08:34.400 waɗanda dole ne ku haɗa a cikin waɗannan aikace-aikacen neman tallafin ɓangare na uku domin samun kowane irin dama. 08:34.400 --> 08:42.680 Kuma yanzu akwai tallafin kuɗi daga ɓangare na uku, wanda ake tallatawa kuma a aikace an riga an ware shi. 08:42.680 --> 08:49.680 Farfesa Dr. Werner Kirstein ya kuma tattauna wannan batun kuɗaɗe a taron AZK na 14 kuma 08:49.680 --> 08:54.080 ya ƙirƙiri kalmar "canjin yanayi na siyasa". 08:54.080 --> 09:00.520 "To, zan koma kan gaskiyar cewa ana samar da babban tallafin kuɗi anan, tabbas daga Tarayyar Turai da jihohi kowane." 09:00.520 --> 09:06.896 Saboda haka, ana ɗaukar masana kimiyya da yawa don haɓaka shirye-shiryen sauyin yanayi da 09:06.896 --> 09:10.360 gudanar da bincike a kansu domin samun tallafi. 09:10.360 --> 09:16.826 Abin shi ne, ni ma daga jami'a nake, inda muka ga cewa kuɗaɗen asali na jami'o'i ba su 09:16.826 --> 09:20.870 isa ba don gudanar da abubuwa yadda ya kamata. 09:20.870 --> 09:22.643 To, me masanin kimiyya zai yi? 09:22.643 --> 09:28.900 Zai duba kundin tallafin EU da kundin tallafin Jamus, kuma wasu ƙasashe ma suna da irin waɗannan kunduna. 09:28.900 --> 09:34.375 Kuma yanzu ka ga, ka samo wani batu da ya dace da sauyin yanayi, sannan in yi tayin, in 09:34.375 --> 09:37.645 tsara shi, in mika shi ga hukumar da ta dace. 09:37.645 --> 09:43.034 Kuma ga abin mamaki, da zaran kalmomin 'dumin duniya' ko 'ƙaruwa a zafin jiki' suka 09:43.034 --> 09:46.361 bayyana a kowane yanayi, kudi sai ya fara yawo. 09:46.361 --> 09:54.032 Abin mamaki da na taɓa fuskanta shi ne lokacin da wata ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar halittu, ba masana yanayi ba kwata-kwata – ba su 09:54.032 --> 10:01.104 ma san menene ainihin sauyin yanayi ba, dumamar yanayi, to, za ka iya fahimtar hakan – sai kuma batun da suka tattauna 10:01.104 --> 10:06.260 shi ne: "Halayen ƙwari masu tono ƙasa a ƙaruwa zafin jiki"! 10:08.925 --> 10:17.020 Haka ta kai; batun bai da wani amfani kwata-kwata. Abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne sauyin yanayi, sannan kudi sukan zubo. 10:17.020 --> 10:22.703 Eh, sai ka ga masu ba da tallafi masu yalwa, don haka ba Tarayyar Turai kaɗai ke tallafawa irin waɗannan abubuwa ba, 10:22.703 --> 10:27.610 ma'aikatun tarayya ma suna tallafawa irin waɗannan aikace-aikace kuma bincike yana da alaƙa da su. 10:27.610 --> 10:34.864 Da yawa daga cikin abokan aikina, sai na ce musu: "Me kuke yi a zahiri? Ba ku duba gaskiyar abin da ke faruwa ba ne?" 10:34.864 --> 10:41.259 Eh, muna buƙatar kuɗi, dole ne kuɗin ya yi yawo. Ta yaya za mu rayu idan ba mu da kuɗi? 10:41.259 --> 10:48.396 Kuma, tabbas, za ku iya sake ɗaukar ɗaliban digiri na uku aiki, za ku iya sayen kwamfutoci, za ku iya zuba jari a kayan 10:48.396 --> 10:52.020 aiki, ma'aikata da sauransu, sannan abubuwa su fara gudana. 10:52.020 --> 11:02.180 Amma kana buƙatar kuɗi don hakan, kuma ba shi da muhimmanci wane batu ka zaɓa, muddin yana da alaƙa da dumamar yanayi. 11:02.180 --> 11:06.106 Abin baƙin ciki ne, amma haka kawai yake. 11:06.106 --> 11:14.139 Ba a yarda masana kimiyya su yi daidaito ba, domin kimiyya tana bunƙasa ne ta hanyar tambaya, shakku da muhawara a fili. 11:14.139 --> 11:21.619 A bayyane yake cewa bincike yana dogara da siyasa, don haka ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar rarraba kudaden tallafi. 11:21.619 --> 11:28.520 Jama'a tana samun labarin binciken kimiyya da ake so a siyasa ne kawai ta kafofin watsa labarai na gama gari. 11:28.520 --> 11:33.753 Wannan yana sanya masana kimiyya cikin matsala, domin suna fuskantar barazanar lalata sunansu a fagen kimiyya, 11:33.753 --> 11:39.776 kuma sau da yawa rayuwarsu ta tattalin arziki na fuskantar barazana idan suka kauce daga wannan tsarin. 11:39.776 --> 11:47.476 Shi ya sa muke yi wa kowane mai bincike na gaskiya – waɗannan masana kimiyya da ke son gudanar da bincike na gaskiya – kira da 11:47.476 --> 11:52.549 su guji barin a lalata su, su ɗaga muryarsu, su gabatar da hujjojin ƙaryatawa, kuma 11:52.549 --> 11:55.360 su kasance jarumai wajen magance cin zarafi.