WEBVTT 00:01.032 --> 00:07.562 Kariya, juriya da ƙarfi an taɓa ɗaukar su kusan gaba ɗaya a cikin mahangar tashin hankali. 00:07.562 --> 00:14.371 Aƙalla idan batun tawaye ne kan waɗanda suka fi zalunci da rashin tausayi a matsayin autokrats da diktatoji marasa tausayi, kusan 00:14.371 --> 00:18.964 kowa ya amince cewa ana iya shawo kan tashin hankali ne kawai ta hanyar mayar da tashin 00:18.964 --> 00:22.867 hankali, cewa yaki ke kawo zaman lafiya, da sauransu. 00:22.867 --> 00:29.918 Tun bayan lokacin da Shugaban Jamus na wancan lokacin, Olaf Scholz, ya ayyana a matsayin "muhimmin juyin hali" a 00:29.918 --> 00:37.812 Majalisar Bundestag a watan Fabrairu 2022, an takaita muhawara sosai zuwa hujjojin soja – kuma ba a Jamus kadai ba. 00:37.812 --> 00:43.920 Ba a sake tattauna ko ya kamata a yi amfani da karfin soja kwata-kwata ba, sai dai ana tattauna ne kawai 00:43.920 --> 00:50.171 yawan makaman da ya kamata a samar, irin makaman, lokacin da ya kamata a samar da su, da sauransu. 00:50.171 --> 00:54.849 Ana zagi masu son zaman lafiya a matsayin "masu son zaman lafiya marasa tsari" ko kuma ana yi musu dariya 00:54.849 --> 00:58.671 a matsayin masu saukin kai kuma ba su san duniya ba. 00:58.671 --> 01:03.578 Diplomasiyya na biyu ce, ana raina matakan rashin tashin hankali. 01:03.578 --> 01:11.040 Ana yawan hujja da hakan ta hanyar abin da ake kira "haƙƙin kare kai" (Mataƙala ta 51 na Kundin Charta na Majalisar Dinkin 01:11.040 --> 01:16.873 Duniya), wanda, misali, Ukraine ko Isra'ila ke da haƙƙinsa. 01:16.873 --> 01:20.921 Tabbas, kowace jiha na da wannan haƙƙi. 01:20.921 --> 01:25.773 Duk da haka, ya kamata a yi amfani da hanyar da ta fi tasiri wajen kare kai. 01:25.773 --> 01:33.078 Yawancin mutane suna ganin kariyar soja ita ce mafi tasiri tun daga farko. 01:33.078 --> 01:40.356 Amma shin suna da gaskiya ne? Shin da gaske babu wani madadin yaki, tashin hankali da isar da makamai, kamar 01:40.356 --> 01:47.464 yadda kafofin watsa labarai ke son mu gaskata – waɗanda suka zama bakin magana ga masu goyon bayan soja? 01:47.464 --> 01:52.112 Shin dole ne kariya ta kasance ta soja koyaushe domin ta kasance mai tasiri? 01:52.112 --> 01:59.875 Ko akwai wasu hanyoyi daban na kariyar farar hula da suka yi tasiri iri ɗaya ko ma suka fi nasara? 01:59.875 --> 02:05.737 Kuma waɗanda, a matsayin tasirin gefe, ke hana halakar da cikakkun birane da manyan yankunan 02:05.737 --> 02:09.615 ƙasa, sannan ke rage yawan mutuwar mutane sosai? 02:09.615 --> 02:17.062 Abu ɗaya ne tabbatacce: yaƙe-yaƙe sau da yawa sun haifar da babbar halaka da zubar jini 02:17.062 --> 02:21.429 ba tare da cimma manufofin da aka nufa ba. 02:21.429 --> 02:30.409 Erica Chenoweth daga Jami'ar Wesleyan a Middleton, Amurka – ƙwararriyar masani kan batutuwan ta'addanci – tare da abokiyar 02:30.409 --> 02:38.800 aikinta Maria J. Stephan, sun yi nazari kan duk rikice-rikicen da aka sani a duniya tsakanin shekarar 1900 da 2006 02:38.800 --> 02:46.872 da suka shafi hakkin yanke shawara kai, cire shugabannin siyasa daga ofis ko korewa sojojin mamaye. 02:46.872 --> 02:51.960 Daga cikinsu, 218 sun kasance masu makami, 105 kuma ba su yi tashin hankali ba. 02:51.960 --> 02:57.396 An buga bincikenta a shekarar 2011 a ƙarƙashin taken: "Dalilin da ya sa tawayen farar hula ke aiki. Hanyar dabaru ta magance rikici 02:57.396 --> 03:02.252 ba tare da tashin hankali ba" kuma yanzu kuma ana samun shi a Jamusanci ("Dalilin da ya sa tawayen farar hula ke aiki 03:02.252 --> 03:04.874 – Hanyar dabaru ta rikici ba tare da tashin hankali ba"). 03:04.874 --> 03:12.842 Binciken ya cike gibin bincike ta hanyar amsa tambayar ko dawo da yankunan da aka mamaye, adawa da mamaya, mulkin kama-karya, 03:12.842 --> 03:18.770 gwamnatocin danniya da kifar da gwamnatocin da ba a so sun fi samun nasara ta hanyar adawa ba 03:18.770 --> 03:22.859 tare da tashin hankali ko ta hanyar tashin hankali. 03:22.859 --> 03:32.505 Don haka binciken ya kasance babban nasara ta farko a matakin duniya, yana nuna cewa shakku na gama gari ba su da tushe. 03:32.505 --> 03:41.945 A ƙarshe, binciken ya nuna a fili cewa nau'ikan juriya marasa tashin hankali sun yi nasara kusan sau biyu fiye da 03:41.945 --> 03:48.559 juriya mai makami – a Turai da kuma a Amurka, Asiya da Afirka. 03:48.559 --> 03:58.119 Tsakanin shekarar 2000 da 2006, ayyukan lumana sun fi samun nasara sau biyar fiye da tashin hankali. 03:58.119 --> 04:06.210 Marubutan sun ce: "...musamman a cikin kamfen da nufin sauya mulki ko 'yantar da ƙasa daga mamayar ƙasashen waje, 04:06.210 --> 04:11.568 juriya ba tare da tashin hankali ba tabbas ta fi dacewa" . 04:11.568 --> 04:19.217 Ba a musanta waɗannan abubuwan da aka gano har zuwa yanzu, domin sun dogara ne akan bayanai masu yawa da cikakken 04:19.217 --> 04:24.497 nazarin kimiyya. Wannan ya haifar da sakamako masu bayyananne. 04:24.497 --> 04:31.216 A cewar marubutan binciken, babu tabbacin cewa adawa ba tare da tashin hankali ba za ta kai ga nasara. 04:31.216 --> 04:37.648 Sai dai, a yanayin ayyukan tashin hankali, kason nasara ya kasance ƙasa sosai, kashi 22 cikin ɗari, fiye da 04:37.648 --> 04:44.937 na adawar ba tare da tashin hankali ba, wanda ya samu nasara a sama da kashi 50 cikin ɗari na lokuta. 04:44.937 --> 04:50.316 Bayani mai ban sha'awa: ko ma nau'ikan motsi na haɗe-haɗe da ke haɗa babban ƙoƙarin juriya ba tare da tashin hankali ba tare da 04:50.316 --> 04:53.916 rassan tashin hankali ba, ba su yi nasara sosai ba idan aka kwatanta da kamfen ɗin da 04:53.916 --> 04:56.384 ya dogara gaba ɗaya ga rashin tashin hankali. 04:56.384 --> 05:01.380 Haɗa tashin hankali da ayyukan rashin tashin hankali ba ya kai ga nasara. 05:01.380 --> 05:07.204 Marubutan binciken sun ɗauki kamfen a matsayin nasara idan an cimma manufofinsa kashi ɗari 05:07.204 --> 05:12.110 cikin ɗari cikin shekara ɗaya daga kololuwar ayyuka. 05:12.110 --> 05:21.290 A cewar binciken, kamfen-kamfen na lumana da suka yi nasara sun haɗa da Juyin Juya Halin Iran (1977–1979) 05:21.290 --> 05:26.484 da Motsin Karfin Jama'a na Philippines (1983–1986). 05:26.484 --> 05:34.939 A shekarar 2005, dagewa da tsari na ayyukan lumana sun kawo karshen mamayar kasashen waje a Lebanon . 05:34.939 --> 05:43.265 A East Timor, a cewar marubutan, wani motsin adawa mara tashin hankali ya taimaka wajen cire sojojin Indoneziya daga East 05:43.265 --> 05:48.673 Timor cikin nasara da samun 'yancin kai ga yankin da aka mamaye. 05:48.673 --> 05:53.016 Menene ma'anar juriya ba tare da tashin hankali ba a aikace? 05:53.016 --> 05:55.579 Ana iya tunanin nau'ikan matakai da dama. 05:55.579 --> 06:00.340 A cikin misalan da aka ambata a baya, an yi adawa ba tare da tashin hankali ba wadda ta haɗa miliyoyin 06:00.340 --> 06:05.439 mahalarta a cikin zanga-zangar taron jama'a, yajin aiki da kuma kin haɗin kai da aka tsara. 06:05.439 --> 06:10.798 Wannan ya hana maƙiyi samun tushen iko na siyasa, tattalin arziki da na soja cikin tsari. 06:10.798 --> 06:17.853 An cimma hakan ne ta hanyar tallafin da 'yan kasuwa, ma'aikata, ƙungiyoyin kwadago, ɗalibai, ƙwararru, limamai, matasa, 06:17.853 --> 06:26.103 mata, matalauta, ƙungiyoyin manoma da sauran rukunoni suka bayar, waɗanda gwamnati ke dogaro da biyayyarsu da albarkatunsu. 06:26.103 --> 06:32.732 An yi ayyuka masu kirkira, kamar kin bin doka ta ma'aikatan Iran a tashoshin wutar lantarki. 06:32.732 --> 06:40.099 Kowace yamma, suna katse wutar lantarki na tsawon sa'o'i biyu don katse labaran yamma na jihar da kuma ba wa masu zanga-zanga 06:40.099 --> 06:43.517 da ke karya dokar hana fita damar yin hakan cikin duhu. 06:43.517 --> 06:48.733 Sau da yawa, ayyukan adawa ba tare da tashin hankali ba sun haɗa da masu zanga-zanga da yawa a tituna har 'yan 06:48.733 --> 06:54.728 sanda da jami'an tsaro na bangaren adawa ba su da isassun albarkatu ko ma'aikata don aiwatar da haramcin. 06:54.728 --> 07:01.571 Bayan komai, ba za ka iya kwatsam jefa dubban mutane cikin gidan yari ba alhali kana da dakunan yari kaɗan marasa kowa. 07:01.571 --> 07:07.681 Alal misali, dubban mutane da dama sun kafa bango don hana tankuna da sojojin da ke biyayya ga gwamnati. 07:07.681 --> 07:14.069 Maimakon su kai hari ga sojojin tsaron gwamnati, masu zanga-zangar farar hula sun zauna a gaban tankuna suka miƙa wa 07:14.069 --> 07:19.135 sojojin alamomin zaman lafiya kamar furanni, cakulan ko ruwan lemun tsami na lemu a matsayin 07:19.135 --> 07:23.626 gaisuwa – sannan suka yi kira ga sojojin su shiga adawa. 07:23.626 --> 07:29.458 Ayyukan lumana sun yi nasara a wurare inda yunkurin tashin hankali ya gaza shekaru kaɗan da suka wuce, 07:29.458 --> 07:34.407 kamar yadda ya faru a motsin People Power na Philippines. 07:34.407 --> 07:40.642 Me ya sa kamfen marasa tashin hankali a ƙarshe ke da babbar damar nasara? 07:40.642 --> 07:44.140 Marubutan binciken sun ambaci dalilai masu zuwa: 07:44.140 --> 07:49.860 1. Kamfen marasa tashin hankali na iya tara mutane da yawa. 07:49.860 --> 07:58.272 Matsakaicin aikin tashin hankali ya samu mahalarta 50,000, yayin da kamfen marasa tashin hankali suka samu mahalarta 200,000. 07:58.272 --> 08:05.144 Wannan ya ba da damar ɗaukar matakai mafi faɗi, wanda ya ƙara yawan kuɗin kiyaye halin da ake ciki ga gwamnati. 08:05.144 --> 08:11.345 Kamfen marasa tashin hankali suna kuma fi buɗe wa mata da tsofaffi damar shiga, domin waɗannan ayyuka ba 08:11.345 --> 08:15.058 su da haɗari sosai fiye da juriya mai tashin hankali. 08:15.058 --> 08:21.127 A cewar Erica Chenoweth, idan an kai ga faɗin ɓangarori daban-daban na al'umma, gwamnati ba za ta iya riƙe 08:21.127 --> 08:24.415 iko ba idan kashi goma cikin ɗari na al'umma suka shiga. 08:24.415 --> 08:29.081 Eh, ko da da kaso biyar cikin ɗari kawai na halarta, zai yi wahala ga gwamnati. 08:29.081 --> 08:34.615 2. Mutanen da abin ya shafa sun fi wahalar warewa. 08:34.615 --> 08:40.503 Masu halartar kamfen marasa tashin hankali sau da yawa suna wakiltar bangarori daban-daban na al'umma, domin irin waɗannan 08:40.503 --> 08:45.909 kamfen ɗin sau da yawa suna haɗa mutane masu jinsi daban-daban, shekaru daban-daban, addinai daban-daban, kabilu 08:45.909 --> 08:51.444 daban-daban, ra'ayoyi daban-daban, sana'o'i daban-daban da matsayi daban-daban na tattalin arziki. 08:51.444 --> 08:57.360 Wannan yana sanya wa masu adawa wahala su ware mahalarta da aiwatar da danniya. 08:57.360 --> 09:09.329 3. Kamfen marasa tashin hankali suna da ƙarin damar haɓaka sabbin dabaru da ra'ayoyi saboda bambancin mahalarta da yawan su. 09:09.329 --> 09:14.256 A cewar binciken, nasarorin sun kasance ba tare da la'akari da ko gwamnatin da ake magana akai tana da mulkin 09:14.256 --> 09:19.316 kama-karya, mai ƙarfi ko rauni, ko kuma ta yi ƙoƙarin murƙushe kamfen ɗin da tashin hankali ba. 09:19.316 --> 09:22.645 Ƙarin fa'idodin adawa ba tare da tashin hankali ba sune: 09:22.645 --> 09:28.360 - matsakaicin lokacin da ya fi gajarta sosai (shekaru 3 maimakon shekaru 9 don rikice-rikice masu tashin hankali) 09:28.360 --> 09:32.752 - mutuwa, raunuka, halaka da tashin hankali sun yi ƙasa sosai 09:32.752 --> 09:40.463 - akwai babbar damar cewa dimokuradiyya ta biyo baya za ta mamaye cikin shekaru biyar na rikici. 09:40.463 --> 09:46.635 Ko da tashin hankali ya yi nasara, har yanzu ba za a sami yanayin dimokuradiyya a ƙasar ba a dogon lokaci. 09:46.635 --> 09:53.090 Sakamakon sau da yawa shi ne ramuwar gayya kan magoya bayan tsohon gwamnati, watsi da hakkokin 'yan ƙanƙanin 09:53.090 --> 10:01.080 ƙabila, da sauransu, wanda ke sa yanayin ƙasar bayan rikice-rikicen makamai ya fi tsanani fiye da yadda yake a da. 10:01.080 --> 10:07.722 - Jurewa ba tare da tashin hankali ba na da haɗari ƙasa na barkewar yaƙin basasa na gaba, domin kusan rabin 10:07.722 --> 10:14.775 dukkanin rikice-rikicen makamai da suka yi nasara suna haifar da wani sabon rikicin makamai cikin shekaru goma. 10:14.775 --> 10:19.460 Ra'ayin cewa ana iya shawo kan tashin hankali ne kawai ta hanyar mayar da tashin hankali ba daidai ba ne. 10:19.460 --> 10:25.328 Akwai zaɓuɓɓuka masu nasara sosai fiye da ƙarfin soja waɗanda, ba kamar ayyukan soja ba, za su iya kawo zaman 10:25.328 --> 10:31.205 lafiya na gaskiya, mai ɗorewa, mai adalci kuma na dimokuraɗiyya a ƙasar da abin ya shafa. 10:31.205 --> 10:38.775 A halin yanzu, Erica Chenoweth ta ci gaba da bincikenta tsakanin 2004 da 2019 kuma ta gano abubuwan da ke gaba: 10:38.775 --> 10:43.593 Tawaye marasa tashin hankali suna ci gaba da samun nasara fiye da na tashin hankali. 10:43.593 --> 10:48.128 Duk da haka, gwamnatoci sun kara samun kyakkyawar kwarewa wajen magance adawa ba tare da tashin hankali ba. 10:48.128 --> 10:53.911 Diktato da gwamnatocin mulkin kama-karya sun koyi yadda za su murkushe motsin lumana. 10:53.911 --> 11:00.160 Motsin adawa ba tare da tashin hankali ba na fuskantar kalubale masu zuwa a ƙarni na 21: 11:00.160 --> 11:07.512 - Rahoton daidaito yana fuskantar cikas saboda takunkumi da sa ido, yayin da gwamnatoci ke yada labaran ƙarya. 11:07.512 --> 11:11.510 - Motocin lumana da ke da rassan tashin hankali sun ƙaru. 11:11.510 --> 11:16.517 Ana ƙara amfani da wakilan tada tarzoma don kawo tashin hankali cikin wani motsi. 11:16.517 --> 11:23.587 Wakili mai tayar da fitina mutum ne da ke aiki a madadin hukumomi kamar 'yan sanda, ofishin lauyan gwamnati ko hukumomin leƙen 11:23.587 --> 11:31.088 asiri, domin ya kutsa cikin wata ƙungiya ko ƙungiyoyi ya kuma tayar da hankalin mambobinta su aikata ayyuka marasa doka. 11:31.088 --> 11:35.279 Waɗannan fuka-fukan tashin hankali suna rage nasarar wani motsi. 11:35.279 --> 11:40.416 Saboda haka: Ku yi hattara da kutse na musamman da mutanen tashin hankali ke yi! 11:40.416 --> 11:43.830 - Ana ƙiyasta ayyuka da damar dijital fiye da kima. 11:43.830 --> 11:49.211 Ko da yake ana iya tara mutane cikin sauri ta intanet, wannan ba kullum ke haifar da kamfen na dogon 11:49.211 --> 11:52.576 lokaci ba, inda mutane ke buƙatar sanin juna a zahiri. 11:52.576 --> 11:59.861 - Sau da yawa, ana zuba lokaci da ƙarfi kaɗan wajen tsara kamfen da ƙarfafa haɗin kai a cikin motsi. 11:59.861 --> 12:06.131 Kamfen na juriya mai nasara yana buƙatar ƙarfaffun hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi inda mutane suka san 12:06.131 --> 12:10.447 juna sosai kuma suke tallafawa juna idan an yi danniya. 12:10.447 --> 12:15.938 Duk da waɗannan ƙalubale, juriya ba tare da tashin hankali ba tana ci gaba da samun nasara fiye. 12:15.938 --> 12:20.442 Me ya sa ba a ɗauki hanyar rashin tashin hankali sau da yawa ba har zuwa yanzu? 12:20.442 --> 12:25.481 Marubutan binciken suna zargin cewa hakan na faruwa ne saboda rashin sani game da yanayin, yiwuwar da 12:25.481 --> 12:28.234 damar nasarar adawa ba tare da tashin hankali ba. 12:28.234 --> 12:33.468 Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa ake yawan watsi da wannan binciken daga 'yan siyasa, kafofin watsa labarai da masana jami'a. 12:33.468 --> 12:39.459 A ƙarshe, ribar da ake samu daga yaƙe-yaƙe za ta shiga haɗari idan aka fahimci cewa akwai hanyoyi 12:39.459 --> 12:43.226 masu tasiri sosai fiye da amfani da ƙarfin makami. 12:43.226 --> 12:48.169 Wannan saboda tsarin kasuwancin masana'antar makamai ya dogara ne akan labarin cewa tawaye mai 12:48.169 --> 12:51.570 tashin hankali yana da muhimmanci kuma wajibi. 12:51.570 --> 12:56.601 Karshe: Dole ne mu zama masu iya zaman lafiya, ba yaki ba! 12:56.601 --> 13:03.512 Don haka, don Allah ku yada labarin ta hanyar raba wannan shirin a kafafen sada zumunta, misali! 13:03.512 --> 13:11.200 Sai dai idan an amince da sakamakon wannan bincike ne kawai za a iya hana karin mummunan zubar jini da halaka, kuma 13:11.200 --> 13:19.445 waɗanda ke cin gajiyar yaƙi ba za su sake samun riba daga wahalar ɗan adam da halakar ƙasashe baki ɗaya ba. 13:19.445 --> 13:25.257 Kada ka dogara da kafafen sada zumunta a intanet, sai ka san mutanen da ke da irin tunaninka 13:25.257 --> 13:28.748 da za ka iya amincewa da su a rayuwa ta gaske. 13:28.748 --> 13:32.171 Sai mu kasance tare ne kawai za mu iya karya madauwari tashin hankali. 13:32.171 --> 13:38.392 Muna buƙatar mutane da za su tsaya tare domin zaman lafiya kuma su jagoranci ta hanyar misali. 13:38.392 --> 13:45.364 Kla.TV na farin cikin tallafawa haɗin gwiwar mazauna gari masu son zaman lafiya ta 13:45.364 --> 13:49.445 hanyar fom ɗin tuntuɓa a www.kla.tv/vernetzung.